Heat

Page # 2 HEAT– 2
1. CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL GAS

A gas has no shape and size and can be contained in a vessel of any size or shape. It
expands indefinitely and uniformly to fill the available space. It exerts pressure on its sur-
roundings.
The gases whose molecules are point massses (mass without volume) and do not attract
each other are called ideal or perfect gases. It is a hypothetical concept which can't exist in
reality. The gases such as hydrogen, oxygen or helium which cannot be liquified easily are
called permanent gases. An actual gas behaves as ideal gas most closely at low pressure
and high temperature.
1.1 Ideal gas Equation
According to this equation.
m
PV  nRT  RT
M
m
In this equation n = number of moles of the gas =
M
m = total mass of the gas.
M = molecular mass of the gas
R = Universal gas constant
= 8.31 J/mol-K
= 2.0 cal/mol- K
2. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Kinetic Theory of gases is based on the following basic assumptions.
(a) A gas consists of very large number of molecules. These molecules are identical, perfectly
elastic and hard spheres. They are so small that the volume of molecules is negligible as
compared with the volume of the gas.
(b) Molecules do not have any preferred direction of motion, motion is completely random.
(c) These molecules travel in straight lines and in free motion most of the time. The time of
the collision between any two molecules is very small.
(d) The collision between molecules and the wall of the container is perfectly elastic. It
means kinetic energy is conserved in each collision.
(e) The path travelled by a molecule between two collisions is called free path and the mean
of this distance travelled by a molecule is called mean free path.
(f) The motion of molecules is governed by Newton’s law of motion
(g) The effect of gravity on the motion of molecules is negligible.
Note :
At higher temperature and low pressure or at higher temperature and low density, a
real gas behaves as an ideal gas.
3. EXPRESSION FOR THE PRESSURE OF A GAS :
Let us suppose that a gas is enclosed in a cubical box having length  . Let there are ‘N’
identical molecules, each having mass ‘m’. Since the molecules are of same mass and perfectly
elastic, so their mutual collisions result in the interchange of velocities only. Only collisions
with the walls of the container contribute to the pressure by the gas molecules. Let us focus
on a molecule having velocity v1 and components of velocity v X1 , v y1 , v z1 along x, y and
z-axis as shown in figure. G H
C Y
D v z1 v y1
v1 X
v x1 Z
Fm
E

A  B
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HEAT– 2 Page # 3
v 12  v 2x1  v 2y1  v 2z1

The change in momentum of the molecule after one collision with wall BCHE
= m v x1 – (– m v x1 ) = 2 m v x1 .
dis tan ce 2
The time taken between the successive impacts on the face BCHE = = v
velocity x1
change in momentum 2mv x1 mv 2 x1

Time rate of change of momentum due to collision= = 2 / v =
time taken x1 
Hence the net force on the wall BCHE due to the impact of n N molecules of the gas is :
mv 2x1 mv 2x2 mv 2x3 mv 2xn m 2

Fx =

+

+

+ ........

=

v x1  v 2x2  v 2x3 ...... v 2xn
  = mN

v 2
x 
where < vx 2 > = mean square velocity in x-direction. Since molecules do not favour any
particular direction therefore < vx 2 > = < vy 2 > = < vz 2 >.
But <v2> = <vx2> + <vy2> + <vz2>
 v2 
 <vx2> = . Pressure is equal to force divided by area.
3
Fx M M
P= = <v2> = <v2>. Pressure is independent of x, y, z directions
2 3 3 3V
where  3 = volume of the container = V
M = total mass of the gas, <v2> = mean square velocity of molecules
1
P=  <v2>
3
from PV = nRT
Mass M
n= = (in kg/mole)
Molecular Weight M0
M RT RT 1 2 3RT

P = M V RT = M  M = Vrms  Vrms =
0 0 0 3 M0
3RT 3RT 3Kt

Vrms = M0 = mN A = m
R
K = Boltzman’s const. = N
A
3.1 Co-ordinate of the gases

(P, V, T) is the coordinate of the gas
If initial condition of gas is given by (P1 V1 T1) and final condition of gas is given by (P2, V2 T2)
such as
(P1 V1 T1) (P2 V2 T2)
Then (P, V, T) define situation of gas. When a gas changes from one coordinate system to
another co-ordinate system, then we have to follow a process.
4. GAS LAWS
Assuming permanent gases to be ideal, through experiments, it was established that gases
irrespective of their nature obey the following laws :

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Page # 4 HEAT– 2
4.1 Boyle's Law

According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the volume of a gas at constant temperature
(called isothermal process) is inversely proportional to its pressure, i.e.,
1
V (T = constant)
P
or PV = constant
or PiVi = Pf Vf
Thus, P – V graph in an isothermal process is a rectangular hyperbola. Or PV versus P or V
graph is a straight line parallel to P or V axis.
P PV
T = constant
T = constant
V P or V
4.2 Charle's law

According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the volume of a gas at constant pressure
(called) isobaric process) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, i.e.,
VT
V
or = constant
T
Vi V f
or 
Ti Tf
Thus, V – T graph in an isobaric process is a straight line passing through origin. Or V/T
versus V or T graph is a straight line parallel to V or T axis.
V V/T
P = constant P = constant
T (in K) V or T
4.3 Gay Lussac's Law or Pressure law
According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the pressure of a gas at constant volume
(called isochoric process) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature i.e.,
PT
P
or = constant
T
Pi P f
or 
Ti T f
Thus, P - T graph in an isochoric process is a straight line passing through origin or P/T
versus P or T graph is a straight line parallel to P or T axis.
P P/T
V = constant
T (in K) P or T

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HEAT– 2 Page # 5
4.4 Avogadro's Law

Two gases at same volume pressure and temperature contain equal amount of moles (mass
of gas may be different) or we can say contain equal no. of particle.
1 mole = 6.023 × 10–23 Particles
4.5 Reading of P-V diagram
P P
P=V
A Isobaric B
45º
V V
From PV = n RT
P = constant
V;T
P V Isothermal
A
Isobaric
B
V T
V = constant T = constant
P= V;P
T=
B
V
Isobaric
A
T (K)
PV = nRT
 P  const

A  B V 
 T 
When T in ºC  PV = nR(T + 273)
V
V ric
ba
iso
Not isobaric
T(K) –273 T(ºC)

Page # 6 HEAT– 2
P B P A
V
=
A P
V V
AB PV = Constant
P, V, T T=C
P; V
• ISOTHERMAL
P P V
A B
B A
V T T
• ISOBARIC
P P
V
B A B A
V T T
• ISOCHORIC
P A P
A V
B A
B
B
V T T
P ?)
(2P 0,V0.
B C (2P0,2V0, ?)
2P0
A (P ,V ,T )
Ex.1 P0 0 0 0
V0 2V0 V
Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, B, C in terms of pressure , volume and
temperature and draw curve.

HEAT– 2 Page # 7
P ,2 T 0)
(2P 0,V 0
B C (2P 0,2V 0,4T0)
2P0
A (P ,V ,T )
Sol. P0 0 0 0
V0 2V0 V
A  B V = constant B–C P = constant
P0 2P0 V0 2V0
= 2T0 = TC
T0 TB
TB = 2T0 TC = 4T0
P V
B C
2P0
V0
A
P0
T0 2T0 4T0
T0 2T0 T 4T0 T
P
Ex.2 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, 2P0 C
B, C in terms of pressure , volume and tem-
perature and draw Temp. At point
curve. A = T0
P0 A B
Sol. AB V0 2V0 V

(Isobaric) P
V0 2 V0 2P0 C (2P ,2V ,4T )
0 0 0
T0 = TB
, T 0)
TB = 2T0 ,V 0
(P 0 B (P0,2V0,2T0)
B  C (Isochoric) P0 A
P1 P2
T1 = T2 V0 2V0 V
P0 2P0
 2T = T  T2 = 4T0
0 2
P V
2P0 C B C
2V0
A B
P0
V0 A
T0 2T0 4T0 T  T0 2T0 4T0 T

Page # 8 HEAT– 2
Ex.3 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, P

B
B, C in terms of pressure , volume and tem- 2V0
perature and draw
curve. C
P0 A (P0,V 0,T 0)
P V0 2V0 V 
B (2P0,V0,2T0)
2V0
C (P 0,2V 0,2T0)
Sol. P0 A (P0,V0,T 0)
V0 2V0 V 
P1 P2
A  B Volume Const (Isochoric) T1 = T2
B  C Temp. Const (Isothermial) P1V1 = P2V2
V1 V2
C  A Pressure Const (Isobaric) T = T
1 2

P V
2V0 C
2P0
V0 A B
P0
T0 2T0
T0 2T0 T
T
Ex.4 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, 

V B
B, C in terms of pressure , volume and tem- 2V0 C
Pressure at point
perature and draw
A = T0
curve.
V0
A
Sol. AB Temp. Constant (isothermal) T0 2T0
P1V1 = P2V2 T
2P0V0 = 2V0P2 
  P0 , 2 V0, T0 

P0 V B 2
 P2 = 2V0 C (P 0,2V 0,2T0)
2
BC volume constant (Isochoric)

V0 ,T0)
PB PC A (P0,V 0
TB = TC
T0 2T0
T
P0 PC
 2T0 = 2T0  PC = P0

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HEAT– 2 Page # 9
Note : SOME COMMONLY USED TERM
There is heat transfer from gas to surrounding and final temp is same.
Conducting wall
There is no Heat Transfer.

adiabatic or non-
conducting or insulator
A B
Movable Piston
If it is diathermic seprator then the finally temperature is also same on both side
(finally pressure is same)
movable piston
A B
finally pressure on both side is same then it doesn’t move (massless)
Adiabatic
walls
Ex.5 If the temperature of the increases slowly from T0 to 2T0 then how much piston will
move ?
Gas
Heater
,T0)
(P 0,V 0
non-conducting
V0 Vt
Sol. Pressure Same = T = 2T x
0 0
Gas
Vf = 2V0
Heater
for finding distance move ,T )
(P 0,V 0 0
chauqe is volume = Ax
non-conducting
2V0 – V0 = Ax
V0
x=
A
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Page # 10 HEAT– 2
A
Ex.6 If the temperature of the gas changes slowly from
T0 to 2T0. Then find out the displacement of the piston. P0,V0,T0
Sol. Pgas A = Kx + P0 A
 Kx 
Pgas = Pf =   P0  P P0,V0,T0
 A  n..
P. A
P0 V0 Pf ( V0  A x ) Pags A Kx
= x
T0 Tf
PRESSURE VARIATION

H
N
Note 1 : Pressure of due to liquid = hg
A
N    Ahg
A
h
 h sin 
h
P   Hg .76  g
Note 2 : A 
1atm

A PA  h sin .g
PA  hg
vaccum
76cm
of Hg P   Hg . 76 × g x
1 atm
P   Hg . x . g
x cm of Hg pressure means if we placed a straight tube vertically in vaccum. fill the tube with
Hg upto x in of height.
Then the pressure exerted by Hg at the bottom of the tube is equals to pressure of the gas.
Ex.7 Find the new length of gas column in tube if tube is inverted (Assume temperature
is constant)
atm
Pgas
10cm
10cm
75 cm P
P0 of Hg

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Sol. Initially :
Pgas + 10 = 75  Pgas = 65
Finally
75 + 10 = Pgas  Pgas = 85 cm
P1V1 = P2V2
1950
85 × A ×  = 65 × 30 × A   
85
, Ex.8 Find the new length of gas column in tube if tube is rotated at an angle 60° as shown.
(Assume constant temperature)
Gas
40 60º
20cm Hg
cm
20
P0
Pgas = 75 – 20 = 55 [P + 20 cos 60 = 75
P1V1 = P2 V2 2P + 20 = 150
55 × 40 × A = 65 ×  × A 2P = 130
55  40
 P = 65]
65
40
Ex.9 P0, T0 P0, T0
30 30
Assume constant temperature if the tube is changed to vertical position and the pallet
comes down by 5 cm then find out P0.
Sol. For upper part
P1V1 = P0V0
P 35 A = P 30 A 30+5
1 0 A
30
P1  P0 ...(i)
35 5
For lower part
P2V2 = P0V0 40
P0 30 A = P2 25 A
30 30–5 = 25
P2  P0 ...(ii)
25
B
Again
P1 + 40 = P2 ...(iii)
From (i) and (ii)
30 30
P0  40  P0
35 25

Page # 12 HEAT– 2
PRESSURE VARIATION IN ATMOSPHERE.

Assuming temp. to be const.
 PM 
-dP = dH ..g  -dP = dh.   .g
 RT 
RT P+dP
PV = nRT  P = dh
M P
PM
= h
RT
P h
dP Mg
–

P
P
=
 RT . dh
0
0
P Mg
Pn P0 = – RT h
Mg
P = P0 e– .h
RT
PRESSURE VARIATION IN ROTATING ROD. 
P P+dP
dx
(P + dP) A – PA = dm w2x
AdP = Aw2d dx
x
dP = w2x dx dm  Adx
P x
dP W 2M

P0
P
=
RT  x dx
0
x
W2M  x 2 
[ln P]PP0   
RT  2 
0
P W2M x 2
ln  .
P0 RT 2
W2Mx 2
P  P0  2RT
5. MAXWELL’S DISTRIBUTION LAW
dN( v)
Distribution Curve – A plot of (number of molecules per unit speed interval) against c
dv
is known as Maxwell’s distribution curve. The total area under the curve is given by the
 
dN( v)
integral  dv =  dN( v)  N
dv
0 0
dN(v)
[Note : - The actual formula of is not in JEE syllabus.]
dv
Figure shows the distribution curves for two different temperatures. At any temperature the
number of molecules in a given speed interval dv is given by the area under the curve in that
interval (shown shaded). This number increases, as the speed increases, upto a maximum
and then decreases asymptotically toward zero. Thus, maximum number of the molecules
have speed lying within a small range centered about the speed corresponding the peak (A)
of the curve. This speed is called the ‘most probable speed’ vp or vmp.
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HEAT– 2 Page # 13
T1
T2 (higher)
dN( v)
dv
vp v vrms v
dv
The distribution curve is asymmetrical about its peak (the most probable speed vp) because
the lowest possible speed is zero, whereas there is no limit to the upper speed a molecule can
attain. Therefore, the average speed v is slightly larger than the most probable speed vp.
The root-mean-square speed, vrms, is still larger /(vrms > v > vp).
Average (or Mean) Speed :
8 RT 8RT
v
 M0 = M0 = 1.59 kT / m
(derivation is not in the course)

RMS Speed :
3RT 3kT kT
vrms = (v2 ) = M0 = = 1.73
m m
Most Probable Speed :
The most probable speed vp or vmp is the speed possessed by the maximum number of
molecules, and corresponds to the maximum (peak) of the distribution curve. Mathematically,
it is obtained by the condition.
dN( v)
= 0 [by substitution of formula of dN(v) (which is not in the course)]
dv
Hence the most probable speed is
2kT 2 RT
vP = = M0
m
From the above expression, we can see that
vrms > v < vP.
R = 8.314 J/mole
k = Boltzmann counstant (k = 1.38 × 10–23JK–1)
6. DEGREE OF FREEDOM
Total number of independent co-ordinates which must be known to completely specify the
position and configuration of dynamical system is known as “degree of freedom f”. Maximum
1 2 1 2 1 2
possible translational degrees of freedom are three i.e.  mVx  mVy  mVz 
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
Maximum possible rotational degrees of freedom are three i.e.  Ix  x  I y  y  I z  z 
2 2 2
Vibrational degrees of freedom are two i.e. (Kinetic energy. of vibration and Potential energy
of vibration)
Monoatonic
Eg : (all inrent gases, He, Ar, etc.)
f=3 (translational)
(Vx, Vy, VZ)
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Diatomic
Eg : (gases like H2, N2, O2 etc)
f=5 (3 translational + 2 rotational)
(Vx, Vy, Vz ; Wx, Wy, Wz)

x
If temp < 70 K for diatomic molecules, then

f=3
If temp is in between 250 K to 5000 K, then
f=5
If temp is very high (> 5000K)
f = 7 [3 translational +2 rotational +2 vibrational]
Triatomic y
(Non - linear) D.O.f. = 6
Vx , Vy , Vz , Wx , Wy , Wz
    x
3 Trans. 3 Rotational
If linear (CO2) z
Total D.O.f = 5
Vx , Vy , Vz , Wy , Wz
 
  x
3 Trans. 2 Rotational
Maxwell’s law of equipartition of energy.
1
Energy associated with each degree of freedom= KT..
2
1
of one pasticle is same and = KT
2
If degree of freedom of a molecule is f then
t
total kinetic energy of that molecule = KT
2
Monoatomic
3 3 3
Energy of one particle = KT, one mde = RT, n mole = nRT
T
2 2 2
Diatomic
5 5 5
Energy of one Barticle = KT, one mole = RT, n mole = nRT
T
2 2 2
General degree of freedom.

t t t
Energy of one particle = KT, one mole = RT, n mole = nRT
T
2 2 2
Internal energy of a gas only dipends on the temperature of the gas desn’t depend on the
process taken by the gas to reach the tempreature.
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7. INTERNAL ENERGY
The internal energy of a system is the sun of kinetic and potential energies of the molecules
of the system. It is denoted by U. Internal energy (U) of the system is the function of its
absolute temperature (T) and its volume (V). i.e. U = f(T , V)
In case of an ideal gas, intermolecular force is zero. Hence its potential energy is also zero. In
this case, the internal energy is only due to kinetic energy. Which depends on the absolute
f
temperature of the gas. i.e. U = f(T). For an ideal gas internal energy U = nRT.
2
Ex.10 A light container having a diatomic gas enclosed with in is moving with velocity v.
Mass of the gas is M and number of moles is n.
mass of gas = M v
tempeature T
(i) What is the kinetic energy of gas w.r.t centre of mass of the system?
(ii) What is K.E. of gas w.r.t ground?
5
Sol. (i) K.E. = nRT
2
(ii) Kinetic energy of gas w.r.t ground = Kinetic energy of centre of mass w.r.t ground +
Kinetic energy of gas w.r.t center of mass.
1 5
K.E. = Mv2  nRT
2 2
Ex.11 Two nonconducting containers having volume V1 and V2 contain monoatomic and
dimatomic gases respectively. They are containers are P1, T1 and P2, T2 respectively.
Initially stop cock is closed, if the stop cock is opened find the final pressure and
temperature.
P1 V1 P2 V2
T1 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2
Sol. n1 = RT n2 = RT
1 2
n = n1 + n2 (number of moles are conserved)

Finally pressure in both parts & temperature of the both the gases will be become equal.
P(V1  V2 ) P1 V1 P2 V2
= RT + RT
RT 1 2
From energy conservation

3 5 3 5
n1RT1  n2RT2 = n1RT  n2RT
2 2 2 2
(3P1 V1  5P2 V2 )T1 T2
 T = 3P V T  5P V T
1 1 2 2 2 1
 3P1V1  5P2 V2   P1 V1 T2  P2 V2 T2 
P =  3P V T  5P V T   
 1 1 2 2 2 1   V1  V2 
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Page # 16 HEAT– 2
8. THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is mainly the study of exchange of heat energy between bodies and conversion
of the same into mechanical energy and vice versa.
Thermodynamic System
Collection of an extremely large number of atoms or molecules confined within certain boundaries
such that it has a certain value of pressure (P),volume (V) and temperature (T) is called a
thermodynamic system. Anything outside the thermodynamic system to which energy or
matter is exchanged is called its surroundings. Taking into consideration the interaction
between a system and its surroundings thermodynamic system is divided into three classes :
(a) Open system : A system is said to be an open system if it can exchange both energy
and matter with its surroundings.
(b) Closed system : A system is said to be closed system if it can exchange only energy
(not matter with its surrounding
(c) Isolated system : A system is said to be isolated if it can neither exchange energy nor
matter with its surroundings.
Zeroth law of Thermodynamics :
If two systems (B and C) are separately in thermal equilirbrium with a third one (A), then they
the mselves are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
adiabatic wall
diathermic wall
C B
A
Equation of State (for ideal gases) :

The relation between the thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) of the system is called equation
of state. The equation of state for an ideal gas of n moles is given by
PV = nRT,
Work done by a gas :
Let P and V be the pressure and volume of the gas. If A be the area of the piston. then force
exerted by gas on the piston is, F = P × A
Let the piston move through a small distance dx during the expansion of the gas. Work done
for a small displacement dx is dW = F dx = PA dx
Since A dx = dV, increase in volume of the gas is dV
 dW = P dV
P area
dx enclosed
P,V,T
vi vf
V
or W  d W   P dV
Area enclosed under P-V curve gives work done during process

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HEAT– 2 Page # 17
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROCESSES

(a) Isothermal Process :
T = constant [Boyle’s law applicable] PV = constant
P T T
V P V
There is exchange of heat between system and surroundings. System should be compressed
or expanded very slowly so that there is sufficient time for exchange of heat to keep the
temperature constant.
Slope of P-V curve in isothermal process :
PV = constant = C
dP P
 
dV V
Work done in isothermal process :
Vf If v f  vi then W is positive 
W = nRT ln V  
i If v f  vi then W is negative 
 V 
W  2.303 nRT log10 f 
 Vi 
P P
Compression
Expansion
vi vf V vi vf V
Internal energy in isothermal process :

U = f (T) U = 0
(b) Iso-Choric Process (Isometric Process) :
V = constant  Change in volume is zero
P
 is constant
T
P
= const. (Galussac-law)
T
Work done in isochoric process :
Since change in volume is zero therefore
dW = p dV = 0
Indicator diagram of isochoric process :
P V V
T T P
Change in internal energy in isochoric process :
f
U  n R T
2

Page # 18 HEAT– 2
Heat given in isochoric process :

f
Q = U  n R T
2
(c) Isobaric Process : Pressure remains constant in isobaric process

V
 P = constant   cons tan t
T
Indicator diagram of isobaric process :
P P P
T V T (in Kelvin)
Work done in isobaric process :
W = P V = P (Vfinal – Vinitial) = nR(Tfinal – Tinitial)
Change in internal energy in isobaric process :
f
U = n R T
2
Heat given in isobaric process : Q = U + W
f f
Q = n R T + P[Vf – Vi] = n R T + nR T
2 2
Above expression gives an idea that to increase temperature by T in isobaric process heat
required is more than in isochoric process.
(d) Cyclic Process :

In the cyclic process initial and final states are same therefore initial state = final state
Work done = Area enclosed under P-V diagram.
Change in internal Energy U = 0
Q = U + W
 Q = W
If the process on P-V curve is clockwise, then net work done is (+ve) and vice-versa.
The graphs shown below explains when work is positive and when it is negative
(–)work (–)work (+)work (–)work
P P P P
V V V V
Ex.13 The cylinder shown in the figure has conducting walls and temperature of the
surrounding is T, the pistion is initially in equilibrium, the cylinder contains n moles of
a gas. Now the piston is displaced slowly by an external agent to make the volume
double of the initial. Find work done by external agent in terms of n, R, T.
n
moles

HEAT– 2 Page # 19
Sol. 1st Method :

Work done by external agent is positive, because Fext and displacement are in the same
direction. Since walls are conducting therefore temperature remains constant. Applying
equilibrium condition when pressure of the gas is P
PatmA
PA
Fext
PA + Fext = PatmA
Fext = Patm A – PA
d d d d 2v
nRT
Wext =  Fext dx =  Patm Adx –  PA dx = Patm A  dx –  V
dV = Patm Ad – nRT ln 2
0 0 0 0 v
2nd Method
Applying work energy theorem on the piston
k = 0
Wall = k
Wgas + Watm + Wext = 0
Vf
nRT ln V – nRT + Wext = 0
i
Wext = nRT (1 –ln2)
Ex.14 A nonconducting piston of mass m and area of cross
section A is placed on a nonconducting cylinder as
Patm K
shown in figure. Temperature, spring constant, height
of the piston are given by T, K, h respectively. Initially
mass = m
spring is relaxed and piston is at rest. Find Area = A
T
(i) Number of moles

(ii) Work done by gas to displace the piston by distance
d when the gas is heated slowly.
(iii) Find the final temperature
 mg 

P 
mg   Patm  A  Ah
Sol. (i) PV = nRT   atm Ah = nRT  n =  
 A 
RT
(ii) 1st method
Applying newton’s law on the piston
mg + Patm A + Kx = PgasA Kx mg PatmA
d d dx
Wgas =  Pg Adx =  (mg  PatmA  Kx)dx
0 0
x PgasA
1
 Wgas = mgd + PatmdA + Kd2
2
2nd method
Applying work energy theorem on the pistion
Wall = KE
Since piston moves slowly therefore KE = 0
Wgravity + Wgas + Watm + Wspring = 0
1
– mgd + Wgas + (–PatmAd) + [–( Kd2 – 0)] = 0
2
1
 Wgas = mgd + PatmdA + Kd2
2

Page # 20 HEAT– 2
P
Ex.15 Find out the work done in the given graph.
Also draw the corresponding T-V curve and B
P-T curve. 2P0 C
Sol. Since in P-V curves area under the cycle is equal to work done A
P0 D
therefore work done by the gas is equal to P0V0.
Line AB and CD are isochoric line, line BC and DA are isobaric line.
O V
 the T-V curve and P-T curve are drawn as shown. V0 2V0
T C P
B B C
D A
A D
V T
T
Ex.16 T-V curve of cyclic process is shown below,
number of moles of the gas n find the total
B C
work done during the cycle. 2T0
Sol. Since path AB and CD are isochoric therefore work
done is zero during path AB and CD. Process BC T0 D
and DA are isothermal, therefore A
VC V0 2V0 V
WBC = nR2T0 ln V = 2nRT0 ln 2
B
VA
WDA = nRT0 ln V = – nRT0 ln 2
D
Total work done = WBC + WDA
= 2nRT0 ln 2 – nRT0 ln 2 = nRT0 ln 2
P
Ex.17 P-T curve of a cyclic process is shown. Find out the work
T2 B T3
done by the gas in the given process if number of moles P2 C
of the gas are n.
A T1T4
Sol. Since path AB and CD are isochoric therefore work done during P1
D
AB and CD is zero. Path BC and DA ar isobaric.
Hence WBC = nRT = nR(T3 – T2) T
WDA = nR(T1 – T4)
Total work done = WBC + WDA = nR(T1 + T3 – T4 – T2)
Ex.18 Consider the cyclic process ABCA on a sample of 2.0 mol of an ideal gas as shown in
figure. The temperatures of the gas at A and B are 300 K and 500 K respectively. A
total of 1200 J heat is withdrawn from the sample in the process. Find the work done
by the gas in part BC. Take R = 8.3 J/mol-K.
Sol. The change in internal energy during the cyclic
process is zero. Hence, the heat supplied to the P C
gas is equal to the work done by it. Hence,
WAB + WBC + WCA = –1200 J. ...(i)
The work done during the process AB is A B
WAB = PA(VB – VA)
= nR(TB – TA) V
= (2.0 mol) (8.3 J/mol-K) (200 K) = 3320 J
The work done by the gas during the process CA is zero as the volume remains constant.
From (i)
3320 J + WBC = – 1200 J
or WBC = –4520 J
= –4520 J

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HEAT– 2 Page # 21
9. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy. It states that if a
system absorbs heat dQ and as a result the internal energy of the system changes by dU and
the system does a work dW, then dQ = dU + dW
But, dW = P dV dQ = dU + P dV
which is the mathematical statement of first law of thermodynamics.
Heat gained by a system, work done by a system and increase in internal energy are
taken as positive.
Heat lost by a system, work done on a system and decrease in internal energy are
taken as negative.
Ex.19 1 gm water at 100°C is heated to convert into steam at 100°C at 1 atm. Find out
change in internal energy of water. It is given that volume of 1 gm water at 100°C = 1
cc. volume of 1 gm steam at 100°C = 1671 cc. Latent heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g.
(Mechanical equivalent of heat J = 4.2 J/cal.)
Sol. From first law of thermodynamic Q = u + w
Q = mL = 1 × 540 cal. = 540 cal.
105 (1671 – 1)  10–6
W = PV =
4.2
105 (1670)  10–6

= = 40 cal.
4.2
U = 540 – 40 = 500 cal.
Ex.20 Two moles of a diatomic gas at 300 K are kept in a nonconducting container enclosed
by a piston. Gas is now compressed to increase the temperature from 300 K to 400 K.
Find work done by the gas
Diatomic 2 moles non conducting

gas 300 K container
Sol. Q = u + W
Since container is conconducting therefore
Q = 0 = u + w
f 5
 W = – u = – n R T = – 2 × R(400 – 300)
2 2
= – 5 × 8.314 × 100 J = – 5 × 831.4 J = – 4157 J
Ex.21 A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the cyclic process abca (figure. It ab-sorbs
50 J of heat during the part ab, no heat during bc and reflects 70 J of heat during ca. 40
J of work is done on the gas during the part bc.(a) Find the internal energy of the gas
at b and c if it is 1500 J at a. (b) Calculate the work done by the gas during the part ca.
P b
c a

Page # 22 HEAT– 2
Sol. (a) In the part ab the volume remains constant. Thus, the work done by the gas s zero. The
heat absorbed by the gas is 50 J. The increase in internal energy from a to b is
U = Q = 50 J.
As the internal energy is 1550 J at a, it will be 1550 J at b. In the part bc, the work done by
the gas is W = –40J and no heat is given to the system. The increase in internal energy from
b to c is
U = – W = 40 J.
As the internal energy is 1550 J at b, it will be 1590 J at C.
(b) The change in internal energy, from c to a is
U = 1500 J – 1590 J = –90 J
The heat given to the system is Q = – 70 J
Using Q = U + W,
Wca = Q – U = – 70 J + 90 J = 20 J.
Ex.22 The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is 1.5 nRT. One mole of helium is kept in
a cylinder of cross-section 8.5 cm2. The cylinder is closed by a light frictionless piston.
The gas is heated slowly in a process during which a total of 42 J heat is given to the
gas. If the temperature rises through 2°C, find the distance moved by the piston.
Atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa.
Sol. The change in internal energy of the gas is
U = 1.5 nR (T)
= 1.5 (1 mol) (8.3 J/mol-K) (2K)
= 24.9 J
The heat given to the gas = 42 J
The work done by the gas is
W = Q – U = 42 J – 24.9 J = 17.1 J
If the distance moved by the piston is x, the work done is
W = (100 kPa) (8.5 cm2) x.
Thus, (105 N/m2) (8.5 × 10–4 m2) x = 17.1 J
or, x = 0.2 m = 20 cm.
Ex.23 A sample of an ideal gas has pressure p0, volume v0 and temperature T0. It is
isothermally expanded to twice its original volume. It is then compressed at constant
pressure to have the original volume V0. Finally, the gas is heated at constant volume
to get the original temperature. (a) Show the process in a V - T diagram (b) Calculate
the heat absorbed in the process.
Sol. (a) The V-T diagram for the process is shown in figure. The initial state is represented by the
point a. In the first step, it is isothermally expanded to a volume 2V0. This shown by ab. Then
the pressure is kept constant and the gas is compressed to the volume V0. From the ideal gas
equation, V/T is constant at constant pressure. Hence, the process is shown by a line bc
which passes through the origin. At point c, the volume is V0. ln the final step, the gas is
heated at constant volume to a temperature T0. This is shown by ca. The final state is the
same as the initial state.
(b) The process is cylic so that the change in
internal energy is zero. The heat supplied is, V b
therefore, equal to the work done by the gas.
The work done during ab is 2V0
2V0
W1 = nRT0 ln V = nRT0 ln 2 = p0V0 ln 2. V0 c
0 a
Also from the ideal gas equation
paVa = pbVb T
T0
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HEAT– 2 Page # 23
pa Va p0 V0 p0
or, pb = Vb = 2V0 = .
2
In the step bc, the pressure remains constant. Hence the work done is,
p0 p V
W2 = (V0 – 2V0) = – 0 0
2 2
In the step ca, the volume remains constant and so the work done is zero. The net work
done by the gas in the cyclic process is
W = W1 + W2 = p0V0 [ln 2 – 0.5] = 0.193 p0V0.
Hence, the heat supplied to the gas is 0.193 p0V0.
Ex.24 A sample of ideal gas (f = 5) is heated at constant pressure. If an amount 140 J of heat
is supplied to the gas, find (a) the change in internal energy of the gas (b) the work
done by the gas.
Sol. Suppose the sample contains n moles. Also suppose the volume changes from V1 to V2 and
the temperature changes from T1 to T2.
The heat supplied is
2U
Q = U + PV = U + nRT = U +
f
(a) The change is internal energy is
f f f 140J
U = n R(T2 – T1) = R n(T2 – T1) = Q = = 100 J
2 2 2f 1.4
(b) The work done by the gas is
W = Q – U = 140 J – 100 J = 40 J
Ex.25 There are two vessels. Each of them contains one mole of a monoatomic ideal gas.
I nit ial volum e of t he gas in each vessel is 8.3 × 10 –3 m3 at 27°C. Equal amount of heat
is supplied to each vessel. ln one of the vessels, the volume of the gas is doubled
without change in its internal energy, whereas the volume of the gas is held constant
in the second vessel. The vessels are now connected to allow free mixing of the gas.
Find the final temperature and pressure of the combined gas system.
Sol. 369.3K, 2.462 × 105 N/m2
Efficiency of cycle () :
total Mechanical work done by the

gas in the whole process area under the cycle in P-V curve
 =
Heat absorbed by the gas (only +ve) Heat injected into the system
 Q2   T2 
 =  1 – Q  for Heat Engine,   =  1 – T  for Cannot cycle
 1  1
P
Ex.26 n moles of a diatomic gas has undergone a cyclic
process ABC as shown in figure. Temperature at A is T0. B
2P0 C
Find
A
(i) Volume at C ? P0
(ii) Maximum temperature ?
(iii) Total heat given to gas ? V0 V V
(iv) is heat rejected by the gas, if yes how much heat is rejected ?
(v) Find out the efficiency
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Page # 24 HEAT– 2
Sol. (i) Since triangle O A V0 and OC V are similar therefore

2P0 P
 0  V = 2V
V V0 0
(ii) Since process AB is isochoric hence

PA P
 B  T = 2T
TA TB B
TB TC
Since process BC is isobaric therefore V  V
B C
 TC = 2TB = 4T0
(iii) since process is cyclic therefore
1
Q = W = area under the cycle = P0 V0
2
(iv) Since u and W both are negative in process CA
 Q is negative in process CA and heat is rejected in process CA
QCA = wCA + uCA
1 5
=– [P0 + 2P0] V0 – nR (Tc – Ta)
2 2
1 5  4P0 V0 P0 V0 
= – [P0 + 2P0]V0 – nR  – 
2 2  nR nR 
= – 9P0V0 = Heat injected.
(v)  = efficiency of the cycle
work done by the gas P0 V0 / 2
= == Q × 100
heat injected injected
Qinj = QAB + QBC

5  5 
=  nR(2T0 – T0 )   nR(2T0 )  2P0 (2V0 – V0 )
 2   2 
19 100
= P0 V0 = %
2 19
10. SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the heat supplied per unit mass of
the substance per unit rise in the temperature. If an amount Q of heat is given to a mass
m of the substance and its temperature rises by T, the specific heat capacity s is given by
equation
Q
s=
mT
The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as the heat given per mole of the gas per unit
rise in the temperature. The molar heat capacity at constant volume, denoted by Cv, is :
 Q  f
Cv =  nT   R
 cons tan t volume 2
and the molar heat capacity at constant pressure, denoted by Cp is,
 Q  f 
CP =  nT     1 R
 cons tan t Pr essure 2 
where n is the amount of the gas in number of moles and f is degree of freedom. Quite often,
the term specific heat capacity or specific heat is used for molar heat capacity. It is advised
that the unit be carefully noted to determine the actual meaning. The unit of specific heat
capacity is J/kg-K whereas that of molar heat capacity is J/mol-K.

HEAT– 2 Page # 25
MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY OF IDEAL GAS IN TERMS OF R :

(i) For a monoatomic gas f = 3
3 5 CP 5
CV = R , CP = R   = = 1.67
2 2 C v 3
(ii) For a diatomic gas f = 5
5 7 CP
CV = R , CP = R  =  1.4
2 2 CV
(iii) For a Triatomic gas f = 6
CV = 3R, CP = 4R
CP 4
= C = = 1.33
V 3
[Note for CO2 ; f = 5, it is linear]
ln general if f is the degree of freedom of a molecule, then
f f  CP  2
CV = R , CP =   1  R ,  =  1  
2  2  C V  f
f R work done by gas

for any general process C = 
2 n T
Ex.27 Two moles of a diatomic gas at 300 K are enclosed in a

Patm light piston
cylinder as shown in figure. Piston is light. Find out the heat
given if the gas is slowly heated to 400 K in the following
three cases. 300 K
2 mole
(i) Piston is free to move Diatomic
(ii) If piston does not move
(iii) If piston is heavy and movable.
Sol. (i) Since pressure is constant
7
 Q = nCPT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300) = 700 R
2
(ii) Since volume is constant
 W = 0 and Q = u (from first law)
5
Q = u = nCvT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300) = 500 R
2
(iii) Since pressure is constant
7
Q = nCP T = 2 × × R × (400 – 300) = 700R
2 P
B Diatomic
Ex.28 P-V curve of a diatomic gas is shown in the 2P0
Isothermal
figure. Find the total heat given to the gas in
A
the process AB P0 C
and BC
Sol. From first law of thermodynamics V
V0 2V0
QABC = uABC + WABC
VC 2V0
WABC=WAB+WBC=0+nRTBln V = nRTB ln V
B 0
= nRTB ln 2 = 2P0 V0 ln 2
5 5
u = nCv T = (2P0V0 – P0V0)  QABC = P V + 2P0V0 ln 2.
2 2 0 0

Page # 26 HEAT– 2
Ex.29 Calculate the value of mechanical equivalent of heat from the following data. Specific
heat capacity of air at constant volume = 170 cal/kg-K,  = Cp/Cv = 1.4. and the density
of air at STP is 1.29 kg/m3. Gas constant R = 8.3 J/mol-K
Sol. Using pV = nRT, the volume of 1 mole of air at STP is
nRT (1mol)  (8.3 J / mol – K)  (273K)
V= = = 0.0224 m3.
p 1.0  105 N / m2
The mass of 1 mole is, therefore,
(1.29 kg/m3) × (0.0224 m3) = 0.029 kg.
1
The number of moles in 1 kg is . The molar heat capacity at constant volume is
0.029
170 cal
CV = = 4.93 cal/mol-K
(1 / 0.029) mol  K
Hence, Cp = Cv = 1.4 × 4.93 cal/mol-K
or, Cp – Cv = 0.4 × 4.93 cal/mol-K =1.97 cal/mol-K
Thus, 8.3 J = 1.97 cal.
The mechanical equivalent of heat is
8.3 J
= 4.2 J/cal.
197
. cal
Average Molar Specific Heat of Metals :
[Dulong and Petit law] 6
At room temperature average molar specific heat
of all metals are same and is nearly equal to 3R
(6 cal. mol–1K–1) Cv
[Note : Temp. above which the metals have constant
Cv is called Debye temp.]
Mayer’s equation : CP – CV = R (for ideal gases only)
T
ADIABATIC PROCESS
When no heat is supplied or extracted from the system the
process is called adiabatic. Process is sudden so that there is insulating
no time for exchange of heat. If walls of a container are thermally wall
insulated no heat can cross the boundary of the system and
Gas
process is adiabatic.
Equation of adiabatic process is given by
PV = constant [Poission law]
TP1– = constant
T V – 1 = constant
P
Slope of P-V curve in adiabatic process : dP  P 
  – 
Since PV is constant dV  V
dp P
  –  
dV V
Slope of P – T – curve in adiabatic process :
v
Since T P1– is a constant
dV  P ( ) P
 =– =
dT (1 – ) T ( – 1) T

HEAT– 2 Page # 27
dP  P

dT (  – 1) T
P
T dV  1 V
P  – 
dT  (  – 1) T 
Slope of T-V-curve :
dV 1 V
–
dT ( – 1) T
Work done in adiabatic Process :

T
PV
i i – Pf Vf
W = – U = nCv (Ti – Tf ) =
( – 1)
nR(Ti – Tf )
=
 –1
work done by system is (+ve), if Ti > Tf (hence expansion)

work done on the system is (–ve) if Ti < Tf (hence compression)
Ex.30 A quantity of air is kept in a container having walls which are slightly conducting. The
initial temperature and volume are 27°C (equal to the temperature of the surrounding)
and 800 cm3 respectively. Find the rise in the temperature if the gas is compressed to
200 cm3 (a) in a short time (b) in a long time. Take  = 1.4.
Sol. (a) When the gas is compressed in a short time, the process is abiabatic. Thus,
T2 V2–1 = T1V1–1
 –1 0.4
 V1   800 
or T2 = T1   = (300 K) ×   = 522 K.
 V2   200 
Rise in temperature = T2 – T1 = 222K

(b) When the gas is compressed in a long time, the process is isothermal. Thus, the temperature
remains equal to the temperature of the surrounding that is 27°C. The rise in temperature = 0.
Ex.31 A monoatomic gas is enclosed in a nonconducting cylinder having a piston which can
move freely. Suddenly gas is compressed to 1/8 of its initial volume. Find the final
pressure and temperature if initial pressure and temperature are P0 and T0 respectively.
Sol. Since process is adiabatic therefore
5/3
5 V
P0 V3 = Pfinal  
8
CP 5R 3R 5
= C = / =
V 2 2 3
Since process is adiabatic therefore.
2 /3
V 
T1V1–1 = T2 V2–1  T0V02/3 = Tfinal  0   T = 4T0
 8 

Page # 28 HEAT– 2
Ex.32 A cylindrical container having nonconducting walls is partitioned in two equal parts
such that the volume of the each parts is equal to V0. A movable nonconducting piston
is kept between the two parts. Gas on left is slowly heated so that the gas on right is
V
compressed upto volume 0 . Find pressure and temperature on both sides if initial
8
pressure and temperature, were P0 and T0 respectively. Also find heat given by the
heater to the gas. (number of moles in each part is n)
non conducting walls

non conducting movable piston
P0,
V0,
P0,V0,T0 monoatomic
T0
Diatomic
Sol. Since the process on right is adiabatic therefore
PV = constant.
 P0V0 = Pfinal (V0/8)
 Pfinal = 32 P0
T0V0–1 = Tfinal (V0/8)–1
Let volume of the left part is V1
V0 15 V0
 2V0 = V1 +  V1 =
8 8
Since number of moles on the left parts remains constant therefore for the left part PV/T =
constant.
Final pressure on both sides will be same
P0 V0 Pfinal V1
 T0 = Tfinal  Tfinal = 60 T0
Q = u + w
5R 3R
Q = n ( 60 T0 – T0 ) + n (4T0 – T0)
2 2
5nR 3nR
Q = × 59T0 + × 3T0
2 2
Free Expansion
If a system, say a gas expands in such a way that no heat enters or leaves the system and
also no work is done by or on the system, then the expansion is called the “free expansion”.
Q = 0, U = 0 and W = 0. Temperature in the free expansion remains constant.
Ex.33 A nonconducting cylinder having volume 2V0 is partitioned by a fixed nonconducting
wall in two equal part. Partition is attached with a valve. Right side of the partition is a
vaccum and left part is filled with a gas having pressure and temperature P0 and T0
respectively. If valve is opened find the final pressure and temperature of the two
parts.
Fixed
V0 nonconductor
P0,V0,T0 Vacuum

No : 0744-2439051, 8296399440,7003599048.
HEAT– 2 Page # 29
Sol. From the first law thermodynamics Q = u + W

Since gas expands freely therefore W = 0, since no heat is given to gas Q = 0
 u = 0 and temperature remains constant.
Tfinal = T0
Since the process is isothermal therefore
P0 × V0 = Pfinal × 2V0
 Pfinal = P0/2
Reversible and Irreversible Process
A process is said to be reversible when the various stages of an operation in which it is
subjected can be traversed the back in the opposite direction in such a way that substance
passes through exactly the same conditions at every step in the reverse process as in the
direct process.
Comparison of slopes of Iso-thermal and Adiabatic Curve
Adiabatic
P
isobaric
P
Isothermal isothermal
poly
di adiabatic
Isothermal mono
V1 V2 V
Adiabatic
Wmono < Wdi < Wpoly < Wisothermal < Wisobaric
V
dP dP

dV adia dV isothermal
In compression up to same final volume :

Wadia  Wisothermal
In Expansion up to same final volume :
Wisothermal  Wadia
Limitations of Ist Law of Thermodynamics :
The first law of thermodynamics tells us that heat and mechanical work are interconvertible.
However, this law fails to explain the following points :
(i) It does not tell us about the direction of transfer of heat.
(ii) It does not tell us about the conditions under which heat energy is converted into work.
(iii) It does not tell us whether some process is possible or not.
Mixture of non-reacting gases :
n1M1  n2M2
(a) Molecular weight  n1  n2
M1 & M2 are molar masses.
n1C V1  n2C V2 n1CP1  n2CP2
(b) Specific heat C V  , CP 
n1  n2 n1  n2
CPmix n1CP1  n2CP2  ......

(c) for mixture,   C 
n1C V1  n2C V2  ......
Vmix
n1f1  n2 f2
(d) Degree of freedom for mixture f = n1  n2

FIZIKS FORUM.
IVRS Belgharia • Nimta
No : 0744-2439051, Bazar.
52, 53, www.Phone Number: 8296399440,7003599048.
motioniitjee.com, info@motioniitjee.com Ankit Sinha (M.Sc. Physics)

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Page # 2 HEAT– 2

1. CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL GAS

v 12  v 2x1  v 2y1  v 2z1

change in momentum 2mv x1 mv 2 x1

mv 2x1 mv 2x2 mv 2x3 mv 2xn m 2

M RT RT 1 2 3RT

3RT 3RT 3Kt

3.1 Co-ordinate of the gases

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

4.1 Boyle's Law

4.2 Charle's law

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

4.4 Avogadro's Law

4.5 Reading of P-V diagram

When T in ºC  PV = nR(T + 273)

T(K) –273 T(ºC)

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

A  B V = constant B–C P = constant

Sol. AB V0 2V0 V

T0 2T0 4T0 T  T0 2T0 4T0 T

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Ex.3 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, P

Ex.4 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, 

BC volume constant (Isochoric)

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Note : SOME COMMONLY USED TERM

There is no Heat Transfer.

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Ex.9 P0, T0 P0, T0

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

PRESSURE VARIATION IN ATMOSPHERE.

(derivation is not in the course)

(Vx, Vy, Vz ; Wx, Wy, Wz)

If temp < 70 K for diatomic molecules, then

General degree of freedom.

n = n1 + n2 (number of moles are conserved)

From energy conservation

Equation of State (for ideal gases) :

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROCESSES

Internal energy in isothermal process :

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Heat given in isochoric process :

(c) Isobaric Process : Pressure remains constant in isobaric process

(d) Cyclic Process :

(–)work (–)work (+)work (–)work

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Sol. 1st Method :

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

9. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

105 (1670)  10–6

Diatomic 2 moles non conducting

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Efficiency of cycle () :

total Mechanical work done by the

Sol. (i) Since triangle O A V0 and OC V are similar therefore