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Naipunyata: TSPSC Group-I

The document compares political, social, economic and religious conditions between Rigvedic and Later vedic periods. It then evaluates factors responsible for rise and growth of Jainism and Buddhism such as religious, social, economic and political factors. Next, it describes characteristic features of Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools of art in terms of style, materials used, themes and examples. Finally, it examines Mauryan contribution to Indian Art and Architecture in terms of best specimens.

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Naipunyata: TSPSC Group-I

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TSPSC Group-I

Naipunyata
Day-6: Early Indian Civilisations (Paper-II Section-I Unit-I)
1. Compare political, social, economic and religious conditions between Rigvedic and
Later vedic period.
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Early Indian Civilizations-Indus and Vedic
Keyword Compare
Introduction  Brief info about geographical spread ,time period of Rigvedic, Later
vedic periods.
Body  Political conditions-
 Rig Vedic - Rajan, Purohita, Senani + Sabha(council of elders)
,Samiti(general assembly of entire people)
 Later Vedic– Samrat, new officials-Tax collector, treasury officer,
Royal messenger. Rituals and sacrifices like Aswamedha,
Rajasuya, Vajapeya. Importance of Sabha and Samiti diminished.
 Social conditions-
 Rig Vedic- women have equal opportunities. They can attend
Sabha and Samiti. No child marriage and sati. Social divisions are
not rigid.
 Later Vedic- women were considered inferior , lost their political
rights of attending assemblies. Varna system became rigid.
 Economic conditions-
 Rig Vedic- Pastoral people and main occupation is cattle
rearing.Use of iron started and began to practice agriculture and
settled life. Carpentry, metal works, potters etc. Trade was
conducted on barter system. In large transactions gold coins
called nishka were used.
 Later Vedic- Iron was used extensively , cleared forests and
brought more land under cultivation. Industrial activity became
more varied. Foreign trade became extensive. Besides nishka ,
gold and silver coins like sataman and krishnala were used as
medium of exchange.
 Religious conditions-
 Rig Vedic- Natural forces like Indra, Agni, Prithvi, Vayu, Varuna.
Female gods like Aditi and Usha. Importance given to Prayers.
 Later vedic- Prajapati, Vishnu, Rudra became prominent.
Importance given to Rituals and Sacrifices.
Conclusion  Conclude in a way that in which spheres standards declined and
improved.

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2. Evaluate the factors responsible for rise and growth of Jainism and Buddhism.
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Emergence of Religious movements in 6th century BCE-
Jainism and Buddhism.
Keyword Evaluate
Introduction  India’s Social , Economic, Political and Religious conditions in 6th
century led to the rise of heterodox religions such as Buddhism and
Jainism.
 Briefly mention who founded Buddhism and Jainism.
Body  Religious factors-
 Complex and Expensive rituals and sacrifices
 Superstitious beliefs and mantras
 Upanishads are highly philosophical in nature and not understood
by common man
 Buddhism and Jainism provided simple and understandable
religion
 Social factors-
 Rigid caste system
 Higher classes privileges are denied to lower classes
 Women denied equality and rights
 Buddhism and Jainism provided social and gender equality
 Economic factors-
 Vedic practices of killing cattle indiscriminately in rituals created
obstacles to the progress of agriculture
 Due to growth of trade economic condition of vaishyas improved
but brahmanas creating obstacles on money lending and sea
trade. Also vaishyas want improvement in social status. That’s
why they supported Buddhism and Jainism with liberal donations
 Both Buddhism and Jainism condemned rituals and animal killing
and allowed money lending at reasonable interest
 Political factors-
 People of republican states were anti brahmanical and against
vedic socio religious systems
 Republican states became cradle of heterodox religions
 Both Buddhism and Jainism came from republican states
Conclusion  In this way grievances of various sections of people are addressed by
Buddhism and Jainism which led to their rise and growth.

3. Describe the characteristic features of Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools of

art.
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Indo- Greek Art and Architecture – Gandhara, Mathura
and Amaravathi Schools
Keyword Describe

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Introduction  Briefly mention in which time periods , geographical locations –all 3
schools developed and under whose patronage
Body  Gandhara school of art-
 North-West Frontier- around Taxila city- reached zenith under
Kushanas
 Influence of Greco-Roman style
 Theme- Mahayana Buddhism
 Preference to physical beauty but ignored spiritual element
 Long curly hair , muscular body and thick drapery
 Mostly used black stone
 Examples- Buddhist statues at Bamiyan in Afghanistan and
Buddhist statue at peshawar
 Mathura school of art-
 At Mathura – Began under patronage of Sakas and reached
pinnacle under Kushanas
 Primarily indigenous
 Images of deities belonged to all major religions and secular
statues
 Main focus is on spiritual looks
 Mostly used red sandstone
 Examples- Images of Buddha , Bodhisattvas , naked Thirthankaras,
trimurtis along with their consorts and a headless statue of
Kanishka found at Mathura
 Amaravati school of art-
 At Amaravati – under Satavahanas and Ikshvakus
 Developed in two stages- first stage indigenous and in second
stage influence of Gandhara art is there but maintained separate
characteristics
 Displayed urban life because funded by rich merchants
 Along with beauty different emotions like angry, love, pride etc.
 Ayakapatas- marble or limestone slabs on which life events of
Buddha are engraved. Amaravati stupa was decorated with
several ayakapatas
 Male, Female, Animals, Birds etc.
 Examples- Statues of Buddha and Bodhisattvas found at
Amaravati, Jaggayyapeta, Bhattiprolu and Nagarjuna Konda
Conclusion  Briefly conclude by mentioning unique feature of each school and
how all these enriched Indian art

4. Examine the Mauryan contribution to Indian Art and Architecture

Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Social and Cultural condition under the Mauryan,
Satavahanas and Guptas
Keyword Examine

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Introduction  Brief introduction about Mauryan rule , important rulers and time
period
 Best specimens of Mauryan art are pillars, stupas, rock-cut caves,
palaces and sculptures
Body  Pillars-
 Pillars are made of a single piece of buff coloured sandstone
 Their capitals , which are beautiful pieces of sculpture in the form
of lions or bulls, are joined with the pillars on the top
 These polished pillars – throughout the country which shows
technical knowledge had spread far and wide
 Asokan pillars with inscriptions were found in places like Delhi,
Allahabad, Rummindai, Sanchi, Sarnath etc.
 The lion capital of sarnath pillar is adopted as the national
emblem by the government of India
 Stupas-
 Asoka built number of stupas but majority were destroyed during
foreign invasions
 The famous Sanchi stupa originally built with bricks by Asoka still
survived
 Rock-cut caves-
 The construction of rock-cut caves began during the reign of
Asoka which continued till 10th century CE and later the tradition
was abandoned
 Asoka built 4 rock-cut caves in Barabar hills in Bihar
 His grandson Dasaratha built 3 rock-cut caves in Nagarjuni hills in
Bihar
 Their interior walls are polished like mirror
 These were meant for residence of monks(Ajivika sect)
 Palaces-
 Megsthenes states that the Mauryan palace at pataliputra was as
splendid as that of Iran
 Fragments of 80 pillared hall have been discovered at Kumrahar
on the outskirts of modern Patna
 Sculpture-
 Sculpture of Elephant found at Dhauli(Odisha)
 The image of Yaksha found at Mathura
 A beautiful sculpture of Yakshi at Didargunj(Bihar)
Conclusion  Brief conclusion stating that the Muryan period was remarkable for
its contribution to India’s Art and Architecture.
5. In what respects did the caste system undergo changes during the Gupta period?
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Social and cultural condition under Mauryan
,Satavahanas and Guptas
Keyword In what respects

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Introduction  Brief introduction about Gupta period
 Caste system during Guptas undergoes striking changes like increase
of subcastes, improvement in shudras position
Body  Numerous subcastes-two reasons
 Foreigners into Indian society and got kshatriya status. Each
group became a kind of caste. Example- Hunas / Huns became
one of clans of Rajputs
 Land grants to Brahmanas. Absorption of many tribal groups
residing in those areas into brahmanical society. Every tribe
became a caste
 Shudras position improved-
 Earlier worked as servants , slaves and agricultural labour
 Now became Agriculturists by working as tenant farmers in
Brahmana agraharas
 So enonomic status of shudras improved
 Now permitted to listen to Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas and
can worship new god Krishna
 They can perform some domestic rites by paying fee to priests
 Untouchables-
 Increased in number especially Chandelas
 According to Fa-hsien they lived outside village and eat meat and
flesh
 Upper caste people kept themselves at distance from them
Conclusion  Conclude by stating in what ways caste system undergone
improvements and deteriorations

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TSPSC | Group-I | Mains Test Series
Day-07: Section-I | Paper-II| Advent of Islam and its impact on Indian Society
Skeletal Answers

1. Examine the influence of Islam on Indian culture, with suitable examples.

Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Advent of Islam and its impact on Indian society
Keyword Examine
Introduction  Brief introduction about origin of Islam, founder and time period
 Islam entered into India through traders in south and through conquerors and
travellers in N-W India
 It influenced Indian culture in many ways like on society, religion, economy, fine arts
Body  Mention different sectors where Islam’s influence was visible like:
Society
 Islam preached universal brotherhood & social equality
 It rejected caste based discriminations
 It allowed widow remarriage, divorce, property rights to women
 All these have tremendous effect on Indian society because these are some of
the problems it had at that time
 During Bhakti movement in medieval India, some saints like Kabir, Nanak took
inspiration from some of these ideas and contributed to social reform
 But it also brought purdah system to India which was adopted by upper class
women
Religion
 Along with Islam, Sufism also entered India which influenced religious conditions
of the time
 It propagated love and devotion to god which influenced contemporary Bhakti
movement in reforming religion
 Many downtrodden sections of Hindu society were converted to Islam
Economy
 Hindu society put a taboo on sea voyages
 Arrival of Islam rejuvenated economy, revived foreign trade( Ex. Arab traders in
western India)
Fine Arts
 Architecture
 New style Indo-persian architecture evolved
 Ex. Qutub Minar, Taj Mahal etc.
 Music and Dance-
 The fusion of Hindu and Muslim traditions led to further development of
Hindustani music and Kathak dance
Painting
 Hindu art of mural paintings had undergone remarkable changes after contact
with Muslim paintings.
 There are further developments in Rajput school of paintings and in evolution of
Kanga school of painting
 Literature-

 Cultural intermingling in Persian and Sanskrit literature and many Sanskrit texts
translated into Arabic, Persian
Conclusion  In the course of time it helped in the development of composite culture in India
which is continuing till today
2. Bring out the nature and significance of Bhakti movement in medieval India
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Nature and significance of Bhakti and Sufi movements
Keyword Bring out
Introduction Introduce the origin and the idea of Bhakti Movement
 Bhakti movement stressed mystical union of individual with god. It first started in
south India between 7th and 12th centuries.
 Shaiva Nayanars and Vaishnavite Alwars preached personal devotion to god as a
means of salvation.
 The ideas of Bhakti were carried to north by scholars as well as saints.
Body  Add nature and significance of Bhakti Movement-
 In medieval India due to societal conditions of those times, people want simple
religion with reason and emotion which were preached by Bhakti saints- led to
the growth of Bhakti movement in north India
 Non-sectarian movement-
 Kabir, Nanak addressed all sects of people and both made a strong plea for
Hindu- Muslim unity
 Both denounced idol worship, caste system and emphasised on one god with
love and devotion
 Centred on worship of Rama, Krishna-
 Many saints in medieval India propagated Bhakti through personal devotion to
Rama or Krishna through kirtanas, bhajans etc.
 Chaitanya in Bengal- Krishna- song and dance- ecstasy state in which a devotee
can feel presence of god
 Narasinha Mehta in Gujarat, Meerabai in Rajasthan, Surdas in western UP,
Tulsidas in eastern UP etc.
 Significance-
 Reform in Religion-
 Stressed on Bhakti(devotion) as source of salvation
 Simplified Hinduism and gave it a new lease of life
 New sects like Sikhism evolved
 Reform in Society-
 All bhakti saints condemned caste system and social discriminations and
accepted disciples from all castes
 Life of charity and service to fellow people developed
 Development of Regional Languages and Literature-
 Hindi-
 Ramananda is the first one to use hindi to preach his ideas
 Kabir wrote dohas in hindi

 Surdas – sursuravali, susagar

 Tulasidas- Ramcharitamanas
 Marathi-
 Gnanadeva- Gnaneswari(commentary on Bhagavad gita)
 Eknath- Abhangas(devotional songs in Marathi)
 Ramadas- Dasabodha
 Gujarati-
 Narasinha Mehta – Bhajans- Vaishnava Jantho is very famous
 Similarly Chaitanya in Bengali, Sankaradeva in Assamese propagated their ideas
in local languages and led to their development in masses
Conclusion  Conclude by mentioning significance of bhakti movement and mention what
important changes it brought in society
3. Explain Sufism and discuss its main principles, important orders and its influence on Indian society
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Nature and significance of Bhakti and Sufi movements
Keyword Explain, Discuss
Introduction Define what is Sufism and the purpose of the reform
 Sufism was a liberal reform movement with in Islam. It had its origins in Persia and
spread into India in 11th century
 Sufis are persons of deep devotion and laid great emphasis on love as the bond
between god and individual soul
Body Mention important principles and different orders of sufism
 Main principles-
 Love and devotion as effective means of realisation of god
 Self-discipline- essential condition to gain knowledge of god
 Inner purity
 Against blind observance of rituals
 Meditation, prayers, fasting, charity, ascetic life etc.
 Prominent mystics lived in khanqas along with their disciples. The link between
teacher(pir) and his disciples(murids) was a vital part of Sufism
 Orders or Silsilahs in Sufism-
 There are as many as 14 orders in Sufism which are broadly divided into Ba-
shara(followed Islamic law) and Be-shara(not bound by it)
 Of the Ba-shara, two orders- Chishti and Suharwardi- have significant influence
and following in India
 Chishti Order-
 By Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti at Ajmer
 Bakhtiyar Kaki(Qutub Minar named after him), Nizamuddin Auliya, Gesu
Daraz(brought Sufism to south India- Gulbarga) are some famous saints of this
Order
 The Chishtis preferred to keep aloof from state politics
 Suharwardi Order-
 By sheikh shihabuddin suharwardi

 Its activities confined largely to Punjab, Multan

 They accepted service of state and hold important positions
Briefly Explain about the influence of it on Indian Society in ease of following religion,
mysticism, liberal principles etc
 Influence on Indian Society-
 Inspired medieval bhakti saints like Nanak, Kabir etc.
 Common ground of spirituality between Hindus, Muslims and mutual
appreciation
 The liberal principles of Sufis restrained orthodox Muslims in their attitude and
encouraged many Muslim rulers to pursue tolerant attitude to their non-Muslim
subjects
 Preached in regional languages which led to their development
Conclusion  Conclude by mentioning important contribution of Sufism to Indian society

4. Assess the contribution of Mughals to Indian Art and Architecture with examples
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Contribution of Mughals to Language, Literature, Art and
Architecture, Fine arts and Monuments
Keyword Assess
Introduction  Briefly mention about Mughal rule, time period etc.
 Mughal period can be called a second classical age following Gupta age in northern
India. In this cultural development, Indian traditions were amalgamated with Turko-
Iranian culture brought to the country by Mughals.
Body  Mention important contributions of Mughals to Art and Architecture like paintings,
mosques, tombs and others
 Architecture
 Magnificent forts, palaces, gates, mosques, gardens etc.
Gardens-
 Nishat bagh- Kashmir, Shalimar- Lahore, Pinjore gardens- Punjab
Forts-
 Akbar-
 palace cum fort complex- Fatepur Sikri- Gujarati style most used- Rajput
wife/wives
 persian or central Asian influence- glazed blue tiles- decoration or tiling the roofs
 Jama Masjid- gateway to it – Buland Darwaja
 Jodhbai palace, Panch mahal etc.
 Other forts at Agra, Lahore and Allahabad
 Shajahan- Red fort at Delhi
 Tombs-
 Humayun tomb at Delhi- massive dome of marble(precursor to Taj)
 Itimud-ud-daulah tomb at Agra by Nurjahan- wholly white marble and pietra
dura(decoration with floral designs made of precious stones)
 Taj Mahal- speciality is it has all the architectural forms developed by Mughals

 Mosques-
 Jama Masjid at Delhi- Red sandstone
 Moti Masjid at Agra Fort- Marble
 Golden Temple at Amritsar incorporated many features of Mughal traditions of
architecture
 Painting-
 Mughals encouraged painting by recruiting painters from different parts of the
country – both Hindus and Muslims.
 Flat effect of persian style replaced by roundedness of Indian brush-3D effect
 Influence of European painting- foreshortening (near and distant people and
things could be placed in perspective) adopted
 Indian colours- Peacock blue, Indian red etc. used.
 Themes- Hunting, Battle, Court scenes
 During Akbar-miniature paintings developed. Illustrations of persian versions of
Ramayana, Mahabharata in miniature form- Daswant, Basavan famous in
Akbar’s court
 Jahangir- Portrait painting (represent a specific human object) and painting of
animals started. Different parts in single picture by different painters also
developed during Jahangir. Mansur – famous in Jahangir’s court
 Aurangzeb’s lack of interest- dispersal of artists to provincial kingdoms-
Rajasthan style and Pahari school developed
 Language and Literature-
 Persian-
 Abul Fazl- new prose writing style and historian- Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama
 Abul Faizi- Mahabharata to persian under his supervision
 Jahangir- autobiography- Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri
 Dara Shikoh- Bhagavad gita(supervised), Upanishads to Persian
 Hindi-Hindi poets also part of Mughal court.
 Tulsidas- contemporary to Akbar- Ramcharitmanas
 Music-
 Both Hindus and Muslims contributed
 During Akbar- Tansen of Gwalior- many new ragas
 Aurangzeb banned singing only, not musical instruments- veena player- most no.
of books on Indian classical music in persian during his reign only
 In later Mughal kings Muhammad shah encouraged music in his court
Conclusion  In this way people from different parts of India and of different faiths contributed to
this cultural development and made this a truly national culture
5(a). The Mansabdari system introduced by Mughals were a mere replication of Iqta system. Discuss
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): The contribution of Delhi Sultans and Mughals to Language,
Literature, Art, Architecture and Fine Arts, Monuments
Keyword Discuss
Introduction  Brief introduction by addressing the Mansabdari and Iqta system.

Body  Discuss Characteristics of Mansabdari system.

 Discuss the Characteristics of Iqta system.
 Give importance to the similarities and differences between Mansabdari and Iqta
system.
Conclusion  Conclude by stating that Mansabdari is a modified version of Iqta system but not a
mere imitation.
5(b). The economic measures of Allauddin Khalji were aimed at greater political control. Discuss
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): The contribution of Delhi Sultans and Mughals to Language,
Literature, Art, Architecture and Fine Arts, Monuments.
Keyword Discuss
Introduction  Brief introduction about Khalji dynasty and Allauddin Khalji.
Body  about the economic reforms introduced by Allauddin Khalji
 Market regulation
 Revocation of all grants
 Land revenue reforms
 Agrarian reforms
 Discuss the circumstances that led to the administration and economic reforms.
 Comment about how the economic reforms help him to make a great political control
 Recruitment of large number of soldiers.
 You can also mention the consequences of the economic policies
 It badly affected the political consolidation-Grants for Nobles
Conclusion  Conclude by stating that the economic policies of Khalji helped him to safeguard his
territory.

1. What are basic objectives of land revenue policy followed by British in India? Describe main features
and discuss the impacts of these policies.
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Land revenue settlements in British India.
Keyword What, Describe, Discuss
Introduction  Briefly introduce about what is land revenue policy, 3 major types- permanent settlement,
ryotwari, mahalawari systems.
Body  Briefly mention objectives of land revenue policy and main features of each type of
settlement and then impact of that settlement.
 Objectives of land revenue policy-
 The Indian state had since time immemorial taken a part of the agricultural produce as
land revenue.
 The Company needed Indian revenues to meet cost of conquest and consolidation of
India, economic, administrative charges and to purchase Indian handicrafts and other
goods for export. For this land revenue is major source.
 Earlier experiments of auctioning right to collect land revenue, introduced instability in
Company’s revenues.
 So to get fixed income every year they introduced 3 policies- permanent settlement,
ryotwari and mahalwari systems.
 The Permanent Settlement-
 Introduced in Bengal and Bihar in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis, later extended to Odisha,
northern districts of Madras and district of Varanasi.
 Zamindars and revenue collectors were converted into landlords. They were made
owners of land, which is hereditary and transferable. Cultivators were reduced to mere
tenants who exist entirely at the mercy of Zamindars.
 Zamindars were to give 10/11th of the rental they derived from the peasantry to the
state, keeping only 1/11th for themselves.
 Sums to be paid by them as land revenue were fixed in perpetuity.
 If any increase in land revenue, zamindar can keep entire amount of increase. The
assumption behind this is zamindar would be inspired to extend cultivation and
improve agricultural productivity.
 At the same time, zamindar had to pay his revenue rigidly on due date even if crop had
failed for some reason. Otherwise his lands were to be sold.
 Impact-
 Since permanent, to secure maximum amount, the initial fixation of revenue was made
arbitrarily and at exorbitant rate.
 One result of this high and impossible land revenue demand was that nearly half the
zamindari lands were put up for sale between 1794 and 1807.
 Absentee landlordism was a consequential feature. Zamindars took no interest in
development of agriculture. They oppressed the tenants with exorbitant demands.
 Frequent agrarian revolts.
 Ryotwari Settlement-

 Cultivator was recognised as the owner of his plot of land subject to the payment of
land revenue. He can sell, mortgage, and lease the land.
 Introduced in parts of Madras presidency, Bombay presidency, parts of Assam and
Coorg.
 Revenue demand was revised periodically after 20 to 30 years. But government
retained the right to enhance land revenue at will.
 Impact-
 The peasant soon discovered that the large number of zamindars had been replaced by
one giant zamindar- the state- and that they were mere government tenants whose
land was sold if they failed to pay land revenue on time.
 In most areas land revenue fixed was exorbitant and ryot was hardly left bare
maintenance even in the best of seasons.
 The ryot had to pay revenue even when his produce was partially or wholly destroyed
by drought or floods. If failed to pay government put up his land on sale. To avoid this,
peasants were forced to borrow money from moneylenders at high rates of interest by
mortgaging the lands, which leads them into debt trap and finally he had to give up his
land and become tenant farmer under moneylender or other rich peasants.
 Since government insisted on cash payment, farmers went to cash crops (commercial
crops like cotton, sugarcane, tobacco etc.) instead of food crops, which increased the
severity of drought years by leading to shortage of food grains.
 Leads to Deccan riots in 1875.
 Mahalwari system-
 A modified version of zamindari settlement, introduced in Ganga valley, north-west
province, parts of central India and Punjab.
 Here settlement was made with whole mahal (estate consists of several villages).
Village community will distribute the targets among themselves.
 Land revenue rates were periodically revised.
 Ownership rights are with individual peasants and they can sell, mortgage the land.
 Impact-
 Since Punjab, North West India had fertile land, government fixed 50-75% of produce
as land revenue.
 As generations passed, leads to land fragmentation and productivity declined. So
farmers had to borrow money from moneylenders and finally became tenants in their
own land.
Conclusion  Conclude by mentioning overall effect of all these policies.
 Gradually the cultivators in all these areas became tenants and subtenants under zamindars
or moneylenders and trapped in debt, poverty. These policies increased the severity of
droughts and millions of people perished during those famines.
2. Discuss the drain of India’s wealth to Britain from the period beginning with the British conquest of
Bengal. Why Economic Drain is considered peculiar to the British rule in India?
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Drain of wealth

Keyword Discuss, why

Introduction  Explain meaning of drain of wealth in simple terms.
 The British exported to Britain part of India’s wealth and resources for which India got no
adequate economic or material return.
Body  Explain with data in how many ways India’s wealth transferred to Britain from 1757
 The Drain of Wealth-
 The English East India Company conquered Bengal through battle of Plassey (1757) and
battle of Buxar(1764) and got diwani rights i.e. right to collect revenue over Bengal,
Bihar and Odisha in 1765.
 From that time till end of British rule in India, drain of wealth continued unabated in all
spheres of economy making India impoverished.
 Between 1757 and 1772, when company assumed direct rule over Bengal province,
through puppet nawabs, company and its servants extorted large sums of money
through gifts or bribes and transferred them to their own country. As per Robert Clive,
it is more than 30 million rupees.
 The company officials forced Indian artisans, peasants, and merchants to sell their
goods cheap and to buy dear from them. In words of British historian, Percival Spear,
this period is of open and unashamed plunder.
 The company purchased Indian goods out of the revenues of Bengal and sold them
abroad. These were known as company’s investments and formed part of its profits.
 On top of all this, the British government wanted its share of the rich prize and, in 1767,
ordered the Company to pay it 4 lakh pound sterling per year.
 Huge salaries of higher officials and the trading fortunes of merchants also found their
way to England.
 By the end of 18th century, the drain constituted nearly 9% of India’s national income.
 The drain took the form of an excess of India’s exports over its imports, for which India
got no return.
 Lord Ellenborough admitted in 1840 that India transmitting 2 to 3 million sterling per
annum to this country (Britain) without any return except in the small value of military
stores.
 John Sullivan, president of Board of Revenue, Madras, remarked, “our system acts very
much like a sponge, drawing up all the good things from the banks of the Ganges, and
squeezing them down on the banks of the Thames”.
 By the end of 19th century, drain constituted nearly 6% of India’s national income and
one-third of its national savings.
 The wealth drained out of India played an important part in financing Britain’s
industrialisation.
 Dadabhai Naoroji and RC Dutt popularised the drain theory through their writings,
made visible the exploitative character of British rule and proved drain was the basic
cause of India’s poverty.
 Economic drain peculiar to British rule-

 All previous rulers of India had spent the revenue they extracted from the people inside
the country.
 Whether they spent on irrigation canals, trunk roads, or on palaces, temples and
mosques, or on wars and conquests, or even on personal luxury, it ultimately
encouraged Indian trade and industry or gave employment to Indians.
 Delhi sultans, Mughals, even though they are foreign conquerors, they settled in India
and made it their home.
 But British remained perpetual foreigners. They spent a large part of the taxes, income
they derived from the Indian people not in India but in Britain, their home country.
 They made every policy, administered in such a way that it suits British interests, and
never considered India’s welfare.
 Hence, economic drain is peculiar to British rule.
Conclusion  Thus throughout history of India only in British rule, economic drain happened, agriculture
stagnated, deindustrialised and poverty increased.
3. Describe the Anglo-French conflicts in southern India (Carnatic wars). Analyse the reasons for French
failure and discuss its consequences.
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Carnatic wars, Battle of Plassey, Anglo-Mysore, Anglo-Maratha and Anglo-
Sikh wars
Keyword Describe, Analyse, Discuss
Introduction  Introduce about when and why English, French rivalry started in India and briefly mention
about what is Carnatic region.
 In the middle of 18th century, political unstable conditions in southern India gave the
foreigners (English, French) an opportunity to intervene in mutual quarrels of Indian
princes, thereby expand their control over trade and territory of India. Also situations, wars
between English, French in Europe also influenced the conflicts here in India.
 For nearly 20 years i.e. 1742 to 1763, English, French engaged in bitter overs for territory
control. Since major conflicts happened in Carnatic region, these wars are called as Carnatic
wars. Carnatic region includes present Tamil Nadu, southern Andhra Pradesh and south-
eastern Karnataka.
Body  Describe briefly about all three Carnatic wars and then analyse the reasons for French
failure and discuss the consequences of these wars.
 First Carnatic War-1746-1748
 In 1740, the Austrian war of succession broke out in Europe. The war in Europe between
England and France soon spread to India where the two East India Companies clashed
with each other.
 French under Governor General Dupleix attacked and occupied Fort St. George i.e.
Madras of English and started first Carnatic war.
 Nawab of Carnatic, Anwaruddin, ally of English, furious over action of French since it
occupied Madras without his permission, sent army (nearly 10,000) under the
command of his son to regain Madras from French. French with less than 1000 trained

troops and well-equipped artillery defeated Carnatic’s forces easily in Battle of Adyar
on October 24, 1746.
 This battle established the superiority of 18th century techniques of European warfare.
 After this battle English, French continued to spar over French controlled Pondicherry,
Fort St. David of English without either side gaining victory.
 In the meantime, treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was concluded in 1748 to end Austrian
succession war. French in Exchange for Louisburg in Canada handed over Madras to
British.
 Second Carnatic war-1749-1754
 Now both English, French began to interfere in mutual quarrels of Indian princes by
supporting one against the other for monetary, territorial favours.
 In 1748, a situation arose in the Carnatic, Hyderabad for both English, French to
intervene on opposite sides.
 In Carnatic, Chanda Sahib began to conspire against Nawab Anwaruddin and in
Hyderabad, the death of Nizam-ul-mulk resulted in civil war between his son Nasir Jang,
his grandson Muzaffar Jang.
 Dupleix concluded a secret treaty with Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jang and in 1749,
the three allies killed Anwaruddin in a battle at Ambur. In Hyderabad too, Nasir Jang
was killed and Muzaffar Jang became Nizam. He gave Masulipatnam to French for their
help. Bussy as French Resident at Hyderabad.
 While Muzaffar Jang was accidentally killed, Bussy made Salabat Jang as new Nizam.
He granted northern sarkars in Andhra to French.
 Meanwhile English supported Muhammad Ali, son of Anwaruddin, against Chanda
Sahib. Robert Clive attacked Arcot, capital of Carnatic, killed Chanda Sahib and defeated
French forces.
 In the end, French government, weary of heavy expenses of the war in India and fearing
the loss of its American colonies, initiated peace negotiations and agreed in 1754 to the
English demand for recall of Dupleix from India. Godeheu, new French governor signed
treaty of Pondicherry in 1754.
 Third Carnatic War- 1756-1763
 Seven years war in Europe 1756-1758, led to third Carnatic war in India.
 In the very beginning of the war, English got control over Bengal. The rich resources of
Bengal turned the war decisively in favour of English.
 The decisive battle was fought at Wandiwash in Tamil Nadu on 22 Jan 1760, where
English General, Eyre Coot, defeated Count de Lally of French.
 The war ended in 1763 with signing of treaty of Paris.
 The French factories in India were restored but only as centres of trade, no
fortifications, and no troops. Now French lived in India under British protection.
 Reasons for French Failure-
 State control of French company leads to inefficiency and harmed the interests of
company (always dependent on grants of government). English, being private, always
focussed on finances.
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Day-08: Section-I | Paper-II| The Establishment of British Colonial Rule in India
Model Skeletal Answers

 English got Bengal and its rich resources helped immensely for the English.
 At that time, French also focussed on expansion in Europe, which divided its resources.
 English Navy more superior to French.
 Consequences of Carnatic wars-
 Freed of all European rivals, now English set about the task of conquering India.
 During Carnatic wars, English learned valuable lessons which they applied in Bengal
 Firstly, in absence of nationalism in India, they could advance their political schemes by
taking advantage of mutual quarrels of Indian rulers.
 Secondly, western-trained infantry armed with modern weapons, artillery could easily
defeat old-style Indian armies.
 Thirdly, Indian soldier trained and armed in European manner made as good soldier as
European. (Since Indian soldier too lacked feeling of nationalism).
 The English now created powerful army consisting of sepoys, officered by Englishmen
and vast resources of trade and territories embarked on era of wars and territorial
expansion.
Conclusion In this way, Carnatic wars exposed weakness of Indian rulers and their lack of nationalism and
established superiority of European techniques of warfare. These wars helped English in their
further conquests of India.
4. Discuss various factors that lead to ruination of Indian industries and handicrafts. What was its effect
on India’s rural economy?
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): De-industrialisation, Decline of Traditional Crafts.
Keyword Discuss, What
Introduction  Introduce briefly about how British economic policies disrupted the traditional structure of
Indian Economy. And mention some examples of handicrafts, industries.
 British made India’s traditional self-sufficient rural economy into a colonial economy whose
nature, structure determined by needs of British economy. This leads to deindustrialisation
and decline of handicrafts.
Body  Factors that lead to ruination of Indian industries and handicrafts-
 Cheaper imported machine goods-
 Competition with these cheaper machine goods caused quick collapse of urban
handicrafts industry.
 Indian goods made with ancient techniques could not compete with those machine
made goods.
 Policy of one way free trade-
 High import duties on import of Indian goods into Britain and free import of British
goods into India.
 Railways-
 Enabled British manufacturers to reach and uproot traditional industries in the
remotest villages of the country.
 In the words of American writer, DH Buchanan- the armour of the isolated self-
sufficient village was pierced by the steel rail, and its lifeblood ebbed away.

 Oppression by Company and its servants-

 They forced craftsmen of Bengal to sell goods below the market price and to hire their
services below the prevailing wage, compelled many craftsmen to abandon their
ancestral professions.
 Disappearance of Indian states-
 They were main customers of handicrafts. For example, production of military weapons
was dependant entirely on Indian states.
 Cotton weaving, spinning industries, silk, woollen textiles worst hit. Iron, pottery, glass,
paper, metals, guns, shipping, oil pressing, tanning and dyeing industries were all
effected.
 Effect on India’s rural economy-
 Increase of rural population as urban areas ruined and depopulated by decline of urban
handcrafts.
 Since decay of traditional industries not accompanied by modern machine industries,
the ruined handicraftsmen and artisans failed to find alternative employment.
 They entered into agriculture as peasants, tenants, agricultural labour etc. Between
1901 and 1941, the percentage of population dependent on agriculture increased from
63.7% to 70%.
 This increasing pressure on agriculture was the main reason of extreme poverty of India
under British rule.
 India now became an agricultural colony of manufacturing Britain by supplying raw
materials to British industries.
 Once a major exporter of cotton textiles now became an importer of British cotton
textiles and an exporter of raw cotton.
Conclusion  We can conclude by quoting any British officer’s view on decline of handicrafts industries.
 William Bentinck, reported in 1834, “The misery hardly finds a parallel in the history of
commerce. The bones of the cotton-weavers are bleaching the plains of India.” This
statement showing the precarious condition of artisans and state of economy at that time.

5. Describe the development of the means of transport and communication during the British rule in
India. How was this related to Britain’s economic and political policies?
Syllabus Paper II (Section I): Railroads, Transport and communication network- Telegraph and postal
services.
Keyword Describe, How
Introduction  Briefly introduce when modern transport and communication were introduced in India and
what are they.
 Development of modern means of transport and communication were began in 1850s.
Earlier transport confined to bullock cart and packhorse.

 In transport, improving of roads, steamships on rivers, railways and in communication,

modern postal system and telegraph were introduced.
Body  Describe development of modern transport and communication facilities and how these
were designed to serve British economic and political interests.
 Means of Transport-
 Work on grand trunk road from Calcutta to Delhi began in 1839 and completed in
1850s.
 Connected major cities, ports, markets by road.
 Steamships on rivers.
 Railways-
 The first railway line from Bombay to Thane was opened to traffic in 1853.
 Initially private guaranteed companies constructed railway lines up to 1869 and they
built 6000kms.
 Later state took the role but not satisfactory speed of constructions and hence after
1880, both laid the railway lines and by 1905, 45000 kms of railway lines had been
built.
 Communications-
 British established modern postal system and introduced the Telegraph.
 The first telegraph line from Calcutta to Agra was opened in 1853.
 Dalhousie introduced postage stamps, cut down postal rates and charged a uniform
rate of half an anna for a letter all over the land.
 This development of transport and communication facilities were made to suit British
economic and political policies.
 Economic interests-
 To open the vast and hitherto untapped market in the interior of the country for British
manufacturers and to facilitate the export of Indian raw materials for their industries.
 Favour imports, exports and discriminate against internal movement of goods.
 Railways as a channel for safe investment of their surplus capital. Almost total
investment made by British investors at attractive 5% interest rate.
 For British steel manufacturers, outlet for their products like rails, engines, wagons etc.
 Political interests-
 To administer country more effectively and to protect their regime from internal or
external aggressions by enabling more rapid mobilisation and movement of troops
(Railways) and to get quick information about anti British activities from all over India
(Telegraph).
Conclusion  Conclude by briefly mentioning primary consideration of British behind the development
of Transport and Communication facilities.
 Primary consideration was to serve the economic, political and military interests of British
imperialism in India.

1. Describe the nature and significance of the Revolt of 1857? Explain whether it can be termed as first war
of Independence.
Syllabus Paper II: Section I: Anti British Uprisings: Causes and consequences of 1857 revolt
Keywords Describe, Explain
Introduction There are two major views regarding the revolt of 1857
One as a mutiny and the other as first war of Independence
Body Nature and significance
 The British historians treat it as a mere sepoy mutiny
 But Indian patriots and leaders treat it as the first war of Independence
 Jawaharlal Nehru maintains that the revolt was more than a sepoy mutiny
 He says it was a feudal uprising though there were some nationalist elements in it
 Though started as a revolt, it spread rapidly and assumed the nature of a rebellion
 Some other views describe it as religious war or racial struggle between whites and
colored.
Few Indian historians described the Revolt of 1857 as a planned war of national
independence. Sepoys were the chief players and a large number of Indians took part.
Arguments supporting it:
 Millions actively participated, number of civilians were killed and sole intention was
liberating the country
 Those who helped British in suppressing the revolt had to face social ostracism
 Those who could not join, did not cooperate with British
 National character of the rebellion is the communal harmony is stuck in both the
Hindus and Muslims of the time
Conclusion For the above mentioned nature and reasons, yes the 1857 revolt can be termed as the first
war of independence
2. Delineate the contribution of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar with special reference to the conditions of untouchables
and labourers in Colonial India.
Syllabus Paper II: Section I: Growth of Socio-religious and anti-caste movements: Ambedkar
Keyword Delineate: which means to portray something precisely
Introduction Babasaheb Ambedkar who had experienced the worst form of caste discrimination during his
childhood, fought against the upper caste tyranny throughout his life.
Body  He organized the All India Scheduled Castes Federation
 He condemned the hierarchal and insular caste system-advocated annihilation of
caste
 It led to Special representation of depressed classes in Government of India act 1935
 He led Mahad Satyagraha-to challenge regressive customs of caste Hindus
 Stressed on removing ideas of high and low
 Burnt Manusmriti at the same place- as a gesture of getting rid of inequalities
 He established the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha to highlight difficulties and grievances
of dalits before government.
 At Round Table conferences, he pleaded for living wage, decent working conditions
 Brought 8hrs working day to India.
 Independent Labour Party in 1936 to address grievances of poor peasants, workers.
 He fought for workers right to strike and recognition of Trade Union by Employers.
 For women workers, he advocated equal pay for equal work and maternity benefits.
Conclusion Because of his contribution, constitution has made equality and non-discrimination on basis
of caste imperative abolishing untouchability and Independent India made many labour
welfare legislations.
3. What was the contribution of socio-religious reform movements of the 19th Century for the upliftment of
women in Modern India?
Syllabus Paper II: Section I: Growth of socio-religious and anti-caste movements
Keyword What
Introduction Reformers appealed to the doctrines of individualism and equality and argued, to bolster
their appeal that true religion did not sanction an inferior status to women
Body Reformers raised their voice against degrading customs-polygamy, purdah, child marriage,
restrictions on widow marriage and worked to establish educational facilities for women and
persuade government to enact favourable legislations for women
Steps taken:
 Abolition of Sati influenced by the frontal attack-launched by enlightened reformers
led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
 Because of reformers, Bengal regulations of 1795 and 1804 declared female
infanticide illegal and equivalent to murder
 Brahmo Samaj had the issue of widow remarriage on its agenda but due to efforts of
Eshwar Chandra Vidyasagar , Hindu Widows’ remarriage Act was passed-legalizing
marriage of widows
 Because of relentless efforts of Parsi reformer B. M. Malabari, child marriage was
controlled with passage of Age of consent act (1891) and The Sarda Act (1930)
 Christian missionaries and Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar fought for the
education of women.
 Sarala Devi Chaudhurani fought for education of women, abolition of purdah system,
improvement in the socio-economic and political status of women
 Ramabai Saraswati-Arya Mahila Samaj for improvement in education of women
 Mehribai Tata-played vital role in formation of National Council of Women in India
 All India Women’s conference (AIWC)- first women’s organization with egalitarian
approach-for society based on principles of social justice, integrity, equal rights etc.
Conclusion In this way, many social reforms and women organizations strived for the upliftment of
women’s status and fought for abolition of various social evils.
4. Evaluate the contribution of Periyar E.V.R. in the promotion of social justice.
Syllabus Paper II: Section I: Self-respect movement: Periyar
Keyword Evaluate
Introduction Self-respect movement was a dynamic social movement aimed at eliminating the
contemporary Hindu social order started by Periyar in Tamil Nadu
Body Key objectives of movement:
 To do away with such society where one class claims to be higher than other
 Equal opportunities for all people irrespective of community including women
 Eradicate untouchability and to establish a united a society
Periyar’s contribution:
 Monopoly of power and influence enjoyed by the Brahmins was slowly lost due to
Periyar propaganda against orthodoxy
 Filled people with sense of self-respect and self-confidence to fight against social
injustice
 Led to promotion of intercaste and inter religious marriages and legalization of
marriages without Brahmin priest
 System of allotting separate places for Harijan members in the Municipal councils
was also discontinued
 People started taking pride in giving up their caste name
Conclusion Periyar through the movement asked many questions and tried to do social justice to the
people
5. Compare and contrast the salient features of Brahma Samaj and Arya Samaj movements and their impact
on the Indian Society.
Syllabus Paper II: Section I: Rise and Growth of Socio-Religious movements
Keywords Compare and Contrast
Introduction Rajaram Mohan Roy’s Brahmo Samaj and Swami Dayanand’s Arya Samaj were two prominent
socio-religious movements of India in the 19th century
Body Similarities:
 Both were against social and religious evils like Sati, polygamy, child marriage, idol
worship and other malpractices in the society especially among Hindus
 Advocated for women education and equal status to all
 Developed a sense of national consciousness among the fellow countrymen
Differences:
 Brahmo Samaj was primarily reformist where Arya Samaj was revivalist
 Brahmo Samaj drew its inspiration from Vedas, Upanishads, other holy scriptures
whereas Arya Samaj believe in Vedas only
 Human reason is Supreme in Brahmo Samaj whereas Vedas are infallible for Arya
Samaj
 Brahmo Samaj had faith in goodness of British government whereas Arya Samaj had
no faith in their integrity
 Brahmo Samaj treated Christianity and Islam in par with Hindu whereas Arya Samaj
claimed superiority of Hinduism
 Brahmo Samaj adopted peaceful approach whereas Arya Samaj adopted aggressive
and authoritative approach
 Brahmo Samaj influenced educated people whereas Arya Samaj could influence both
educated and uneducated
Conclusion Though, Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj worked against many social evils, there are many
differences ideologically as mentioned above.
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Day-10: Section-I | Paper-II| Three Phases of Indian Freedom Struggle
1. Trace the important peasant movements in Modern India and their characteristic features
Syllabus Paper II (Section V): Three Phases of Indian Freedom Struggle- Peasant movements
Keyword Trace
Introduction ● Introduction on Peasant movement
 The peasants started to resist British exploitation and took desperate measures
at several places. These activities came to be known as peasant uprisings or
peasant movements in India during the freedom struggle from 1857-1947.

Body ● Brief on reasons for Peasant movement

 High rents
 Arbitrary evictions
 Illegal tax levies and
 Unpaid labour in zamindari regions
 Cash crops were given more attention
 Plantation system was introduced
 Introduction of new middlemen
● Brief on some important Peasant movements

Peasant movement Reasons and Consequences

(Year)
Indigo Revolt (1859-60) Against European planters who exploited the local
peasants by forcing them grow Indigo, rather than the
more profitable rice
This revolt was led by Digambar Biswas and Bishnu
Biswas
Din Bandhu Mitra in his play, Neel Darpan- Portrayed
this revolt
This revolt led to the appointment of Indigo Commission
by Government
Champaran Satyagraha Peasants were forced to grow indigo on 3/20th of their
(1917) land under the tinkathia system, and to sell this at prices
fixed by the planters.
This movement was led by Gandhiji, Babu Rajendra
Prasad, Mazhar -ul-Huq, J.B. Kripalani
This revolt led the Government to appoint an Enquiry
Committee in June 1917, with M. Gandhiji as one of its
members.
Tebhaga Movement It emerged in the northern part of Bengal province.
(1946) Tebhaga means 1/3rd of agricultural produce (crop). This
movement was against the traditional sharecropping
system.

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It was led by – Bengal Provincial Kisan Sabha, against the
zamindars, rich farmers (Jotedars), moneylenders, local
bureaucrats and Traders.
● Characteristic features of Peasant movements
 The demands were centred almost wholly on economic issues.
 Colonialism was not the target of these movements.
 There was no continuity of struggle or long-term organisation
 These movements were limited to particular regions.

Conclusion ● Conclude positively on peasants emerged as the main force in agrarian movements,
fighting directly for their own demands

2. Critically examine the participation of women in national movement

Syllabus Paper II (Section V): Three Phases of Indian Freedom Struggle- Women participation
Keyword Critically Examine
Introduction ● Introduction on women participation in national movement
 The history of the Indian freedom struggle would be incomplete without
mentioning the contribution of women.
 The sacrifice made by the women of India newline will occupy the foremost
place. The history of freedom struggle is replete with the saga of sacrifice,
selflessness, bravery of women

Body ● When most of the men freedom fighters were in prison the women came forward
and took charge of the struggle.
● Brief on participation of Women in National Movement (Before 1857 and 1857)
 Maharani Velu Nachiyar (1730 – 1796) bravely fought with the British army
decades before the 1857 Revolt.
 Bhima Bai Holkar fought bravely against the British colonel Malcolm and
defeated him in guerrilla warfare.
 In 1857, Rani Lakshmi Bai, the queen of Jhansi led a rebellion against the British
to fight the unjust policy known as the Doctrine of Lapse.
● Brief on participation of Women in National Movement (After 1857 with example)
● Sarojini Naidu
 She travelled throughout India from 1915 to 1918, giving lectures on social
welfare, women’s empowerment and nationalism
 She was president and an excellent leader in the Civil Disobedience Movement
and Salt Satyagraha movement and leader at the front
● Jyothiba Savithribai Phule
 Satyashodak Mandal was set up promote alliance between sudras and women
of the upper caste
 Savitri Bai Phule, the first female teacher in a first women school also opened a
school for the untouchables and worked tireless for women rights
● Annie Besant
 Annie Besant was a notable British theosophist and a social reformer, labour
organizer and strike leader, was also actively involved in setting up schools and
colleges to support educational activities.

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● Aruna Asaf Ali
 She played a pivotal role in the Quit India Movement unfurling the flag in
Bombay to signify the start of the movement.
 She edited ‘Inquilab’ a monthly journal of the Indian National Congress
 During the Salt Satyagraha, she participated in a number of nonviolent riots.
● Kalpana Dutta
 She joined the Republican Indian Army of Surya Sen in 1931 which had been
engaged a year earlier in the Chittagong attack.
 For the revolutionaries, she used to build bombs and work as a courier agent.
● Usha Mehta
 Usha Mehta who as a child participated in the ‘Simon Go Back’ movement
 She broadcasted for the Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement.
● Kamala Devi
 She actively participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement, Salt Satyagraha as
well as was an eminent theatre personality and promoted native handicrafts and
arts
● Matangini Hazra
 She was shot thrice but continued to march with the National Congress Flag
chanting Vande Mataram
● Drawbacks:
 though women played a significant role in agitation politics, they did not develop
their own political organizations
 they were never integrated into decision making bodies in Congress.
 They neither placed any demands before the Congress, nor did they express any
independent opinion on any issue.
 They were thus symbols rather than full-fledged political participants.
 Only some well-educated urban women initially took part in the early Congress
sessions.

Conclusion ● The story of women’s participation in India's freedom struggle is the story of making
bold choices, finding themselves on streets, inside jail and in the legislature.
● Thousands of Indian women dedicated their lives for obtaining freedom of their
motherland. The non-violent movement that gained India her freedom not only took
women along but was dependent for its success on the active participation of women

3. Discuss the part played by Tilak in the Indian National Movement

Syllabus Paper II (Section V): Three Phases of Indian Freedom Struggle- Tilak Role
Keyword Discuss
Introduction ● Introduce about Bal Gangadhar Tilak
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak is known as the “Father of Assertive Nationalism”.
 He played a leading role in popularising the cult of patriotism and making the
congress movement broad- based

Body ● Brief about Bal Gangadhar Tilak

 He was a great freedom fighter, nationalist, teacher, social reformer and lawyer

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 Tilak was also the first one whose thoughts were entirely filled with extremism
and worked against the British with Extremist activities.
 He believed that political rights could be achieved by aggressively demanding
them.
 He is also called the Father of Hindu Nationalism.
 At one stage in his political life he was called “the father of Indian unrest” by the
British authorities.
● Part played by Tilak in the Indian National Movement
 He was the first to openly declare the demand for Swaraj.
 He started the Home Rule League in Pune in 1916.
 Tilak along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Lajpat Rai who introduced the idea of the
Participation of masses in the national movement- called as “Lokmanya”
 Lokmanya Tilak took the message of swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods
to Bombay and Pune
 “Freedom is my birth right and I shall have it”- slogan given by Tilak
 He wants to bring unity among the Indians, for this purpose introduced the
Ganapati festival celebrations and Shivaji festival.
 He organised the Deccan Education Society in 1884 with a few of his college
friends. Their goal was to improve the quality of education for India’s youth.
 He started the Shivaji society to propagate nationalism among young
Maharashtrians.
 He frequently associated with the struggle for the freedom of press
 Tilak earlier had also worked among the peasants affected by the Plague
 Tilak started two weeklies, Kesari (“The Lion”) in Marathi and Mahratta in English
in 1880–By this he was recognized as ‘awakener of India’.
● Drawbacks:
 His drawback was his staunch belief in Hinduism- no involvement of muslims in
Shivaji Festivals
 He opposed significant Bills like the Age of Consent Bill
 His views on the questions of women empowerment and emancipation were
more in tune with the orthodox section.
 He opposed the efforts of social reformers who called for widow remarriage.
 He was opposed to the idea of English education to girls for he felt that it made
them lose touch with Indian ethos and values.
● Recent instances:
 Union Home Minister Amit Shah on Saturday said Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar
Tilak's belief in Indian language and culture is reflected in the New Education
Policy.

Conclusion ● Conclude precisely: There was no other leader of the Indian freedom struggle who
matched the stature of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was one who would
rather settle for nothing less than self-rule. His courage made him the most popular
leader of India.

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4. "The period between 1885-1905 is the period of moderates in the Indian freedom struggle". In
light of the above statement, describe the contribution of early nationalists (moderates) in
organizing the national movement?
Syllabus Paper II (Section V): Three Phases of Indian Freedom Struggle- Moderate Phase (1885-
1905)
Keyword Describe
Introduction ● Brief introduction on Moderates in Indian Freedom Struggle
 In the context of the Indian National Movement for freedom against the British
rule in India, moderates were considered as those people who are loyal to the
British way of thinking and believed in the British justice system

Body ● Brief about Moderate Phase and importance of moderates

● Moderates (Liberals) were educated, open-minded contributed significantly in Indian
freedom struggle (1885-1905) with an objective to achieve self-government within
the British empire
● Importance of Moderates and some famous moderates
 Moderates believed in constitutional and peaceful methods
 They aimed at administrative and constitutional reforms and wanted more
Indians in the administration.
 Dadabhai Naoroji, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Surendranath
Benerjee were the famous moderates
● Demands of Moderates
 Wanted the arms act to be removed that were used to suppress power to curb
the freedom of people
 No taxation without representation was actually a slogan by the moderates
 To increase the spending on educational institutes in the country.
● Contributions of Moderates- achievements
 3 P’s- Petitions, Prayers, Protests
 Used press to criticise the government policies
 Sent memos and petitions to government
 Held meetings, gave speeches, passed resolutions for their demands.
 Wanted the arms act to be removed that were used to suppress power to curb
the freedom of people
 Published Weekly journal “India” to present India case before the British
 Anti-Partition movement was launched by Moderates to prevent the Partition
of Bengal (newspapers like Hitabadi, sanjibani, Bengalee)
 Trained people in politics
 Made the fact clear that India must be ruled in the interest of Indians
 They sowed the seeds of nationalism and spirit of unity among the Indians.
 Public service commission was set and ICS exam simultaneously in England and
India.
● Drawback of Moderates
 One thing that moderates failed in is to employ the masses to believe and follow
their ideology
 They mainly confined themselves to educated classes.

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Conclusion ● Briefly conclude that Moderates brought in open-mindedness among the masses and
educated the people in the country on various reforms and drew the thought process
of the country in a critical and logical fashion.

5. Trace the stages through which communalism developed in India till 1947 in the Indian
Independence movement.
Syllabus Paper II (Section V): Three Phases of Indian Freedom Struggle- Communalism in India
Keyword Trace
Introduction ● Introduction on Communalism
 Communalism is the ideology of grouping around religion, of group identity
based on religion.
 One important aspect of the communalist ideology is “Backwardness and
Domination Theory”

Body ● Brief on rise of communalism in India- Reasons

 Result of the struggle of the middle class for jobs and other opportunities for
livelihood.
 National leadership failed to organise and politically educate the Muslim masses.
 The early British economic and educational policies benefited the Hindus more
than Muslims
 The British looked upon the muslims as chief conspirators’ of the 1857 revolt, the
Wahabi Movement confirmed their suspicion.
● Growth of Communalism in various phases
● Era Before 1920
 Communalism was in the form of Nationalist Communalism till 1920.
 Stood for common and collective interests.
 Sir Syed Ahemd Khan- who preached Hindu-Muslim unity earlier later changed
his views to become a staunch opponent of Indian National Congress.
 Muslim League was founded in 1906
 Introduction of Separate electorates for Muslims
 Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915
● Period between 1920-37
 This was the phase of Liberal Communalism.
 According to liberal communalists, once the separate communal interests are
settled through mutual compromise, they as Indians can fight together for
community development and political freedom
 In Allahabad session (1930) of the Muslim league, the idea of separate state was
presented
 During the Round Table Conference (1930-32), a group of Muslim students, led
by Rahmat Al, gave popularity of idea of separate state
 The Communal Award (1932) of the British government further widened the gulf
between Hindus and Muslims
● Post 1937 elections
 This was the phase of extreme Communalism
 The most unequivocal declaration of Hindus and Muslims as separate nationalist
was made by M.A Jinnah at Lahore session (1940)

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 The August Offer 1940
 The Cripps Plan (1942) carried further the demand of Muslim League’s demand
for partition of India.
 Cabinet mission plan, 1946
 Muslim league refused to join interim Government.
 Mountbatten’s plan of Partition of India, 3rd June 1947
 The Indian Independence Act and Partition of India finally.

Conclusion ● Communalism neither signifies religion nor patriotism rather it is the misuse of
religion and communal sentiments to achieve political goals. Both the Hindu
communalism and Muslim communalism displayed some common features. They
received support from British government and Favoured it

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TSPSC | Group-I | Mains Test Series
Test- 03 | Paper-II | Section-I | History and Cultural Heritage of India
Model Answers
1(a). In the light of construction of National Maritime Heritage Complex in Lothal,
Evaluate the extent of trade and commerce in Harappan civilization.

Approach:

1. Identify the keyword “Evaluate”

2. Introduce by mentioning National Maritime Heritage Complex
3. Mention about the trade and commerce which flourished during Harappan
civilization
4. Conclusion

Model Answer:

The National Maritime Heritage Complex (NHMC) being developed at Lothal,

Gujarat, is an Innovative project to display India’s rich and diverse maritime
heritage. Lothal was a dockyard, an important sea trade centre and bead-making
factory during Harappan Civilisation. The Indus valley Civilisation, between 3200
BCE to 1300 BCE was a hub of trade and commerce.

Trade and Commerce in Harappan Civilisation

1. Along with the internal trade, Harappan people had flourishing trade relations
with the contemporary Mesopotamian and Persian Civilizations.
2. However, there was no metallic money in circulation and trade used to happen
using barter system.
3. Inland transport was primarily throughbullock carts.
4. In trade, Seals held a special significance. The standard Harappan seal, made of
steatite stone, was used to mark the ownership of property.
5. The finding of Harappan Seals in Persian Gulf and Mesopotamian seals in
Harappan sites reflect the trade between great civilisations.
6. The Mesopotamian texts also indicated that they imported copper, carnelian,
ivory, shell, lapislazuli, pearls and ebony from the Indus region. In return,
Harappans imported garments, wool, perfumes, leather products and silver.
7. Bead making factories were discovered at Chanhudaro and Lothal and a
dockyard has been excavated in Lothal and seaports have been found at
Rangpur, Somnath and Balakot. All these reveal the extensive great internal and
external trade of Harappan Civilisation.

Hence, it can be concluded that Harappans had interaction with their contemporary
civilizations and rich trade flourished between them. (Or) Therefore, the NHMC
project rightly aims to display India’s great civilizational heritage, thereby giving a
fillip to India’s tourism.

Approach:

1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”

2. Mention the various causes for the emergence of new religions during 6th century
BCE
3. Conclusion

Model Answer:

Buddhism and Jainism were two of the many new religions which emerged during
the 6th century BCE. Both the religions had few similarities in teachings like
rejection of authority of Vedas, emphasis on renunciation, human means of
obtaining salvation and establishment of monastic order for both men and women.

The main causes for the emergence on such new religions during the sixth century
B.C. are

1. Degradation of Vedic Religion: The religion of early vedic people was simple and
there were no unnecessary rites and rituals. In course of time this simplicity was
gone and gave way to so many rituals. This was for the gratification of priestly
class.
2. Dominance of priestly class: The introduction of new ceremonies and sacrifices
in the religion led to the rise of new priestly class. To maintain their hold on the
society, they introduced unnecessary rituals and rites. This class became so
powerful that they exercised supervision over the rulers and advised them in the
matters of administration.
3. Sacrifices: Number of sacrifices had been introduced in the Hindu religion. They
were fully exploited by the priestly class with costly sacrifices of animals and
sometimes of human beings too. As most common people could not perform the
sacrifices, they not only turned against the system but also the Brahmans who
worked introduced that system.
4. Caste System: The rigid caste system which grew during this period which grew
the discontent in people. Caste discrimination was prevalent in the society. There
was great resentment among the lower castes in the society and they wanted
change in the social system based on this rigid caste system.
5. Support from Ruling and trading class: Kshatriya class supported the new
religions to subdue the dominance of Brahmnins. Vaishyas were looked down by
Brahmans, hence they too supported the new religions like Buddhism and
Jainism.
6. Difficult language of Vedas: Brahmins used the texts to their advantage which
cant be understood by the common people. In contrast, Buddhism and Jainism
used popular languages which led to their popularity.
7. Belief in Mantras: In the course of time, not only the Vedic religion but even the
Vedic hyms were also replaced by mantras. It was believed that mantras had

The arrival of new religions greatly led to improvement in social life of people along
with trade and spread of education.

2(a). Give a comparative analysis of Mathura and Gandhara School of Art.

Approach:

1. Identify the keyword “Compare and Contrast”

2. Mention the similarities and differences between Mathura and Gandhara schools
of art
3. Conclusion

Model Answer:

Mathura and Gandara are the two schools of art flourished in the post Mauryan
period during the reign of Kanishka. Gandhara school reflects the Central Greco-
Roman influence while Mathura was an indigeneous school of art.

Mathura and Gandhara School of Art

Area Gandhara school of Art Mathura school of Art

Period It is said to have flourished It is said to have flourished between
between 100 CE and 700 100 BCE and 600 CE
CE
Region Found primarily in the Found primarily in Mathura, Sonkh
North-west India and Kanaklitila
Influence Influence of Buddhism and Influence of all three religions-
Hellenistic realism. So, in Buddhism, Jainism and
Gandhara school mainly Brahmanism
Buddhist images are found
Chief ● Sculpture in spiritual ● Sculpture in delighted mood
characteristics style ● Lacking spiritual look
● Fewer ornaments ● Energetic
● Great detailing and ● Having strong muscular
rich carving structure
● Realistic and ● Not much attention in
expressive images detailed sculpting
● Lean body ● Images are less expressive

Material Stone used for making idols Mathura artists used local red stone
of Buddha and with black spots to make images
Bodhisattava was pre-
dominantly blue-grey
schist.

Though both the schools differ in themes, styles and techniques, they both
contribute to the rich heritage of ancient Indian art

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2(b). Analyze the distinct features of art and architecture during the Satavahana
period.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword Analyze
2. Mention the various salient features of Satavahana art and architecture
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
Satavahanas, the mighty empire ruled a major part of Deccan between 2 BCE and
2CE. Their contributions include patronage to Buddhism which is reflected in the
presence of a large number of Chaityas and Viharas.
Architecture:
1. During the Satavahana phase, many chaityas (sacred shrines) and viharas
(monasteries) were cut out of solid rock in the north western Deccan or
Maharashtra with great precision and skill. Ex: Karle Chaitya.
2. The Nashik inscriptions of Nahapana and Gautamiputra Satakarni which are on
the walls of three Viharas, is another important architectural site belonging to
this period.
3. The official language of the Satavahanas was Prakrit. One famous Prakrit text,
Gathasattasai, is attributed to a Satavahana king called Hala.
4. The scultures of Amaravathi stupa represent the architectural development of
the Satavahana period. They built Buddhist stupas in Amaravathi. Other stupas
include Stupas at Goli, Jaggiahpeta, Ghantasala, Amaravati, Bhattiprolu and
Shri Parvatam.
5. Caves IX and X containing Ajanta paintings, were patronized by Satavahanas
and the painting throughout the caves appears to have started with them.
6. Ashokan Stupas like Amaravati Stupa and Nagarjuna konda Stupa were
enlarged and the earlier bricks and wood works were replaced with stone works.
7. Satavahanas also patronised the Amaravati School of Art, which is distincively
known for its usage of white Marble and narrative art.
8. Paintings: The Satavahana paintings are one of the earliest surviving specimens
in India. Only few fragments related to the Satavahanas have survived in caves
IX and X, both of which are chaitya-grihas with stupas.
Therefore, the Satavahanas left an indelible mark on Indian art and architecture
with their valuable cultural contributions, which was later continued by the
Ikshvakus.
3(a). Explain how religion and architecture evolved during Delhi Sultanate period.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Explain”
2. Mention the various features religion and architecture of Delhi Sultanate
3. Conclude how it ensured continuity in Mughal Period

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Model Answer:
Religion
1. Islam is the state religion during delhi sultanate
2. The duty of the king was treated as to convert non-muslim territory to muslim
territory
3. A discriminatory policy was followed between muslims and non-muslims in delhi
sultanate
4. Religious tax Jazya was imposed to restrict pilgrimages
5. Sufism, a social reform movement in Islam took its origins during Delhi
sultanate
6. They were divided into two sects Beshara who are more liberal in nature and
Bashara who obeyed Islamic laws
7. Religious philosophers like Ramanand, Kabir and Gurunanak emerged in the
Bhakti movement
Architecture
1. The architecture of Delhi Sultanate is Indo Islamic in nature
2. Inspiring from Persian architecture but having novel indian elements in its
3. Delhi Sultanate launched two different building styles, the pointed arch &
pyramid
4. The dome is Islamic buildings' most architectural element used in mosques
5. The real or pointed arch was entirely different from the arches that had been
designed in the world before.
6. Decorative exuberance, such as use of geometrical shapes, calligraphy,
inspirational art etc.
7. Synthesise of indigenous motif such as ball motif, lotus etc.
8. Qutub minar, Tomb of Balban, Alai Darwaza were some of the prominent among
the Delhi Sultanate architecture
Delhi Sultanate architecture is the bridge in the evolution of indigenous architecture
from from the ancient style to indo Islamic style which reached zenith during
Mughal era later on.
3(b). Redfort centre built recently showcases the heritage of the Mughal era fort. In
this context, what were the main contributions of Mughals in the field of art
and architecture? Elaborate.
Approach:-
1. Identify the keyword “Elaborate”
2. Mention the contributions of Mughals in the field of art and architecture
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The newly built redfort centre brings history back to life and reminds us of the great
contributions of Mughals to the Indian art and architecture. The Mughal Empire
between the 16th and 19th centuries ruled a major part of South Asia for over two
hundred years. The major Mughal contributors were Akbar, Jahangir and Shah
Jahan etc.

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Akbar:
During the reign of Akbar, many indigenous art styles were encouraged leading to
common use of sandstones, the use of decorative arches. He built Agra fort in red
sandstone. His other forts are at Lahore and Allahabad.
1. He built Fatehpur Sikri near Agra, and a palace-cum-fort complex in it. Many
buildings of Gujarati and Bengali style were found in the complex. The most
magnificent building in it was Jamma Masjid and the gateway to it was called
Buland Darwaza.
2. Planned his own tomb at Sikandra near Agra which was completed by Jahangir
3. Planned the temple of Govindadeva at Vrindavan
4. Built Jahangir mahal in Agra fort according to Hindu design on Man Mandir
5. Akbar commissioned the illustrations of several literary and religious texts.
Illustrations of Persian versions of Ramayana and Mahabharatha were produced
in miniature.
6. He organized painting in imperial karkhanas and also introduced European
style.
Jahangir:
The practice of putting up buildings in marble and decorating the walls with floral
designs made of semi-precious stones started during his reign.
1. Noor Jahan built the tomb of her father Itmad-ud-dulah at Agra.
2. He built Moti Masjid at Lahore and his own mausoleum at Lahore. He laid a
number of gardens such as Shalimar and Nishant gardens in Kashmir.
3. The Mughal paintings reached its zenith under him. The use of ‘Halo’ or ‘Divine
rights’ behind the king's head started under him.
Shah Jahan:
His reign is considered as the Golden age of the Mughal empire. He built
1. Taj Mahal - in memory of his beloved wife.
2. Mosque building reached its peak during Shah Jahan reign. He commissioned
Moti Masjid at Agra, the Sheesh Mahal and Musamman Burj at Agra, while Jama
Masjid at Delhi was built in red stone.
3. The climax of fort-building reached during Shah Jahan. The Famous Red fort at
Delhi with its rang Mahal.
Aurangazeb:
1. He constructed the Moti Masjid at Delhi and the Badshah Mosque at Lahore.
2. Art and architecture lacked support during the reign of Aurangezeb.
The Mughal empire, thereby, contributed immensely to the medieval Indian art and
architecture, the remains of which are present even today across North India.

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4(a). The Vijayanagara empire's reign marks a significant period in the field of
architecture. Discuss the salient features of architecture during the
Vijayanagara period.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”
2. Mention the various salient features of architecture during the Vijayanagara
reign
3. Conclude by mentioning the prominence
Model Answer:
Vijayanagara empire in the Southern part of India founded in the 14th century
marked a cultural upheaval in the fields of art, literature and architecture. The
architecture attained a certain fulfillness and freedom of expression during the
Vijayanagara rule.
1. Though often characterized as Dravida style, it had its own distinct features and
it was called as Provida style or the Vijayanagara style.
2. Use of hardstone: Soft stone tradition came to an end and hard stone tradition
began to emerge.
3. Architecture: included construction of temples, monolithic sculptures, palaces,
official buildings, cities and irrigation works such as step wells, tanks etc.
4. Influence of Islam: There was a harmonious blend of Hindu and Islamic
architectural features and convergence of Nagara and Dravida style of temples.
5. Kalyana Mandapa: The temples had a Mandapam or a raised platform, generally
meant for seating of deity on special occasions. It also had a Kalyana Mandapam
with elaborately carved pillars. The best examples are Hampi, Vitthalaswamy and
the Hazara Ramaswamy temples.
6. Rayagopurams: Towers in commemoration of the visit of emperors in different
corners of the empire, are also important examples of architecture of that period.
7. Garbhagriha: In the temples, the central part was occupied by Garbhagriha-the
sanctum cell where the presiding deity was installed.
8. The distinct features of architecture were the pillars and stone carved large
structures and the complicated manner in which they were sculptured. Ex: Stone
Chariot.
The contributions of the Vijayanagara empire to the architecture focused more on
promoting Hindu religion and culture, thereby making a great contribution to South
Indian architecture.
4(b). Compare and Contrast between Bhakti movement and Sufi Movement in
Medieval India
Approach:
1. Introduce the context of the necessity of these movement
2. As per the keyword bring out the similarities and difference between the both
3. In the conclusion try to include what is the influence of those two on one another
and on society

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Model Answer:
In ancient India, if Buddhism and Jainism are reformist religions against the rituals
and practices, it is Bhakti and Sufi Movements in Medieval India.The origin of these
movements were to bring religious reforms to eliminate social evils and promote
universal brotherhood
Bhakti Movement Sufi Movement
Similarities
It emphasized on single minded intense devotion on God
Love and Worship are two means of devotion practiced with the God
Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith
Rejected caste distinctions and believed in equality of all humans
Music and art were given preference to promote the movements like Bhajan,
Khayyals

Differences
It was initiated in 7th Century AD It was initiated in 14th Century AD
Reform movement within the Hinduism Reform movement within Islam
Used local languages in order to Urdu was popularized for its spread
promote the devotion
Primarily divided into Nirguna Bhakti Divided into 12 silsilas under sufi
and Suguna Bhakti mystic saints like Chistis, Suhrawardis
etc
Bhakti movement was mainly a rural Sufism spread to rural as well as urban
phenomenon cities also

With the characteristics of both the religions, they tried to reform respective religions
from existing social evils and at the same time had influence of one on the other like
festivals, literature, music and art.
5(a). Critically examine the various aspects of economic policies of the British in
India from the mid 18th century till independence.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword critically examine
2. Mention various economic policies of British
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
British rule in India caused a transformation of India’s economy into a colonial
economy i.e., the structure and operation of the Indian economy was determined by
the interests of the British economy.
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Impact of economic policies of the British:
Commercial policy:
The company utilized political control to dictate terms of trade on Indians to sell at
a cheaper price and even at losses. The company compelled the artisans to work at
low wages and forbade them to work for Indian merchants. Heavy import duties
were placed on Indian goods on entering England.
Deindustrialization in India:
It refers to the decline of rural and urban handicraft industries without
simultaneous growth of any modern industries. It was largely the result of the
industrial revolution in England. Post 1813, the British goods flooded the Indian
market as they didn’t have to pay any custom duty whereas Indian goods had to
pay high customs duty while entering into the British market. So the Indian goods
not only lost foreign markets but also domestically due to cheaper imports from
Britain.
Agricultural policies:
Through agricultural policies like the Zamindari system, the peasant class was
exploited, leading to their impoverishment. There was no incentive for the
improvement in agriculture and thus productivity declined.
Revenue policies of the Mahalwari and Ryotwari system had a very high rate of
revenues, which the peasants were unable to pay leading to eviction either by the
British or Money lenders. In this way, peasants were reduced to mere sharecroppers,
tenants or landless labour.
Company demanded revenue in cash, so the peasants had to sell their produce in
the market and a new trend and demand to grow the commercial crops emerged.
Farmers were given advances and contracts were signed for these crops. There were
hardly any incentives on these crops. When there was more demand, the gain was
pocketed by traders and during loss, the peasants had to bear it.
Economic Drain:
The salaries and pensions of the military and civil officials, interests on loans taken
by the government of India, profits on foreign investments and payments for
banking, shipping and insurance services were made from India. It retarded the
capital formation in India while the same wealth accelerated the growth of British
Economy.
Thus the economic policies of the British served their interests only. Though
transport, telegraph and other infrastructure was the base for development in India,
the motive behind this was to serve the British interests which was realized
gradually.
5(b). Discuss the importance of Battle of Plassey and enumerate the various causes for it.
Approach:
1. Identify the keywords “Discuss and Enumerate”
2. State the importance of Battle of Plassey and write down various reasons for it.

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3. Conclude
Model Answer:
The Battle of Plassey was fought between Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British East India
Company (Robert Clive) in 1757. This was one of the major battles fought , which led to the
conquest of British in Bengal.
Significance of the Battle:
Although the battle was hardly important from the military point of view as it did not show
any military superiority of English army, the battle assumed great importance in the Indian
history for the following reasons
1. The Battle ascended the English East India company from a commercial to a political
entity, paving way for the British mastery of Bengal and eventually the whole India
2. The rich revenues of Bengal enabled them to organize a strong army, which was used
by them to expand the influence in the South India as well.
3. Control over the Bengal played a decisive role in the Anglo-French rivalry as all
possessions of French were ceded by British in future.
4. It enabled company and its servants to gain untold.
Causes:
1. One of the main factors was the commercial conflicts between the East India Company
and the Nawab over the trade. The company officials were misusing dastaks for evading
taxes.
2. All the nawabs of Bengal firmly suppressed it while the company had been compelled to
accept the authority, but the servants took every opportunity to evade and defy this
authority.
3. Siraj-ud-daulah asked the company to trade on the same basis as the earlier rule of
Murshid Quli Khan when no concessions were granted to the company. But company
instead of agreeing to this, they levied heavy duties on Indian goods entering Calcutta
which was under their control.
4. They also started fortification of Calcutta without Nawab’s permission.
5. When Nawab’s order of demolition was only followed by French, it was seen as an attack
on sovereignty of Nawab. Nawab seized the English factory at Kasimbazar and occupied
Fort William where Black hole tragedy took place and retired from Calcutta to celebrate
the victory.
6. British conspired with Mir jaffar before Battle of Plassey.
7. The battle led by Robert Clive was won by the Britishers owing to their treachery where
major part of the Nawab’s army took no part in fighting at all.
6(a). Analyze the causes for the expansion of British in India. Is it truly because of their
superiority in India?
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Analyze”
2. Mention the various causes for expansion and answer the question
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
Britishers who came to India with a trading company were lured by the immense wealth of
the country. To have access to political control, They utilized the internal weaknesses and
political system of the country to their end in expansion of their empire. The various causes
were:

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Internal Political crisis:
1. Mughal empire the centre was on decline.
2. Nadir Shah’s invasion showcased the weakness of Mughal power.
3. There was fight among local and regional rulers.
4. Other foreign powers like French, Portuguese and Dutch already left their claim on major
part of territory to British.
Economic factors:
1. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of rulers and elite class. Most of the people were
only hand to mouth and they were suppressed by zamindars and other elites. Thus, they
don’t have loyalties towards them.
2. After seven years of war in Europe, there was financial crisis and British needed colonies
which could make their fortune and India was an opportunity.
3. After taking control of natural resources and fertile land of Bengal, greed to extend their
control over other part increased.
Social factors:
1. Indian society was stagnated and dominated by religion and superstition.
2. People were ignorant and education was limited to upper caste only.
3. There was lack of nationalism and people were not united.
4. All these weaknesses of Indian society and political disarray of country gave British an
opportunity to expand their territorial reach in the country.
Thus, we can say that British expansion was a result of weakness of Indian society and
internal political crisis rather than their superiority.
6(b). What do you understand by drain of wealth during the British rule? Examine its
effects on Indian economy.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Examine”
2. State the various effects of Drain of wealth on Indian Economy
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The constant flow of wealth from India to England for which India did not get an adequate
economic, commercial or material return. This has been described as the Drain of wealth
by the Indian leaders and economists. It started after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and
Dadabai Nauroji put it forward first.
The drain of wealth affected the country’s prospects of employment and income.
1. As R.C.Dutt pointed out when taxes paid by the people are spent in the country the
money circulates among the people and facilitates various economic activities it benefits
the people. But when the money is sent out it does not stimulate trade or economic
activity hence does not reach the people.
2. This drain could not increase productive capital and hence hindered the industrial
development in the country.
3. Drain flowed mainly out of the land revenue and hence impoverished the peasantry
4. If all the drain was potential surplus and if invested back in India, it could have
generated more economic development.
5. All the economic policies introduced by the British could not bring growth in any of the
sectors of the economy and colonized the Indian economy serving the British interests.

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In this way, the drain of wealth took all the potential resources and wealth out og the
country which ultimately served the interests of British and deprived various sectors of
India of development.
7(a). Briefly explain the objectives of various tribal uprisings during the British Rule in
India.
Approach:
The British wanted control over the forest and land resources the tribals struggled for independee,
preservation of their culture, their traditional ways of land management. Tribal movements took place in
this context.

1. Tribal movements were not onlt only agrarian but also forest based. Some revolts were
ethnic in nature as these were directed against Zamindars, money lenders and petty
government officials.
2. Like the movement of Ho and Kol mutiny in the Jharkhand region, Bhil and Khilis of
central India were among them.
3. The management of forests also led some tribes to revolt, as forests in some regions are
the main sources of livelihood.
4. The Khonds of Patna region rose under the leadership of Chakra Bisoi when their custom
Mariah was suppressed through legal measures and using force.
5. Santhals of Jharkhand region revolted against the introduction of permanent settlement
system and other measures against them.
6. The Ahom revolt and Khasi revolt of north eastern people was against the foreign
invasion of their land, large scale settlement etc.
7. Birsa Munda movement was the most important movement of the late 18th century
against the British rule. It was directed at the British policies that allowed Zamindars
and money lenders to harly exploit the Adivasis.
The tribals were not aware of the means of colonial exploitation, neither had national or
political consciousness. Though they were fighting for their own cause they played a very
important role in the freedom movement.
7(b). Describe the various changes brought in administrative structure and policies
introduced by the British post the Revolt of 1857.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Describe”
2. Mention the various changes brought in administration
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 exhibited the short comings in the East India’s company administration
and its army. The revolt prompted them to rectify this short comings.
Changes in the administrative structure:
1. Queen’s proclamation abolished the company’s rule and the British crown directly the
power to govern India through the Government of India act, 1858.
2. Secretary of the state-in-council now had the authority over India in place of earlier
practice of Directors of the company exercising these powers.
3. The Governor-general was given the title Viceroy. An executive council was also created
whose members were to act as heads of different departments and as his official
advisors.

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4. The executive council decided all the important matters through majority vote. However,
the Governor general had the power to override the decisions of the council.
5. The India Council Act, 1861 initiated legislatuve decentralization by restoring legislative
powers to provinces of Bombay and Madras. Legislative councils were setup in places
like Bengal, UP etc.
6. The government used the policy of divide and rule to promote provincial and communal
rivalry through methods like classifying ethnic groups into martial races and non-
martial races in the army.
7. British reserved all the strategic posts for the Europeans in the administration and army
to maintain British supremacy.
Changes in policies towards governing India:
1. Policy of subordinate Union was followed. The native princes were henceforth required
to recognize the paramountcy of the British crown which in return promised to respect
the dignity and rights of the native princes.
2. Drain of wealth from India took place through the policy of forced laissez-faire.
3. The maximum age limit for candidates to the I.C.S examination was reduced phase-
wise.
4. The british while being hostile to the forward looking educated Indians, turned for
friendship to the people who were rather powerful-the princes and the landlords
All the above changes and policies helped the British to strengthen their administrative and
political control over India and ensured their reign in India till Independence in 1947.
8(a). Examine the various reasons for the emergence of the concept of national identity
and consciousness during the 19th century in India.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Examine”
2. Mention the various reasons for the emergence
3. Conclude by stating the consequences
Model answer:
The major part of Indian sub-continent was ruled by different rulers during ancient and
medieval times, the people identified themselves with regions rather than India as a nation.
It was only in the 19th century that the concept of nationalism and national consciousness
emerged due to various factors.
1. Intellectual Awakening: 19th century philosophers such as Raja Ram mohan Roy, Ishwar
Chandra Vidayasagar brought social reforms in the society and brought to light the past
achievements of India in various fields. This led to awakening of national consciousness.
2. Ruin of Indian Economy by British: Almist all sections of the Indian population were
suffering under the British rule. The land revenue policies were exploitative, cheap
imports ruined various industries . These conditions led to unite people and react
against British.
3. Unified system of administration: The establishment of a uniformcurrency system,
common administration, common laws and judicial structure contributed to India’s
unification which ultimately helped.
4. British policy of expansion: The British policy of annexing Indian states one after the
other, even if those states were not at war with the British made the Indian rulers
apprehensive of the British agenda and led to the revolt of 1857.
5. Communication network: Development of different transport and communication
systems provided an opportunity to people living at distant places to interact and

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connect with each other. This enabled them to understand the common suffering under
the colonial rule.
6. Printing press: This played important role in spreading of the nationalist ideas. Almost
all big leaders and intellectuals got attached with newspapers and periodicals through
which they communicated with the masses.
7. New education system: The modern education system familiarized the educated class
with the ideas of equality, liberty and nationalism in the colonial rule.
8. Racial discrimination: The attitude of racial superiority adopted by the English
contributed to the growth of nationalist sentiments. Social discrimination along with
discrimination in administrative and judicial matters sowed the seed of unity among
Indians.
This consciousness culminated into coming together of several regional parties into the
Indian Nation Congress. The rise of national identity united masses and gave rise to the
national freedom struggle.
8(b). Identify the key objectives of social-reform movements. In this context, Highlight
some prominent social-reform movements in the 19th century in India.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Highlight”
2. State the key objectives and some important social-reform movements
3. Conclude by stating the nature of these movements.
Model Answer:
The exposure to rationalism, introduction of western education and a socio-intellectual
revolution led to an eventual Indian Renaissance propagated by few intellectuals resulting
in different socio-cultural and religious reforms.
The key objectives of the movements are:
1. Emancipation of women by getting rid of social evils like Sati, Infanticide, child marriage
and encouraging widow re-marriage and promoting education
2. Promoting harmony and egalitarian society through removal of caste distinction and
abolition of untouchability.
3. Reforming the Indian society of all the rigid social conventions and out-dated customs
4. Making people aware of their rich cultural heritage.
Some key reform movements and contributions at this time are
1. Brahmo Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828 with an objective to eradicate
evil practices and purify Hinduism. The movement was based on logic and reason and
fought against idolatory, child marriage, Sati, widow remarriage.
2. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar dedicated himself to the cause of emancipation of women
primarily with respect to widow re-marriage and setting up of schools for girls centred
against child marriage and polygamy.
3. Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayananda. It started Shuddhi movement to bring back
those Hindus who had converted to Islam and Christianity and believed in the
infallibility of the Vedas.
4. The Prarthana Samaj established by Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang in 1876 with the
objectives of disapproval of caste system, promoting women education, widow
remmariage and raising the age of marriage for both males and females.
5. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa movement was primarily spread by Swami
Vivekanandaunder under Ramakrishna mission. He advocated the doctrine of service.

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It carried out humanitarian relief and social work to uplift the masses and promoted
inter-religious harmony.
6. Satyashodhak Samaj started by Jyothi Phule in order to liberate Shudras, untouchable
castes and women from exploitation, oppression of upper caste domination and
Brahmanical supremacy.
7. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh movement advocated growth among Indian Muslims
through spread of modern education and employment opportunities among Indian
Muslims.
These movements were not an isolated phenomenon rather an exercise toward national
construction, with national political and economic meanings. In a way, the social reform
movement was prelude to nationalism.
9(a). What are the efforts made for the upliftment of women in India in the 19th century
that proved crucial for their participation in Independence movement?
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “What”
2. Mention various steps taken for upliftment of women
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The discrimination of women in India was done from the ancient times and have suffered
injustice in the society. The advent of British in India gave an exposure to the modern ideas
through education.
A number of Indian social reformers of that period are instrumental in pressing the British
to come with legislations to regulate evila practices against women. The introduction of
western education in India was one of the most important actions of the British which
created many ripple effects in the society. Some of the important regulations are
1. Abolition of Sati
2. Prohibition and criminalization of the female infanticide
3. Emphasis on women education by Woods dispatch
4. Widow remarriage act, 1856
5. Rise of marriage age through Consent of Age act and Sharda Act
Later the provision of voting rights to women and number of women movements significantly
brought changes to the status of women in the society. Even in the constitution, the makers
enshrined the principles of gender equality in the Indian constitution.
It not only guarantees equality to women, but also provides statewith the power to take
measures for positive discrimination in favour of women in order to mitigate their
cumulative socio-economic and political disadvantages. Women have fundamental rights to
not be discriminated on the grounds of sex (Article 15) and get equal protection under law
(Article 14).
It imposes fundamental duty on every citizen to renounce the practices derogatory to the
dignity of women. Apart from that, there are various schemes which are started by both
central and state governments every now and then, to empower and alleviate lives of women.
Though, a lot has been done for women, considering the rank of India in Gender inequality
Index, there’s much more to be done.

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9(b). Discuss the success and failure of the moderate phase of Indian National Movement?
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”
2. Mention the successes and limitations of the moderates
3. Conclude their overall contribution to Indian National Movement
Model Answer:
The moderate phase of the Indian National Movement refers to the first two decades of the
formation of the Indian National Congress (1885-1905). Their key demands were
administrative and legislative reforms of the country, reduction of military expenditures and
introduction of representative institutions etc.
Successes:
1. Establishment of Public Service Commission in 1886 to investigate the problems of the
civil services in India and come up with a scheme for fulfilling the claims of Indians to
higher and more extensive employment in service.
2. Enactment of Indian Councils Act of 1892, which not only increased the size of the
legislative councils but also the proportion of non-officials.
3. Introduction of a resolution in British House of Commons with demand of simultaneous
holding of civil services examination in India along with London in 1893.
4. Appointment of Welby commission in 1895 to suggest measures for better management
of Indian Expenditure.
5. The economic critique put forward by the moderates exposed the colonial and
exploitative character of the British. They demanded the promotion of Indian industries
through tarrif, promotion and direct economic aid.
Moderates were able to sow the seeds of Nationalism in the minds of people and popularize
ideals such as democracy, liberty and equality in India.
Failures:
1. The National Movement under the Moderates excluded the masses as they did not
believe in their capacity unlike Gandhiji.
2. It was limited to towns and cities limiting its geographical spread.
3. It was limited to conference halls and discussion chambers and not present on streets.
4. They did not demand complete independence from foreign rule.
5. They drew most of their ideas from western political thinking which further alienated
them from the people.
6. The National movement under moderates was elitist in nature.
Despite the failures, their contribution to the Indian freedom struggle has been immense
and they exposed the true nature of British imperialism and created a national awakening.
10(a). Minto-Morley reforms did not and could not provide answers to Indian problems.
Analyze
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Analyze”
2. Mention some reforms and why it did not provide solution
3. Conclusion

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Model Answer:
The Viceroy Lord Minto and the Secretary of State for India, John Morley, agreed that some
reforms were due so as to placate the Moderates as well as the Muslims. They worked out
a set of measures that came to be known as Minto-Morley reforms.
1. The elective principle was recognized for the non-official membership of the councils in
India. Indians were allowed to participate in the election of various legislative councils,
though on basis of class and community.
2. For the first time, separate electorates for Muslims for election to the central council was
established-a most detrimental step for India.
3. The number of elected members in the imperial Legislative Council and the Provincial
legislative councils was increased.
4. The elected members were to be indirectly elected. The local bodies were to elect an
electoral college, which inturn would elect members of provincial legislatures. Who
inturn would elect members of the central legislature.
5. Powers of legislature were enlarged and the legislatures could now pass resolutions, ask
questions and supplementaries, vote separate items in the budget though budget as a
whole could be voted upon.
6. One India was to be appointed to the Viceroy’s executive council.
Evaluation:
The reforms of 1909 afforded no answer o the Indian political problem.
1. Lord morley made it clear that colonial self-government was not suitable for India and
he was against the introduction of parlianmentary or responsible government in India.
2. The constitutional reforms were aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks by confusing the
moderates and at checking the growth of unity among Indians through the obnoxious
instrument of separate electorates.
3. The government aimed at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims against the rising tide
of Nationalism.
4. The officials and the Muslim leaders often talked of the entire community when they
talkedof the separate electorates but in reality it meant the appeasement of just a small
section of the Muslim elite.
5. The system of election was too indirect and it gave a number of sieves. While
parliamentary form was introduced no responsibility was conceded which sometimes
led to thoughtless and irresponsible criticism of the government.
What the reforms gave people was a shadow rather than substance. The people demanded
self-government but what they were given was benevolent despotism.
10(b). “To sound the order of retreat just when the public enthusiasm was reaching the
boiling point is nothing short of a national calamity”. Discuss
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Critically Analyze”
2. Mention about the non-cooperation movement
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
Subhash Chandra Bose made this statement after the Chauri Chaura incident when
Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the Non-cooperation movement.

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Non Cooperation Movement:
1. The basic theme of Non Cooperation Movement is not to give support to the british
administrative mechanism like boycott of councils, courts and schools set up by the
british, surrendering of British titles, , not using the readymade fabric etc in a non-
violent manner.
2. The boycott led to the promotion of swadeshi goods
3. It is not only a movement against policies of british but also a reformist movement where
untouchability eradication, promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity and abstention of
alcoholic beverage were promoted along with charkha spinning
People’s response:
1. The student community joined the movement in large numbers and most of the tallest
leaders in Indian Politics like Sardar Patel emerged from the movement
2. The Indian business community supported the movement due to the promotion of
swadeshi that provided them the opportunities
3. Massive participation from peasants was seen
4. Women gave up many customs that were social evils like wearing purdah
5. Active picketing of shops selling liquor were seen
6. Many eminent personalities gave up their profession to join the movement
As different sections got unified for the first time on a single platform and the government
was facing heat due to the nonviolent and silent attack by the Indians, The British
Government was facing such a wide spread independent movement, Indians were at the
edge of getting some relief from the suppressive administrative policies at that point of time.
But in the chauri chaura incident, the protest turned violent. Gandhiji’s idea of non
violent movement is not to give any chance to the British to go for the suppressive measures.
But the incident made Gaandhiji to take a decision to preserve the nature of Non
Cooperation movement. In this specific context, most of the nationalist leaders who were
not supportive to the ideolody of Gandhi but were supportive to the nationalist movement
criticized the decision of Gandhiji. Subhash Chandra Bose commented that
“To sound the order of retreat just when the public enthusiasm was reaching the boiling
point is nothing short of a national calamity”.
The criticism of Bose is that when the emotions were running high, that was the right time
to increase the pressure upon British.
Gandhiji here believed in the Means that led to the end and in the other case the end idea
of Independence was given highest priority with any of the means available. The ideology of
Gandhiji was not to set any wrong precedent for younger generations. Hence even after
having such a pressure, he called off the movement and gave a safety valve for the British
before civil disobedience movement

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Naipunyata: TSPSC Group-I

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Naipunyata: TSPSC Group-I

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TSPSC Group-I

3. Describe the characteristic features of Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools of

4. Examine the Mauryan contribution to Indian Art and Architecture

TSPSC Services Offered

APPSC Services Offered

UPSC Services Offered

1. Examine the influence of Islam on Indian culture, with suitable examples.

 Surdas – sursuravali, susagar

 Its activities confined largely to Punjab, Multan

Body  Discuss Characteristics of Mansabdari system.

Keyword Discuss, why

 Oppression by Company and its servants-

 In transport, improving of roads, steamships on rivers, railways and in communication,

Body ● Brief on reasons for Peasant movement

Peasant movement Reasons and Consequences

2. Critically examine the participation of women in national movement

3. Discuss the part played by Tilak in the Indian National Movement

Body ● Brief about Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Body ● Brief about Moderate Phase and importance of moderates

Body ● Brief on rise of communalism in India- Reasons

1. Identify the keyword “Evaluate”

The National Maritime Heritage Complex (NHMC) being developed at Lothal,

Trade and Commerce in Harappan Civilisation

1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”

2(a). Give a comparative analysis of Mathura and Gandhara School of Art.

1. Identify the keyword “Compare and Contrast”

Mathura and Gandhara School of Art

Area Gandhara school of Art Mathura school of Art

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