Image Processing (EA C443)

OBJECTIVES:

To study components of the Image (Digital Image)

To Know how the image quality can be improved

How efficiently the image data can be stored and transmitted

How the image can be reconstructed from the projections

To study some of the Applications

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

 Image Formation Model
y
Let us consider an image

Smallest element in this picture is a pixel

(Picture element). Collection of these pixels
with various intensity levels constitute an
image.
Picture or an image is considered to be a 2
dimensional Signal or data in the form of
matrix.
x
f(x,y)

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Image Formation Model

Image data in the

form of matrix ,
which is a 2D
function f(x,y)

95 102 94 102 95 98 102 99 103 105 110

94 99 94 101 100 98 100 101 101 107 104
97 86 83 97 96 98 104 96 100 102 102
105 91 85 93 89 98 92 95 98 100 102
106 105 99 90 93 96 84 88 93 89 89
98 94 102 99 81 87 86 84 90 91 88
101 104 87 82 90 84 86 87 86 95 102
99 102 90 74 92 101 87 74 77 83 100
92 95 102 100 92 96 110 93 72 71 83
101 87 103 101 105 88 76 94 93 71 69
105 99 105 104 111 101 84 59 78 102 72

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Simple Image acquisition
model
Light Source

Photo detector

DIGITAL IMAGE
DIGITIZATION

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Image ModelImage Model

Spatial
coordinates 0 to ∞

f ( x, y)  i( x, y)r ( x, y) 0 to 1

Incident
Reflected
component component

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

DIGITIZATION

Analog-to-Digital conversion
Digitization = Sampling + Quantization (+ Coding)

 Sampling
 digitization of temporal or spatial coordinates
 Quantization
 digitization of amplitude or intensity
 Coding
 reduce/minimize the amount of data

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

DIGITIZATION (SAMPLING)

Digitizing the coordinates values is called as sampling

Pixel at
coordinate (x,y)
or at mth row
and nth column

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Image Sampling and
Quantization
Digitizing the amplitude values is called as quantization

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Image Sampling and
Quantization

Image before
sampling and Image after
quantization sampling and
quantization
Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
Representing Digital Images

Digital Image is obtained after

sampling and quantization,
which is a 2D array f(x,y) ,
which has M rows and N
columns. i.e
x=0,1,2,3,……,M-1 and
y=0,1,2,3,…….,N-1
x and y are called as spatial
coordinates.

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

 Representing Digital Images
Matrix Representation
 f (0,0) f (0,1)    f (0, N  1) 
 f (1,0) f (1,1)    f (1, N  1) 

      
f ( x, y )   
      
      
 
 f ( M  1,0) f ( M  1,1)    f ( M  1, N  1)

Values in this matrix depends on the intensity levels. Which is decided

upon the quantization of the amplitude level. There are L level of
quantization is decided based on the dynamic range of an imaging
system. L=2k .

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

 Representing Digital Images
These levels are called as gray levels. Which range from 0 to L-1
Dynamic range of the imaging system is
defined as ratio of maximum measurable
intensity to the minimum detectable intensity
level in the system.

Upper limit is determined by the saturation

and lower limit is Noise.

Contrast is defined as difference in

intensity between highest and lowest
intensity level in the image.

When the dynamic range is very high, then

the image is said to have high contrast.
Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
Representing Digital Images

The total number of bits required to store a digitized MxN image is

b=M x N x k

For M=N image

b=N2k

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

 Spatial resolution

Measure of smallest discernible detail in

an image.
Line pairs per unit distance
Dots (pixels) per unit distance (dpi)

1250 dpi

300 dpi

150 dpi

72 dpi
Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
Intensity Resolution
No. of samples remains same

256 128 16 8

64 32 4 2

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Intensity Resolution
256 128
In this level=32 , you can see
imperceptible set of very fine
ridge like structures in areas of
constant or nearly constant
intensity (skull area)

64 32
This is because of the
insufficient number of intensity
levels in smooth areas of digital
image , this is also called as
false contouring.

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Intensity resolution
16 8

False contouring is
visible in the level
16 and below

4 2

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Intensity resolution

Is there any relation between N and k ?

Study by Haung [1965] , attempted to
quantify experimentally the effects on
image quality obtained by varying N
and k simultaneously.

Relatively low Intermediate Large amount

detail detail of detail isopreference curve in
Nk plane

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

 Image interpolation

Used in the tasks such as zooming, shrinking, rotating and geometric

corrections.

Resampling techniques are used

Interpolation is the process of using known data to estimate values of the

unknown locations

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

 Image interpolation

Resampling Method
 This will give zooming and shrinking effect

Nearest Neighbor interpolation

Let us consider 4x4 image shown below 34 34 30 30 23 23 25 25
34 34 30 30 23 23 25 25
34 30 23 25
20 20 26 26 10 10 28 28
20 26 10 28 Enlarge 20 20 26 26 10 10 28 28
this image
25 32 30 35 to 8x8 25 25 32 32 30 30 35 35
25 25 32 32 30 30 35 35
12 34 35 25
12 12 34 34 35 35 25 25
12 12 34 34 35 35 25 25

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Image interpolation

Portion of the image

Zoomed image

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Image interpolation

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus

Image interpolation

Bilinear interpolation
Makes use of 4 nearest neighbors to estimate the intensity at a given location

Let L=8 and l=6

A=23 and B=30
What is the value of Y

Image Processing By Dr. Jagadish Nayak ,BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus