MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME
INTEGRATED SCIENCE
GRADE 10
Week 1 Lesson 2
Topic: Matter
Sub-topic: Changing of State
Objective(s): Given the handout, students will:
1. Correctly states of matter can change from one form to another.
2. Differentiate correctly among the terms melting, evaporating, boiling,
condensation, freezing and sublimation.
3. Relate how temperature can affect the change of states.
Content: Matter can be changed from one form to another by heating or cooling. A change of
state is therefore caused by a change in temperature and consequently a change in the
kinetic energy of the particles.
Definitions: Melting – When a solid is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and begin to
vibrate more vigorously. Eventually, the particles can overcome the strong forces of
attraction between them and move more freely and further apart forming a liquid.
Evaporation - Evaporation is when a liquid changes to a vapor (gas), caused by an
increase in temperature. When a liquid is heated, the particles gain kinetic energy and
begin to move faster. Some of the particles near the surface of the liquid have enough
energy to overcome the forces of attraction and can leave the liquid and become a
vapor.
Boiling – Boiling differs from evaporation in that it takes place throughout the liquid.
Once a liquid has started to boil, the temperature remains constant until all of the
liquid particles have changed to a gas. All the energy is used by the particles to
overcome the forces of attraction in the liquid to move further apart and become a
gas.
Condensation – When the temperature of a gas is lowered, the particles lose kinetic
energy and begin to move slowly. The forces of attraction now become more
significant causing the particles to move closer together, forming a liquid.
Freezing – when the temperature of a liquid is lowered the particles lose kinetic
energy and begin to move slowly. The forces of attraction between the particles
become stronger causing the particles to move even closer together, forming a solid.
Sublimation – When the forces of attraction between the particles in a solid are weak,
the addition of a small amount of heat can cause the solid to change directly into a gas
without passing through the liquid phase. If the gas is then cooled it can change
directly back into the solid. This is called sublimation.
Summary of the Changes of State
Home Work: Give three (3) examples of solids that undergo sublimation.
References:
Chapman, S. (2009). Chemistry for CSEC. Nelson Thornes Ltd. Delta Place, United Kingdom.
