Introduction and Web Development Strategies:

Web development
Web development refers to building website and deploying on the web. Web development
requires use of scripting languages both at the server end as well as at client end

Web Development Process

Web development process includes all the steps that are good to take to build an attractive,
effective and responsive website. These steps are shown in the following diagram:
Web development tools
Web development tools helps the developer to test and debug the web sites. Now a days the web
development tooll come with the web browsers as add-ons. All web browsers have built in tools
for this purpose.
Thsese tools allow the web developer to use HTML, CSS and JavaScript etc.. These are accessed
by hovering over an item on a web page and selecting the “Inspect Element” from the context
menu.
Featues
Following are the common featuers that every web development tool exhibits:
HTML and the DOM
HTML and DOM viewer allows you to see the DOM as it was rendered. It also allows to make
changes to HTML and DOM and see the changes reflected in the page after the change is made.
Web Page Assests, Resources, and Network Information
Web development tools also helps to inspect the resources that are loaded and availableon the web
page.
Profiing and Auditing
Profiling refers to get information about the performance of a web page or web application and
Auditing provides developers suggestions, after analyzing a page, for optimizations to
decerease page load time and increase responsiveness.

Skills Required
For being a successful web developer, one should possess the following skills:
● Understanding of client and server side scripting.
● Creating, editing and modifying templates for a CMS or web development framework.
● Testing cross browser inconsistencies.
● Conducting observational user testing.
● Testing for compliance to specified standards such as accessibility standards inthe
client region.
● Programming interaction with javaScript, PHP, and Jquery etc.
Website publishing is the process of uploading content on the internet. It includes:
● uploading files
● updating web pages
● posting blogs
Prerequisites for Website Publishing
In order to publish your site, you need the following things:
● Web development software
● Internet Connection
● Web Server
Web development software
It is used for building web pages for your web site. Dreamweaver and WordPress areexample
of web development softwares.
Internet Connection
Internet connection is required to connect to a remotely located web server.
Web Server
Web server is the actual location where your website resides on. A web server may hostsingle or
multiple sites depending on what hosting service you have paid for.
A domain name is the part of your Internet address that comes after "www". For
example, in www.miet.ac.in the domain name is miet.ac.in.
A domain name becomes your Business Address so care should be taken to select adomain
name. Your domain name should be easy to remember and easy to type.

Domain Extensions
The final letter at end of internet address is known as top level domain names. They arecalled top
level because they are read from right to left, and the part after the dot is the highest in a
hierarchy.
The following table shows the Generic Top-Level Domain names:

Domain Meaning

.com Commercial Business

.edu Education

.gov U.S. government agency

.int International Entity

.mil U.S. military

.net Networking organization

.org Non profit organization

Registering Domain Name

Registering a Domain Name is very simple. You can take following step to get yourdesired
domain name registered:
● Think of a name that justifies your business need. To find out the available namesyou can
enter a name at commercial domain name registrar such as GoDaddy.
● If the domain name entered by you is available, then select that particular domainname.
● Now it will ask you for other additional services such as Email inbox, hosting etc.that
host also provides. You may choose what’s best for you.
● Now they will ask you for your personal information which is stored in WHOIS
database.
● It will then ask for payment information. Pay for the purchase you have made.Make
sure you enter the correct payment information.
● Once you are done with all above steps, you are ready to use their tools to uploadyour
stuff to your site.

Domain Name Registrar

There are a number of domain name registrars available in the market.The followingtable
contains some of popular domain name registrars:

S.N. Domain Name Registrar

Address Creation, LLC

 Addressonthe web, LLC

101domains, INC

History of Web and Internet:

WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is : all the
resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor Tim Berners- Lee
helped found, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of
human knowledge.
In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers
on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.
Internet and Web is not the same thing: Web uses internet to pass over the information.

Evolution
World Wide Web was created by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at
CERN in Geneva. World Wide Web came into existence as a proposal by him, to allow
researchers to work together effectively and efficiently at CERN. Eventually it became World
Wide Web.
The following diagram briefly defines evolution of World Wide Web:

WWW Architecture
WWW architecture is divided into several layers as shown in the following diagram:
Identifiers and Character Set
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is used to uniquely identify resources on the web and
UNICODE makes it possible to built web pages that can be read and write in humanlanguages.

Protocols governing Web:

Protocol
A Protocols is a set of rules. Protocols allows two computers to communicate over
media such as wireless or hardwired technologies.

Protocol Stack

When computers communicate with each other,there needs to be a common set ofrules and
instruction that each computer follows.
protocols are the language of computers.

Some types of Protocols:-

(Internet layer)

Hyper Text Transfer Protocols (HTTP) :

This protocol is used to access,send and receive Hypertext markup language (HTML) files on the
Internet.
Web browsers and Web Servers communicate with each other using the HTTP. It is a simple
protocol, which standardizes the way requests are sent and processed. This allows different
Clients to communicate with any vendor‘s server without compatibility problems.
HTTP is an application level protocol of the TCP/IP suite, which is used to deliver virtually all
files and other data on WWW.
It is used to transmit resources that are identified by URL. The most common kinds of resources
can be a file, but it can also be dynamically generated content, which is the result of execution of
a script or an application on the server.
Features of the HTTP protocol:
 Simple request-response model based protocol.
 Application layer protocol built on TCP/IP.
 Plain-text protocol (Non-Secure)
 Stateless protocol
 Does not define how network connection is initiated or managed
 Standardized
HTTP Request-Response
HTTP is a simple Request-Response protocol. A HTTP Client, such as a Web Browser
initiates a request by establishing a TCP/IP connection to a particular port on a remote host. A
HTTPServer listening on that port waits for the Client to send a request, upon receiving the request,
the server send back a response.

1. A HTTP Client initiates a connection to the Web Server.

2. Once the connection is established, it sends a Request message to the Server.
3. To this message, the server returns a response.
HTTP Request
The HTTP Request has the following message format for transferring entities: A request line,Zero or
more header lines, Ablank line which separates the headers from the message body.
The request line of the HTTP request includes:
 The method to be applied on the resource.
 The identifier of the resource.
 The Protocol version in use.
The method filled in request line of HTTP indicates the method to be performed on the object
identified by the URL. Some methods are: GET, POST and HEAD.
GET: The GET method is most frequently used method. It is used by default to GET static content.
The method can also be used to submit data from a HTML Web Page to the Server. In GET method,
the data submitted will be sent as a part of the URL. Hence, in GET method:
 Parameters are encoded and passed along with the URL.
  Usually, parameters are passed as name-value pair.
 There is a physical restriction on the size of it being sent.
POST: A POST method is used to send data as a part of the HTTP message body. In Certain cases
the Client may need to send megabytes of information. In these situations POSTmethod is the right
choice.
A POST request passes all its data of unlimited length, directly as a part of its HTTPrequest
body. The exchange is invisible to client. The URL does not contain the data submitted.
Consequently, POST requests cannot be book marked or emailed or in some cases, even reloaded.
Hence, confidential information sent to the Server, such as the credit card number, should be
sent via post method.
HEAD: The HEAD method is similar to GET method, except that it asks the server to return only
the Response headers and not the content. This method is useful for client to check the
characteristics of the resource without actually downloading it, thus saving bandwidth. HTTP Clients
usually use the HEAD method when they do not need the files contents.
HEAD is used for the following purposes:
 To determine the document's size.
 To know the document's modification time.
 To know general availability of a Web Page.
HTTP Response
In response to a HTTP Request sent by a HTTP Client, the server sends a HTTP
Response.The HTTP Response to requests is usually a program output and not a static file. The first
line of a Response message is a status line. It consists of
 The protocol version
 Numeric status code
 Description of the status code
HTTP status code: The response status line contains the status of processing of the HTTPrequest.
In case of success, it will contain the status code 200 and description ―OK". The status line in this
case will be: In case of error, the server sends an appropriate error code back to the Client. The
HTTP error codes are standardized. Some of the commonly found error codes: The error or success
codes of the HTTP response are standardized in the following manner:
HTTP/1.0 404 Page Not Found
HTTP/1.0 500 Internal Server Error
1XX Indicates informational message only
2XX Indicates success of some kinds.
3XX Redirects the Client to another URL.
4XX Indicates an error on Client's port.
5XX Indicates an error on Server's port
HTTP Response Headers:The Response must contain header line describing the following.
 MIME-type of the data being sent in response.
 Date and Time stamp.
 Content size etc.
The HTTP Response message body contains the required data.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) :

This protocol is used for transferring e-mail between computers.File

Transfer Protocol(FTP):

FTP is used to upload files on server and download files from server.Transmission

Control Protocol(TCP):

This protocol ensure the delivery of information packets across network.Internet

Protocol(IP):

This protocol is responsible logical addressing called IP address to route informationbetween

network.

Writing Web Projects:

A typical web application starts when a user clicks a link in an HTML page and causes the
browser to instigate an HTTP request/response transaction with a web server, CGI program, and
web application server. For the purposes of this article, I will refer to the web server, CGI
program, and web application server as the targeted server.
The targeted server receives the HTTP request and dispatches the request and its associated data
(such as headers and query parameters) to the desired resource residing on the targeted server. In
the simplest case, the targeted server responds with a static HTML page, which the browser
interprets and presents to the user. In more complex web applications, the targeted server must
perform other functions such as the following:
● Execute business logic
● Retrieve data according to query parameters
● Authenticate and authorize users

● Reestablish a session from a former request

● Exchange data with legacy systems
● Build the HTML response page dynamically to be passed back to the browser
The Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition defines a set of architectures, technologies, and
frameworks that simplify and standardize distributed web application programming using the
Java programming language. Java-based web application servers incorporate some of these
architectures, technologies, and frameworks such as servlets, Java Server Pages (JSP), and
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) to provide a common programming platform for web application
programmers. WebSphere Application Server for NetWare is a Java-based web application server,
thus enabling you to use these technologies to build web applications.

What is The Internet?

The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of
computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any
other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the
Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols. So we can says that Internet is
network of computer which connect to together and any computer communicate with any other
computer.

Connecting to Internet:

While connecting to the internet might seem like a simple task, it can be complicated for those who
are unfamiliar with the network or type of internet that they're trying to connect to. However, given
the prevalence of the internet in the world today, it's important to know how to connect. Whether
you're using Wi-Fi, ethernet, or the slowly fading dial-up, connecting to the internet is a simple task
that's important to learn.

1 Ensure that the source of the internet is on. It may seem obvious, but a common mistake that's
often made when connecting to the internet is not making sure the source of the internet is on.
Especially if you've just set up a router and/or modem, ensure that it's on and that everything is
plugged in properly, and that any lights on it aren't indicating that there are problems. Cords canalso
be unplugged or slightly pulled out of the wall, rendering the operation futile. Make sure that
everything is plugged in properly and is working right before getting started.

2 Understand that most mobile devices can only connect to wireless broadband. Devices like
smartphones, mobile tablets, iPods, handheld gaming systems, and so forth can usually only connect
to Wi-Fi services, due to the portable nature of them. Therefore, you won't be able to connect a
mobile device to ethernet or to a dial-up network. Ethernet and dial-up connections are limited to
computers and non-portable gaming devices

3 Know what "path" to take to get to your network settings. Regardless of what operating
system or device you're using, you'll probably need to access your network settings at some point in
the process. The process is slightly different for every device, but the general path that you'll need to
take to access your network settings is usually the same, depending on the OS. Some common
devices or operating systems, and their paths to the settings, are listed below.

● Windows XP: Start –> Control Panel –> Network and Internet Connections
● Windows Vista: Start –> Network –> Network and Sharing Center
● Windows 7: Start –> Control Panel –> Network and Internet
● Windows 8: Start –> Search "View network connections" –> View Network Connections
Internet services

To access/exchange a large amount of data such as software, audio clips, video clips, text files,
other documents, etc., we need internet services. You must use an Internet service in order to
connect to the Internet. Data can be sent from Internet servers to your machine via Internet service.
Some of the commonly used internet services are :
 Communication Services
 Information Retrieval Services
 File Transfer
 World Wide Web Services
 Web Services
 Directory Services
 Automatic Network Address Configuration
 Network Management Services
 Time Services
 Usenet
 NewsGroup
 Ecommerce

Introduction to client-server computing:

Client-Server Model
The Client-server model is a distributed application structure that partitions task or workload
between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters called clients.
In the client-server architecture, when the client computer sends a request for data to the server
through the internet, the server accepts the requested process and deliver the data packetsrequested
back to the client. Clients do not share any of their resources. Examples of Client- Server Model are
Email, World Wide Web, etc.

How the Client-Server Model works ?

In this article we are going to take a dive into the Client-Server model and have a look at how the
Internet works via, web browsers. This article will help us in having a solid foundation ofthe WEB
and help in working with WEB technologies with ease.

● Client: When we talk the word Client, it mean to talk of a person or an organization using a
particular service. Similarly in the digital world a Client is a computer (Host) i.e. capable of
receiving information or using a particular service from the service providers (Servers).
● Servers: Similarly, when we talk the word Servers, It mean a person or medium that serves
something. Similarly in this digital world a Server is a remote computer which provides information
(data) or access to particular services.

So, its basically the Client requesting something and the Server serving it as long as its present in
the database.
 How the browser interacts with the servers ?
There are few steps to follow to interacts with the servers a client.

 User enters the URL(Uniform Resource Locator) of the website or file. The Browser then requests
the DNS(DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM) Server.
 DNS Server lookup for the address of the WEB Server.
 DNS Server responds with the IP address of the WEB Server.
 Browser sends over an HTTP/HTTPS request to WEB Server’s IP (provided by DNS server).
 Server sends over the necessary files of the website.
 Browser then renders the files and the website is displayed. This rendering is done with the help
of DOM (Document Object Model) interpreter, CSS interpreter and JS Engine collectively known
as the JIT or (Just in Time) Compilers.