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SYLLABUS – THE WORLD HISTORY

Chapters Contents Page No
1 Introduction:
1.1 Meaning and Definitions of History-Historians
1.2 Important of the Study of History
2 The Story of Human Evolution
3 History of Ancient Civilizations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Egyptian Civilization
3.3 Mesopotamian Civilization
3.4 Chinees Civilization
4 Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions
4.1 Greek City-States-Cultural Contributions
4.2 Roman Republics-Legacy of Romans
5 Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam
5.1 Life and Teachings of Jesus Christ-Spread of Christianity
5.2 Life and Teachings of Prophet Mohammed
6 Medieval period towards changes-Church, Society and State-
Feudalism
7 Beginning of Modern Age
7.1 Geographical Exploration
7.2 Renaissance
7.3 Reformation-Martin Luther-Counter Reformation
8 World Revolutions
8.1 Industrial Revolution
8.2 American war of Independence
8.3 The French Revolution
8.4 Russian Revolution
9 Napoleon and Rise of Nationalism
9.1 Napoleon Bonaparte
9.2 Unification of Italy
9.3 Unification of Germany
10 World Wars and International Organizations
10.1 World War-1-Treaty of Versailles
10.2 Rise of Dictatorships
10.3 World War-II
10.4 UNO-Organs- Achievements
11 Contemporary World
11.1 Cold War
11.2 Disintegration of USSR
11.3Formation of CIS
12 Non-Aligned Movement-Emergence of The Third World
13 Map Work-Historical places of World Importance
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 Chapter-1
Introduction of History
I. One Mark Questions with Answer
1. What is the meaning of the word ‘Historia’?
Enquiry or Investigation.
2. From which language the term ‘Historia’ derived?
Greek word.
3. Who is called as the father of History?
Herodotus.
4. To which country did Herodotus belong?
Greek Country.
5. Mention the work of Herodotus.
The History of Persian Wars.
6. Who wrote the book ‘The City of God’?
St. Augustine.
7. Who gave the Economic Interpretation of History?
Karl Marx.
8. Write the definition of history by Karl Marx.
History is a Story between Haves and Have nots.
9. What is J.B.Burry’s definition about history?
History is a Science no less and no more.
10.Mention the book of Arnold Toynbee.
The Study of History.
11.Who defined History as ‘The rise and fall of Civilizations’?
Arnold Toynbee.
12.What is the definition of Jawaharlal Nehru about History?
History is a story from Barbarism to civilization.
II. Two Mark Questions with Answer:
1. Mention any two definitions of history.
J.B.Burry- ‘History is a Science no less no more’
Karl Marx- ‘History is a story between the haves and have nots’.
2. Name the works of Karl Marx.
Das Capital and Communist Manifesto.
3. Which are the two important works of Jawaharlal Nehru?
The Discovery of India and The Glimpses of World History.
4. Mention any two professional uses of History.
IAS, KAS, IPS, IFS.
III. Five Mark Questions with Answer:
1. Write the definitions of history.
There is no universally accepted definition of history. It has been defined differently by
different scholars.
1) Herodotus: “History is a record of great heroes and unique events to be remembered
by the future generations”.
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 2) Karl Marx: “History is a struggle between the Haves and Have nots”.
3) J.B.Bury: “History is a Science no less and no more”.
4) Arnold Toynbee: “History is the story of the rise and fall of the civilizations”.
5) Jawaharlal Nehru: “History is a story of man from Barbarism to civilization”.

2. Explain the importance of the study of history.

1) History is the memory of the past events:
The study of history gives us information about the biographies of great men and a
record of major events of the world.
2) History teaches religious tolerance:
The knowledge of history is very essential to develop religious tolerance between
different sects to have peace and understanding in the society.
3) History is the source of Inspiration:
History is like an ocean of human experience. It records joys and sorrows, great deeds,
achievements, contributions, adventures, thoughts and sacrifices of extraordinary
men, hence is a source of inspiration.
4) History promotes patriotism:
A study of history is one of the important factors in promoting patriotism. A nations
heritage such as Art, Music, Literature, Religion, Philosophy, Folklore and so on forms
the basis of nationalism.
5) History is a laboratory of social sciences:
History has practical utility as it supplies historical dada to social sciences like
Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Theology, Philosophy, Logic, Geography etc. so it is
the root of all social sciences.
6) History as professional uses:
It is a competitive world. History is the main core subject for the competitive
examinations like IAS, IPS, IFS, KAS etc.

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 Chapter-2
The Story of the Evolution of Man
I. One Mark Questions with Answer
1. From which language is the term ‘Human’ derived?
Latin Language – ‘Humanus’.
2. What is the meaning of the term ‘Homo’?
Homo means ‘Man’.
3. When did the earth originated?
4.5 Billion Years Ago.
4. Which was the book written by Charles Darwin?
The Origin of Species.
5. When did human like beings evolve on earth?
5.6 Million Years Ago.
6. How many years were required to genus homo to evolve from the super family
Hominoidae?
30 Million Years.
7. When did genus home come into existence?
5.6 Million Years Ago.
8. Which human species was the first to manufacture stone tools?
Homo Habilis.
9. What is Bipedalism?
Walking and running on two feet is called as Bipedalism.

II. Two Mark questions with answer:

1. Mention any two theories of origin and evolution of earth.
The Steady Earth Theory and Big Bang Theory.
2. Which were the two important factors responsible for the formation of Earth’s weather
and climate?
Earth tilt and formation of Moon.
3. Which were the two chemicals responsible for the origin of life?
Hydrogen and Carbon.
4. Which were the two theories proposed by Charles Darwin?
The Theory of Natural Selection and The Theory of Survival of Fittest.
5. Which two animals are considered as the nearest relatives of man?
Chimpanzees and Bonobo.
6. Where do we find evidences for the earliest planned hunting and butchery of large
animals?
Box grove in England and Schoningen in Germany.

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III. Five Mark questions with answer.
1. How was the Earth’s Crust formed?
✓ There are many theories regarding the origin of earth.1) The Steady State theory
2) The Pulsating theory 3) The Big Bang theory.
✓ Earth is one of the planets in the solar system. But it is the only planet on which life
has evolved. Earth is originated 4.5 billion years ago.
✓ The temperature was so high that the earth was a white-hot mass of melted rock.
It witnessed frequent volcanic eruptions and large collisions.
✓ Many numbers of comets and meteors collided with the earth in its early years of
evolution. One such large collision is believed to have caused the earth’s tilt and
formation of moon.
✓ The earth remained in the molten state for many million years and then began to
cool. The volcanic activity also reduced considerably. The gradual cooling of the
earth made the outer side to become solid rock, which is called Earth’s crust.

2. How was food and shelter responsible for Human evolution?

A) Hominoids- lived on trees. The trees provided them protection from the predators.
They were food gatherers. They produced food by gathering seeds, nuts, fruits, berries,
tubers etc. they were not meat eaters.
B) Hominids- began to adapt to land. They began to use caves and extended stone
boulders as shelter. They were searching the dead animals killed by predators for food.
C) Hominines- They began to planned hunting and fishing. They began to erect or build
structural shelters by using stone, wood etc. the above activities made them gradually
develop an upright posture and consequently the bipedal motion. This was required for
survival.

3. What was the role of domestication of animals and agriculture in Human evolution?
✓ Domestication of animals followed by the commencement of agriculture.
✓ The humans who were food gatherers and hunters now became food growers or
food producers.
✓ The early human began to domestication of animals like dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat,
camel and horse. Which is helped the humans in hunting and guarding his shelter.
✓ The Man began to grow various crops like wheat, rice, millets, etc.
✓ The practice of agriculture made man to lead a settled life.
✓ The commencement of agriculture is considered as a revolutionary change in the
history of human evolution.
4. What role did bipedalism and stone tools play in the Human evolution?
Bipedalism: - Bipedalism means walking or running on two feet. The Hominoids were
quadrupeds. They walked on all four limbs. The Hominids gradually adapted an upright
posture.

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 Tool making: - The process of making and using tools required greater intelligence. Wood,
bones and stones were used to make tools. They were mainly used for hunting or
defending from predators. The making and use of stone tools were responsible to the
evolution of forelimbs into hands and also the growth in brain size.

5. Discuss the place of origin of the modern man.

The place of origin of the humans or modern man is a much-debated issue. There are two
divergent theories-
1) The Replacement theory or African origin theory:
According to this theory the modern human species evolved from the archaic species
in Africa. Some of them migrated to different regions of the world at different points
of the time. They replaced the earlier human like species in those regions.
2) The Regional Continuity theory:
According to this theory the evolution of different human species from the earlier
species occurred in all regions of the world. It occurred in Europe and Asia also as it
occurred in Africa.

IV. 10-mark questions with answer.

1. Discuss the important factors of Human evolution.
1) Climate change: - The changing cycle of climate and weather have greatly affected the
human evolution to a very extent. The cooling and drying conditions of the earth led
to the contraction of forests which expanded the plains or grasslands and deserts. This
increased competition among the plants and animals for food. The species which
could better adapt to the climatic changes and procure food survived and the others
became extinct.
2) Growth in brain size: - The human species evolved larger and complex brains due to
the environmental challenges they faced. They had to survive against physically
powerful animals. The growth in the brain size induced many activities like improved
vision, upright posture, bipedalism, tool making, use of fire, planned and skilled
hunting, storing food, language etc.
3) Food and shelter: -
✓ Hominoids- lived on trees. The trees provided them protection from the
predators. They were food gatherers. They produced food by gathering
seeds, nuts, fruits, berries, tubers etc. they were not meat eaters.
✓ B) Hominids- began to adapt to land. They began to use caves and
extended stone boulders as shelter. They were searching the dead
animals killed by predators for food.
✓ C) Hominines- They began to planned hunting and fishing. They began to
erect or build structural shelters by using stone, wood etc.

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 4) Bipedalism: - Bipedalism means walking or running on two feet. The Hominoids were
quadrupeds. They walked on all four limbs. The Hominids gradually adapted an upright
posture.
5) Tool making: - The process of making and using tools required greater intelligence.
Wood, bones and stones were used to make tools. They were mainly used for hunting
or defending from predators. The making and use of stone tools were responsible to
the evolution of forelimbs into hands and also the growth in brain size.
6) Language: - The early humans began to use signals and gradually two or three word
utterances. This kind of crude communication began to improve to produce different
kinds of sounds. Sounds formed languages. The development of language was mainly
because of the growth in the brain size.
7) Domestication of animals and commencement of agriculture: -
✓ Domestication of animals followed by the commencement of agriculture.
✓ The humans who were food gatherers and hunters now became food growers
or food producers.
✓ The early human began to domestication of animals like dog, sheep, goat, cow,
cat, camel and horse. Which is helped the humans in hunting and guarding his
shelter.
✓ The Man began to grow various crops like wheat, rice, millets, etc. the practice
of agriculture made man to lead a settled life.
✓ The commencement of agriculture is considered as a revolutionary change in
the history of human evolution.
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 Chapter-3
History of Ancient Civilizations
I. One Mark questions with answer.
1. On which river bank did the Egyptian civilization develop?
The Nile River.
2. What is the Egyptian writing called as?
The Hieroglyphic writings.
3. Who is the first women empress of the world?
Hatshepsut.
4. Why did Egyptians preserve the dead bodies?
They were believing in the transmigrations of soul.
5. Which is the biggest pyramid in the world?
Giza pyramid.
6. What is the meaning of Mesopotamia?
The land between two rivers.
7. Who built the Hanging Garden?
Nebhu Khadnezer.
8. What is ziggurat?
Temples with toll towers.
9. Who was the greatest ruler of China?
Shi-Hu-Wang-Ti.
10. Who was the proponent of Taoism?
Lao-tse.
11. Who popularized Buddhism in China?
The Buddhist Monks and Traders of India.

II. Two-Mark questions with Answer.

1. Mention any two inventions that helped the growth of civilization.
Use of fire, New weapons, Clay pots, Transport.
2. Define civilization.
The term civilization is derived from the Latin word “Civilis” meaning City-states.
3. Name any two ancient civilizations.
Egypt civilization and Mesopotamian civilization.
4. Why are river valleys called as the cradle of civilizations?
Because of the most civilizations in the world developed on the bank of river valleys.
5. Why is Egypt called as the “Gift of Nile” river?
Because the Egypt civilization was developed on the bank of “Nile river”.
6. Name any two gods and goddess of Egypt civilization.
Amonra and Osiris.
7. Why is the Mesopotamia called as the “Cradle and Graveyard of civilizations”?
Because of many civilizations develop and vanished around 3500 BC to 500 BC in
Mesopotamia region. Hence Mesopotamia is called as the cradle and graveyard of
civilizations.

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 8. Write any two causes responsible for the decline of Mesopotamia civilization.
Weak of inefficient rulers and Persian invasions.
9. Name the river valley on which Chinese civilization flourished.
Hwang-Ho, Yangtze and Sikiyang.
10. Who built the great wall of China and why?
Shih-Hu-Wang-Ti, and to protect the country from the attacks of Hunas and
Mongolians.
11. Mention any two important scientific inventions of Chinese.
Silk, Tea, Ink, Paper, Rubber, Glass etc.
12. Name any two important philosophers of ancient China.
Lao-tse and Confucius.
III. 5 Mark questions with answer
1. Define civilization, distinguish between the civilization and culture.
Etymologically the term civilization is derived from Latin word “Civilis” which means city
or city-states. It stands for more matured and refined life.
Culture Civilization
✓ It is internal ✓ It is external
✓ It includes Art, Literature, ✓ It includes towns, Cities,
Religion, Philosophy, Food and Villages, Buildings, Bridges,
Dress, Thoughts, Beliefs, Transport, Technology etc.
Customs etc.
✓ It is not measurable ✓ It is measurable
✓ Culture comes early ✓ Civilization comes later
✓ There can be a culture without ✓ There can not be civilization
civilization without culture

2. Discuss the factors that helped for the growth of civilization.

▪ Deposition of fertile alluvial soil caused by the river floods.
▪ Continuous and uninterrupted supply of water for irrigation and domestic
purposes.
▪ Favorable climate generally found on the river valleys.
▪ Plenty of food, fruits and vegetables for men and fodder for their animals.
▪ River valleys helped fishing.
▪ Trade and commerce, Transport etc.
3. Explain the political life of Egyptian civilization.
✓ The Egyptian kings called as the ‘Pharoes’. They were considered as the
representatives of god on earth.
✓ The central government system and well administrative system and strict
implementations of law were the basic features of Egyptian polity.
✓ The Pharo Menes united south and north Egypt in around 3000BC and he made
‘Memphis’ as his capital.
✓ Amen Hotep I and Thutmoses I were greatest rulers of Egypt Civilization.
✓ Hatshepsut was first women Empress of the world.

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4. Write a short note on learning and literature of Egyptian civilization.
✓ Egyptians developed pictographic writing and their writing called as
‘Hieroglyphic’.
✓ They had knowledge about medicine, geometry, calendars, astronomy,
mathematic etc.
✓ They knew about the clear distance between stars and planets.
✓ Their calendar was based on sun and known as ‘Solar calendar’.
✓ They develop the calendar of 365 days with 12 months in a year. They invented
‘Shadow clock’.
5. Write a note on Art and Architecture of Egyptians.
✓ They built pyramids to bury their kings’ dead bodies.
✓ The walls of the temples and pyramids are carved with sculptures and
decorated with paintings.
✓ They used sandstone, limestone, granite and wood to curve the statues.
✓ Important monuments are 1) The Sphinx 2) The Giza Pyramid.
✓ The Giza Pyramid is one of the seven wonders of the world.
6. Write a short on the Code of Hammurabi.
✓ Hammurabi was a greatest king of Babylonia of Mesopotamian civilization. He
ruled from 2123 BC to 2081 BC.
✓ he introduced the ‘The Code of Law’ to provide equal justification to the people
of Babylonia. Which is well known as ‘The Code of Hammurabi’.
✓ The code of Hammurabi included 282 Laws. Which related to all aspect of life
such as personal property, trade and business, accident, labors, marriage,
divorce, slaves etc.
✓ Many of the laws are based on the principles of ‘Tit for Tat’, ‘An Eye for An Eye’,
‘A tooth for A tooth’.
✓ The code of laws universal applicable throughout his kingdom.
7. Write about the socio-economic condition of Mesopotamia.
1) Social conditions:
✓ Egypt civilization had well organized society.
✓ The society has been sub divided into three classes-
1)The Upper Class 2) Middle Class 3) the Lower Class.
✓ The Pheroes of Egypt were giving highest respect to women in their society.
Also, they provided ancestral property to the women.
✓ The Pheroes married their own daughters and sisters to prevent the property
and power falling into the hands of outsiders.
2) Economic conditions:
✓ Agriculture was main occupation of Mesopotamians.
✓ The river basins and canals were main source of irrigation.
✓ Mesopotamians built dykes, embankments and storage basins to use the water
throughout the year.
✓ They were producing wheat, barley, fruits, dates etc.
✓ Internal and external trade developed.

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 8. Write a note on Confucius and his Philosophy.
✓ Confucius was the greatest philosopher of China.
✓ The philosophy of Confucius is known as ‘Confucianism’.
✓ The philosophy of Confucius had basis in common Chinese tradition and beliefs,
his sayings are.
1) Character is the foundation of the society.
2) Wisdom is begins at home.
3) The great man acts before he speaks and speaks according to his action.
4) He wished that unemployed be provided jobs.
5) He taught about loyalty towards family, worship pf ancestors, respect
to elders and unity among the people of China.
9. Write a note on Art and Architecture of China.
✓ Shih-hu-wang-Ti built ‘Great Wall’ of China. It is seven wonders of the world. It
is 2380 km long, 22 feet high and 20 feet wide.
✓ They built Buddhist temples called as ‘Pagodas’-1) Goose pagoda 2) Jed pagoda
3) Flask pagoda.
✓ They had painted on silk cloth, tombs walls, pots and papers.
✓ They developed the art of casting bronze statues of animals and monsters.
10. Write a note on writing and literature of China.
✓ The Chinese had developed the art of writing during Shang dynasty.
✓ They have no alphabets and parts of speech.
✓ The Chinese writing started a pictography later they developed characters or
Logogram.
✓ Their writing played an important role in cultural unification. The Chinese script
written from top to bottom.
✓ Tai-Li-Po was the greatest poet of Chinese. ‘Tu-Fu’ was his famous book.

IV. 10-Mark question with answer.

1. Describe the contributions of Egyptian civilization.
1) Political life:
✓ The Egyptian kings called as the ‘Pharos’. They were considered as the
representatives of god on earth.
✓ The Pharos Menes united south and north Egypt in around 3000BC and he
made ‘Memphis’ as his capital.
✓ Amen Hotep I and Thutmoses I were greatest rulers of Egypt Civilization.
✓ Hatshepsut was first women Empress of the world.
2) Social life:
✓ Egypt civilization had well organized society.
✓ The society has been sub divided into three classes-
1)The Upper Class 2) Middle Class 3) the Lower Class.
✓ The Pharos of Egypt were giving highest respect to women in their society.
Also, they provided ancestral property to the women.

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 ✓ The Pharos married their own daughters and sisters to prevent the property
and power falling into the hands of outsiders.
3) Economic life:
✓ it was an agrarian economy.
✓ The Nail river was the main source of irrigation.
✓ Cannels and shadoof were used for irrigation.
✓ They were producing wheat, barley, cotton etc.
✓ Egyptians had developed both internal and external trade, the barter
system was practicing.
✓ The boats, ships and cattle used for transportation.
4) Religious life:
✓ They believed in transmigration of soul and preserved the dead bodies of
their Pharos, known as Mummies.
✓ They believed in life after the death of man.
✓ The important gods of Egyptians were Amon Ra, Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus.
✓ Also, animism and totemism was practicing.
5) Literature and Learning:
✓ Egyptians developed pictographic writing and their writing called as
‘Hieroglyphic’.
✓ They had knowledge about medicine, geometry, calendars, astronomy,
mathematic etc.
✓ They knew about the clear distance between stars and planets.
✓ Their calendar was based on sun and known as ‘Solar calendar’.
✓ They develop the calendar of 365 days with 12 months in a year. They
invented ‘Shadow clock’.
6) Art and Architecture:
✓ They built pyramids to bury their kings’ dead bodies.
✓ The walls of the temples and pyramids are carved with sculptures and
decorated with paintings.
✓ They used sandstone, limestone, granite and wood to curve the statues.
✓ Important monuments are 1) The Sphinx 2) The Giza Pyramid.
✓ The Giza Pyramid is one of the seven wonders of the world.

2. Describe the contributions of Mesopotamian civilization.

1) Political conditions:
✓ The Mesopotamian civilization was ruled by 5 dynasties such as 1) Sumerians
2) Akkadians 3) Amorians or old Babylonians 4) Assyrians 5) Chaldeans or New
Babylonians.
✓ Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar were famous rulers of Mesopotamian
civilizations.
✓ King was head of the state and regarded ad representative of god on earth.
✓ Governors appointed to look after the provincial administration.
2) Social conditions:

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 ✓ The Mesopotamian society was sub divided into four groups 1) The Royal
family 2) The Priest class 3) The Land Lords 4) The Slaves.
✓ The Priests and Scribes held high posts in the administration.
✓ The status of women was in high and the Mesopotamian rulers provided the
ancestral property rights to women.
✓ Women had social, religious and economic freedom.
3) Economic life:
✓ Agriculture was main occupation of Mesopotamians.
✓ The river basins and canals were main source of irrigation.
✓ Mesopotamians built dykes, embankments and storage basins to use the
water throughout the year.
✓ They were producing wheat, barley, fruits, dates etc.
✓ Internal and external trade developed.
4) Religious life:
✓ The Mesopotamians were worshipping many gods and goddess and also, they
were worshipping the nature of their surroundings.
✓ Every village and city had a local deity.
✓ They built ‘Ziggurat’ temples with tall towers.
✓ The important gods of Mesopotamians were Marduk, Ishtav, Uruk, Ur and
Nannar.
✓ They believed magic and demons.
5) Art and Architecture:
✓ Nebuchadnezzar built a place which is known as ‘The Hanging Garden of
Babylonia’. It is one of the seven wonders of the world.
✓ Mesopotamians were excellent artisans and sculptures. They curved beautiful
pictures of eagles and other animals.
✓ The Mesopotamian writing is well known as ‘The Cuneiform writings.
✓ ‘Gilgamesh’ is the great epic of Mesopotamians.
6) Science and Mathematics:
✓ They knew the planets like Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Saturn.
✓ They had a faith in astrology which was based on astronomy.
✓ They divided a year into 12 months with 354 days.
✓ They followed ‘Lunar’ calendar.
✓ They did good progress in the field of medicine. ‘Materia Medica’ was their
famous medicine book.
3. Describe the contributions of Chinese Civilization.
1) Political conditions:
✓ More than 15 dynasties were ruled China from 2100 BC to 1911AD.
✓ Shih-hu-wang-Ti was the greatest ruler of China. He constructed ‘The Great
wall of China’ to protect his kingdom from the attacks of Hunas and Mongols.
✓ the China rulers were established the central and uniform administrative
system.

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 ✓ Shih-hu-wang-Ti introduced uniform laws throughout the country during his
period.
2) Social conditions:
✓ the Chinese society was well organized and traditional society.
✓ It was a male dominated society.
✓ Mother inculcated the moral values among the children.
✓ Girl considered as burden to the family. The position of the women was not so
high.
✓ The Chinese society had four classes based on the nature of work of the
people. 1) officials, scholars, teachers 2) Farmers 3) Artists 4) Merchants.
3) Economic conditions:
✓ It was an agriculturally based society.
✓ They developed canal irrigation and poultry.
✓ They were producing wheat, rice, soya beans, cereals etc.
✓ They more encouraged to grow Tea and Horticultural crops.
4) Learning and Literature:
✓ The Chinese had developed the art of writing during Shang dynasty.
✓ They have no alphabets and parts of speech.
✓ The Chinese writing started a pictography later they developed characters or
Logogram.
✓ Their writing played an important role in cultural unification. The Chinese
script written from top to bottom.
✓ Tai-Li-Po was the greatest poet of Chinese. ‘Tu-Fu’ was his famous book.
5) Art and Architecture:
✓ Shih-hu-wang-Ti built ‘Great Wall’ of China. It is seven wonders of the world.
It is 2380 km long, 22 feet high and 20 feet wide.
✓ They built Buddhist temples called as ‘Pagodas’-1) Goose pagoda 2) Jed pagoda
3) Flask pagoda.
✓ They had painted on silk cloth, tombs walls, pots and papers.
✓ They developed the art of casting bronze statues of animals and monsters.
6) Important inventions of Chinese:
✓ The Chinese invented Silk, Tea, Ink, Paper, Abacus, Acupuncture, Rubber, Gun-
Powder, Glass, Pottery, Spoon, Umbrella etc.

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 Chapter – 4.1
The Greek Civilization
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. Which is the most ancient civilization of Europe.
Greek civilization.
2. What is the meaning of the word Hellenes?
Greeks.
3. In which civilization do we find city – states?
Greek civilization.
4. in which city-state of Greece did democracy develop?
Athens city.
5. Whose period is popularly called as the ‘Golden age of Athens’
Pericles age.
6. Who is called as the father of Medicine?
Hippocrates.
7. Between whom the Peloponnesian wars fought?
Athens and Sparta.
8. Name the battle in which Alexander defeated Porous.
Jhelum battle or Hydraspus battle.
9. Which Indian king defeated Selucus?
Chandragupta Maurya.
10.Who was Euripides?
Tragic poet of Greek.
11.Who wrote the book the Republic?
Plato.
12.Who is the author of Peloponnesian war?
Thucydides.
13.In which year did the Olympic games begin?
776 BC.

II. Two Mark questions with answer

1. Name the two city states of ancient Greece.
Athens and Sparta.
2. Where is Parthenon temple and who built it?
Athens and Pericles.
3. Name any two important Historians of Pericles age.
Herodotus and Thucydides.
4. Name any two important dramatists of Periclean age.
Aeschylus and Sophocles.
5. Name any two battles in which Alexander defeated Persians.
Granicus and Issus.
6. Which are the two works of Homer?
Iliad and odyssey.

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 7. Who are the two lyric poets of Greek civilization?
Pindar and Sappho.
8. Mention any two styles of ancient Greek architecture.
Ionic and Doric.
9. Mention any two philosophers of ancient Greece.
Socrates and Plato.
10.Mention the works of Plato.
The Republic and The Dialogues.
11.Mention the two works of Aristotle.
The Politics and The History of Animals.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Write a short note on the City-States of ancient Greece.
✓ The city-states were the outstanding political achievement of the Greeks.
✓ Important city-states were Sparta, Athens, Macedonia, Corinth, Thebes.
✓ Around 800 BC a group of Greek villages began joining into larger units to form
city-states.
✓ The Greeks were strongly believed that they were all Hellenes.
✓ The Greeks worshipping the gods like-Zeus, Apollo, Athena etc.
✓ At first the city-states were ruled by monarchy and later democracy came into
existence.
2. Explain briefly how democracy developed in Athens.
✓ Athens was an important city-state of Greece. At beginning there was a
monarchy system, but later with the contributions of ‘Law Givers’ Draco,
Solan, and Cleisthenes democracy came into existence in Athens.
✓ Draco – He gave the Athens a written code of laws. Which provided safety
to the people from the tyranny of dishonest and corrupt judges.
✓ Solan – His laws liberated the enslaved farmers, declared debt, slavery as
illegal and cancelled all mortgage of land.
✓ Cleisthenes – He recognized the state on democratic trend.
3. Why is the Periclean age called as ‘The Golden age’? Explain.
✓ Periclean was the greatest ruler, dictator and reformer of Greek civilization.
✓ He more encouraged for the democratic government in Athens.
✓ He destroyed “Arcopagus” or “Legislative body” and established council of
500 members for administrative convenience.
✓ He more encouraged for the judicial system (Jury system) in Athens.
✓ He built “Parthenon Temple” in Athens.
✓ He provided shelter for many scholars, poets, philosophers, historians in his
court. Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Historians – Herodotus and
Thucydides. Poets – Sappho and Pindar.
✓ Hippocrates is well known as “The Father of Medicine”.
✓ Athens developed in all fields during Periclean period, therefore his period
was well known as “The Golden Age Athens”.

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 4. Explain briefly the contributions of Greeks to Literature.
✓ In the field of literature, The Greeks contributed to epics, poetry, drama and
history.
✓ Poets
1)Homer – Iliad and Odyssey
2)Pinder and Sappho were famous lyric poets.
✓ Drama
1)Aeschylus – Prometheus Bound and Agamemnon.
2)Sophocles – Oedipus Rex and Antigone.
3)Euripides – Trojan Women.
✓ Historians
1)Herodotus – The Historia and The Persian Wars.
2)Thucydides – The Peloponnesian Wars.
5. Explain the contributions Of Greeks to Science.
✓ The Greeks were more encouraged for the development of science.
✓ Aristotle – Laid the foundation for the natural science.
✓ Hippocrates - Laid the foundation for Medicine.
✓ Pythagoras and Euclid were famous Mathematicians.
✓ Ptolemy – believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. But
Aristarchus propounded the sun centric theory.
6. Describe the contributions of Greeks to Art and Architecture.
✓ The Greeks were more encouraged for the development of Art and
Architecture.
✓ The Greeks Architecture consists 3 styles of architecture.1) Ionic 2) Doric
3) Corinthian.
✓ Periclean built ‘The Parthenon Temple’ at Athens.
✓ The Gandhara School of Art developed in India due to the Greeks
influence.
✓ The Greeks were more encouraged for the development of Sculpture and
Painting also.

IV. Ten Mark questions with answer

1. Discuss the contributions of Greeks.
1) Literature:
✓ In the field of literature, The Greeks contributed to epics, poetry, drama
and history.
✓ Poets
1)Homer – Iliad and Odyssey
2)Pinder and Sappho were famous lyric poets.
✓ Drama
1)Aeschylus – Prometheus Bound and Agamemnon.
2)Sophocles – Oedipus Rex and Antigone.
3)Euripides – Trojan Women.

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 ✓ Historians
1)Herodotus – The Historia and The Persian Wars.
2)Thucydides – The Peloponnesian Wars.
2) Science:
✓ The Greeks were more encouraged for the development of science.
✓ Aristotle – Laid the foundation for the natural science.
✓ Hippocrates - Laid the foundation for Medicine.
✓ Pythagoras and Euclid were famous Mathematicians.
✓ Ptolemy – believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. But
Aristarchus propounded the sun centric theory.
3) Art and Architecture:
✓ The Greeks were more encouraged for the development of Art and
Architecture.
✓ The Greeks Architecture consists 3 styles of architecture.1) Ionic 2) Doric
3) Corinthian.
✓ Periclean built ‘The Parthenon Temple’ at Athens.
✓ The Gandhara School of Art developed in India due to the Greeks
influence.
✓ The Greeks were more encouraged for the development of Sculpture
and Painting also.
4) Religion:
✓ The Greeks did not believe in god, on the other hand they tended to
glorify men who were powerful and beautiful.
✓ The gods Greeks were 12 Olympians. Ex – Zeus, Apollo, Athena.
✓ The Greeks practiced the celebration of festival Olympia as early as
776 BC.
✓ The first Olympia Games were held in 776 BC at Olympia to honor of god
Zeus. It is held once in every four years.
✓ The Greeks included ‘Marathon’ in Olympia Games in the memory of
Phillippides.
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 Chapter – 4.2
The Roman Civilization
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. On which river bank did the Roman civilization develop?
The Tiber River.
2. When was the Roman republic established?
509 BC.
3. From which word is the name ‘Rome’ derived?
Romulus.
4. The word ‘Republic’ is derived from which Latin word?
Republica.
5. Who was ‘Hannibal’?
General of Carthage.
6. Who became the first dictator of Rome?
Marius.
7. Who acted as a mediator between Julius Caesar and Pompey?
Crassus.
8. Whose famous words are “Vini-Vidi-Vici”?
Julius Caesar.
9. Which was the battle in which Julius Caesar defeated Pompey?
Pharsalus.
10.Who was ‘Cleopatra’?
Queen of Egypt.
11.Who was the person responsible for the murder of Julius Caesar?
Brutus.
12.Name the greatest ruler of Roman Empire?
Augustus Caesar.
13.What was the original name of Augustus Caesar?
Octavian.
14.What is the meaning of Augustus?
Holy or Dignity.
15.Who was the emperor of Rome when Jesus Christ born?
Augustus Caesar.
16.Who shifted the capital city of Roman Empire to Constantinople city?
Constantine.
17.What is the modern name of Constantinople city?
Istanbul.
18.Who was the Famous physician of ancient Roman Empire?
Galen.

II. Two Mark Questions with answer

1. Who founded the city of Rome?
Romulus and Remus.

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 2. Name the ‘First Triumvirate’ of Roman Empire.
1) Julius Caesar 2) Pompey 3) Crosses.
3. Which are the books written by Julius Caesar?
1)Galen Wars 2) Civil Wars.
4. Name the ‘Second Triumvirate’ of Roman Empire.
1)Mark Antony 2) Lapidus 3) Octavian.
5. What is ‘Coliseum’?
Amphitheatre.
6. What is ‘Pax Romana’?
The Peace of Roman Empire.
7. What are ‘Twelve Tables’?
The First Written Code of Law.
8. What is ‘Jus Gentium?
Roman Law.

III. Five Mark questions with answer

1. Explain briefly Roman wars with Carthage.
✓ Three Punic wars take place between the Roman Empire and Carthage to get
the control over on the western Mediterranean region.
✓ The First Punic war: It was a navel battle in this war Rome defeated
Carthage.
✓ The Second Punic war: Hannibal was a General of Carthage. Who defeated
Romans at many places but finally Carthage defeated by Rome.
✓ The Third Punic war: In this war Carthage completely defeated by Rome and
Rome became the Master of Mediterranean region.

2. Write a short on Julius Caesar.

✓ Julius Caesar was a great General, Dictator, Reformer and Symbol of Ancient
Rome.
✓ By this time there emerged ‘First Triumvirate’ (Pompey, Julius Caesar,
Crosses).
✓ The First Triumvirate disintegrated after crosses death. Later Julius Caesar
defeated and killed the Pompey at ‘Pharsalus’ battle and became dictator of
Rome in 48 BC. But he was murdered in 44 BC by Brutus.
✓ His famous words are – “Vini-Vidi-Vici”.
✓ Reforms of Julius Caesar –
1) Increased the strength of the Senate.
2) Distributed public land and provided employment to poor people.
3) Extended citizen rights to provincial subjects.
4) More encouraged for the development of agriculture.
5) Introduced Julius Calendar.
His famous works – Gallic Wars and Civil Wars. He was well known as
‘Kaiser’ and ‘Czar’.

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3. Explain briefly the rise of Eastern Roman Empire.
✓ Most of the immediate successors of Augustus Caesar were weak minded
and Tyrants.
✓ Constantine shifted the capital from Rome to Constantinople city in 330 AD.
At present it is in Turkey and called as ‘Istanbul’.
✓ He issued ‘The Edict of Milan’, which granted liberty to Christians to process
their religion and began the Christianization of Empire.
✓ Ottoman Turks occupied Constantinople city in 1453 AD and ended the
ruling of Eastern Roman Empire.
4. What is ‘Pax Romana’ Explain.
✓ For about two centuries from Augustus Caesar to Marcus (29 BC to 180 AD)
the Roman Empire enjoyed peace.
✓ The establishment of Roman Empire brought about great peace called ‘Pax
Romana’.
✓ During ‘Pax Romana’ the people began to lead prosperous life because of
peace and prosperity.
✓ Received remarkable development in all fields during Pax Romana in Rome.
5. Write a short note on ‘Roman Law’.
✓ The most outstanding intellectual contributions of Romans was the
formation of a body of Law.
✓ The First Written Code came in the form of ‘Twelve Tables’ in 150 BC.
✓ The Roman Law can be divided into two parts.
1)’The Jus-Civil-Law’ – which applied to Roman citizens.
2)The Jus-Gentium’ – which applied to foreigners in Rome.
✓ The Roman Law came to be completely classified and codified by the Great
Emperor Justinian.
✓ The Justinian Code is Known as “Carpus Juris”.
6. What are the contributions of Romans to Language and Literature?
✓ Latin was the language of the ancient Roman Empire. It belongs to the family
of Indo – European languages.
✓ Important poets and their works-
1)Virgil - Aeneid.
2)Livy - Natural History and History of Rome.
3)Tacitus - Annals and Histories.
4)Pliny - The Natural History.
5)Marcus - Meditation.
7. Explain briefly the contributions of Romans to Science.
✓ The Romans were the first to provide free medicine to poor patients.
✓ The famous Scientists of Romans were –
1)Galen – He was the greatest physician of Romans. He wrote on human
anatomy and physiology.
2)Pliny – ‘The Natural History’ is a large compendium of all known science.
3)Aretacus – He was the first to describe Diabetes and Diphtheria.

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 4)Roman Numeral I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X are still used today.
8. What are the contributions of Romans to Art and Architecture?
✓ The Romans were the inventors of concrete.
✓ The Romans introduced two architectural styles.
1)The Arches 2) Domes.
✓ The Roman buildings were decorated with sculptures and reliefs.
✓ Important Monuments were-
1)Pompey’s Theatre.
2)Imperial Palace on Palatine Hills.
3)Coliseum
4)Pantheon building.
5)Saint Sophia Church.
IV. Ten Mark questions with answer.
1. Explain the life and achievements of Augustus Caesar.
✓ August Caesar was a greatest ruler of Roman Empire. He ruled from 29 BC to
15 AD.
✓ By this time ‘The Second Triumvirate’ was established. There were three
Generals 1) Mark Antony 2) Lapidus 3) Octavian.
✓ Lapidus was forced to retired and Octavian defeated Mark Antony in the
battle of ‘Actium’ in 31 BC.
✓ By 27 BC Octavian ruled as a sole leader of Roman Empire for 44 years with
the title of “Augustus” and “Imperator”.
✓ Reforms of Augustus Caesar –
1) He stopped plunder and corruption and strengthened law and order
in Roman Empire.
2) Established New Courts and introduced Postal system.
3) He continued the Julius Calendar and the month of August is named
after him.
4) He constructed public buildings, Roads, Bridges and Fountains.
5) He maintained diplomatic and commercial contacts with a number of
countries including India and China.
6) He more encouraged for the development of Language and Literature,
Science, Art & Architecture,
7) Augustus period is popularly called as “The Golden Age” in the history
of Rome.
8) Augustus Caesar period well known for peace and prosperity.
Therefore, this period called as “The Pax Romana” or “Roman Peace”.

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 Chapter – 5.1
The Rise and Spread of Christianity
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. Which is the biggest religion in the world?
Christianity.
2. Who was the founder of Christianity?
Jesus Christ.
3. Which is the Emblem of Christianity?
Cross.
4. Which was the religious Centre of Jews?
Jerusalem.
5. Which god was worshipped by Jews?
Jehovah.
6. Which was the religious text of Jews?
The Old Testament.
7. Who was the religious prophet of Jews?
Moses.
8. When was the Jesus Christ born?
25th October 4 BC.
9. Where was Jesus born?
Bethlehem in Judea.
10.What do you mean by Christ?
Anointed one.
11.On which hill was Jesus Crucified?
Mount Calvary at Golgotha.
12.Which part of the Bible contains the teachings of Jesus?
The New Testament.
13.Who was ‘The First Roman Emperor’ to accept Christianity?
Constantine.
14.Who was the first Christian Missionary, who came to India to spread of
Christianity?
St. Thomas.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Who were the parents of Jesus Christ?
Joseph and Virgin Mary.
2. Which are the two parts of Bible?
The Old Testament and The New Testament.
3. When was Jesus crucified and who was the Roman Governor at that time?
30 AD and king Herod or Pontius Pilate.
4. What was Resurrection of Jesus?
The Jesus Christ rose to life on the third day after the death. This event is called
as Resurrection of Christ.
5. Who issued Milan Edict and when?

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 Constantine in 313 AD.
6. Which are the two important festivals of Christians?
Christmas and Good Friday.
7. Which are the two sects of Christianity?
Catholic and Protestant.

III. Five Mark questions and answer.

1. Write about the life history of Jesus Christ.
✓ Jesus Christ was the founder of Christianity, Born on 25th December 04 BC at
Bethlehem in Judea. His parents were Joseph and virgin marry.
✓ He spent almost 25 years of his life in Nazareth. He led a simple life and
associated with poor people.
✓ Jesus was profoundly influenced by John Baptist and also baptized by John
at the age of 30.
✓ He spent rest of his life in preaching about fatherhood of god, led a simple
life, mixed freely with poor, helped the sick and oppressed.
✓ He condemned blind Hebrew customs and criticized the Jewish religious
teachers for their worldliness.
✓ Jesus was crucified at Golgotha in 30 AD. This day is celebrated as “Good
Friday”.
✓ It is believed that Jesus rose to life on the third day after the death. This day
is celebrated as “Eastern Sunday”.
2. Explain the teachings of Jesus Christ.
✓ Jesus Christ was the founder of Christianity. The New Testament of the Bible
consists the teachings of Jesus.
✓ Teachings of Jesus Christ –
1) Jesus preached the existence of one god.
2) He preached fatherhood of god and brotherhood of men.
3) He believed in forgiveness and emphasized upon love towards
mankind.
4) He said “Service to people is service to God”.
5) According to Jesus Humanity, Purity of Heart, Sincerity and Fulfillment
of duty were the gateway to heaven.
3. Which are the important causes for the spread of Christianity?
1) Personality of Jesus Christ.
2) Simple principles of Jesus Christ.
3) Role of Apostles.
4) Role of Church.
5) Role of Constantine.

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 Chapter – 5.2
The Rise and Spread of Islam religion
I. One Mark questions with answer.
1. Who was the founder of Islam Religion?
Prophet Mohammad.
2. Which is the holy place of Muslims?
Mecca.
3. On which hilly cave did Mohammed meditate?
Solitary hilly cave at Hira.
4. Who was the messenger who preached the gospels to Prophet?
Gabriel.
5. Which was the stone worshipped by Muslims at Mecca?
Kaaba Shrine.
6. Which is the holy book of Islam?
Quran.
7. What is Kalema?
It means Faith.
8. What is Namaz?
It means Prayer.
9. What is Zaqqat?
It is to give alms to the poor.
10.What is Roza?
It means Fasting.
11.What is Hajj?
It is a holy pilgrim to Mecca.

II. Two Mark questions with answer

1. Which is the symbol of Islam and name the religious center of Muslims?
Star and Crescent, Mecca.
2. When and where was the Prophet born?
570 A.D at Mecca.
3. Who were the parents of Mohammad?
Abdulla and Ameena.
4. What is the meaning of Islam?
Submission to God Allah.
5. Which are the two sects of Islam?
Sunnis and Shias.
III. Five Mark questions and answer
1. Write the life history of Prophet Mohammad.
✓ Prophet Mohammad was the founder of Islam Religion. Born in 570 A.D at
Mecca.
✓ His father was Abdulla and mother Ameena and He was brought up by his
uncle Abu-Talib.
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 ✓ Due to poverty he could not receive any formal education. He spent most of
the time in meditation and fasting.
✓ Gabriel a messenger of god preached holy Gospels to Mohammad when he
was in trance.
✓ He preached purity of life, truth and faith in Allah.
2. Write about the teachings of Prophet Mohammad.
✓ Prophet Mohammad was the founder of Islam religion. Star and Crescent
was the symbol of Islam.
✓ He criticized the meaningless ceremonials like idol worship, polytheism and
superstitions among the Arabs.
✓ He purity of life, truth, faith in Allah.
✓ He said Allah is omnipotent and kind to all. The new faith which Mohammad
preached was called “Islam”. Which means “Submission to God Allah”.
✓ 5 principles of Islam.
1) Kalema - Faith
2) Namaz - Prayer
3) Zaqqat - It is to give alms to the poor.
4) Roza - Fasting
5) Hajj - it is Holly Pilgrim to Mecca.

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 Chapter – 6
Towards change – Church, Society, State and Feudalism
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. Which was the “Divine Language” of Medieval Christianity?
Latin Language.
2. To which court was the papal court shifted from Rome?
Avignon.
3. Who wrote the book “The Divine Comedy”?
Dante.
4. What is Fief?
Granted Land.
5. Who was the first Pope to make Avignon as his capital?
Clement V.
6. Who were ‘Vassals’?
The person who received the Fief was called as ‘Vassal’.
7. When did the Papal Schism end?
1414 A.D.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Mention any two causes for the decline of pope authority in the 14th Century.
1) The immoral successors
2) The rise of National Monarchies.
2. Name any two trade centers of Medieval Europe?
Venice and Genova.
3. Name any two universities that Came into existence in Medieval Europe.
Naples, Cambridge, Oxford, Bologna.
4. Name any two literary styles of Medieval Europe.
The Romances and The Fabliaux.
5. Which are the styles of architecture found in Medieval Europe?
The Romanesque and The Gothic style.
6. From which word is feudalism derived? What is its meaning?
Feudalism is derived from the German word ‘Feud’ which means ‘A Piece of
Land’.
7. Mention the Pyramidical structural hierarchy of Feudalism?

1. King

2. Nobles

3. Knights

4. Vassals

5. Serfs

8. Write two features of Romantic styles.

Round Arches and Small windows.

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 9. Write two features of Gothic styles.
Pointed Arches and Ribbed Vaulting.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Write about the ‘Manorial System’.
✓ It was an important institution of the high middle age.
✓ Under this system the serfs worked in agricultural estates cantered around
a ‘Manor’ owned by a Lord.
✓ The serfs were not slaves, they too owned a piece of land.
✓ They worked in the Lord’s fields as well as their own and paid taxes to the
Lord.
✓ During the later high middle ages, the condition of the serfs improved.
They paid rent instead of giving duties or services to the Lords.
2. Discuss the merits and de-merits of Feudalism.
Merits:
1) It helped the growth of decentralized political administration.
2) It helped the growth of strong Monarchy.
3) It brought stability and order in the society.
4) It developed a sense of duty and order of kings, vassals and serfs.
De-Merits:
1) It increased the gap between the rich and poor people in the society.
2) There were after skirmishes and wars between vassals or the vassals and
kings.
3) The nobles were self-interested, their tyranny led to the suffering of
common people and serfs.
3. What were the causes for the decline of Feudalism?
1) Rise of strong Monarchies: strong Monarchies grow in many countries of
Europe. The kings suppressed the Feudal Lords.
2) Shifted of Loyalty: The common people and serfs were unhappy about
feudal system. So, they shifted their faith and loyalty towards their kings.
3) Growth of commerce and industry: With the growth of commerce and
industry people found new way of livelihood and left their lands.
4) Struggle between the Feudal Lords: Due to many causes the struggle take
place between the feudal lords which caused to the decline of feudalism.
5) Dominance of money economy: Payment in the form of services was
replaced by money. Common people and serfs stopped giving military
services to Lords.
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 Chapter – 7. The Begging of Modern World
7.1 The Geographical Explorations
I. One Mark questions with answer.
1. Who was called as the Navigator?
The Prince Henry of Portugal.
2. Who explored the main land of South America.
Columbus.
II. Two Mark questions with answer.
1. Who occupied the city of Constantinople and when?
Ottoman Turks in 1453 A.D.
2. Why was the Prince Henry called as the Navigator?
The Prince Henry of Portugal established the school of Navigation and provided
the trainings to the youths of Portugal in seafaring and ship making activities.
3. Who discovered the sea route to India and when?
Vasco-da-Gama in 1498 A.D
4. Name any two ships of Magellan.
The Victoria and Trinidad.
5. Which of the first ship circumnavigates the world and who led this?
The Victoria Ship and Magellan.
6. Name any two Geographical Explorers.
Vasco-da-Gama and Columbus.
III. Five Mark questions with answer.
1. What was the role of Columbus and Vasco-da-Gama in Geographical
Explorations?
Columbus:
✓ He was a sailor from Genova in Italy. His life ambition was to discover to sea
route to India.
✓ But he reached San Salvador one of the Island in Bahamans in 1492 A.D and
he believed that he had reached India.
✓ Later he discovered the South America.
Vasco-da-Gama:
✓ He was a sailor of Portuguese and His life ambition was to discover sea route
to India.
✓ He followed the way showed by the Bartolomeo Diaz and finally discovered
sea route to India in 1498 A.D.
✓ He was the first sailor to discovered sea route to India and His voyage opened
the gates for Europeans to enter India.
IV. Ten Mark question with answer
1. Describe the causes and results of Geographical Explorations.
Causes:
1) Decline of Constantinople city in 1453 A.D.
✓ The Modern name of Constantinople city is Istanbul. It is situated in
Turkey.
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 ✓ It was the center for land trade route between the Eastern and
Western countries.
✓ The Ottoman Turks occupied Constantinople city in 1453 A.D and
closed the land trade route.
2) Demand for Asian commodities:
✓ There was a great demand in Europe for Asian commodities like
Spices, Pepper, Ginger, Precious stones, Silk, Pearls, Ivory etc.
3) Travelers accounts:
✓ The European travelers March polo, Nicolo polo and others visited
eastern countries and gave a vivid account of Geography, People,
Wealth and Trade Routes.
✓ All this excited the desires of European Merchants to visit Eastern
Countries.
4) Efforts pf Prince Henry of Portugal:
✓ The Prince Henry of Portugal was established The School of
Navigation at Lisbon city of Portugal.
✓ and provide the seafaring and ship making activities to the youths of
Portugal.
5) Scientific Causes:
✓ The invention of Printing press, Mariners Campus, New Maps, Charts,
Establishment of Banks, Joint stock companies also encouraged the
Navigations.
Results:
✓ As a result of Geographical Discoveries New Continents, Nations, Sea
routes and New Regions were discovered.
✓ Trade and commerce with Eastern countries developed.
✓ The Western culture merged into Eastern culture.
✓ The strong Monarchies were established in England, Spain, France.
✓ Slave trade, Ship making, Banking and Commerce developed.
✓ Venice, Genova, Florence lost their prominent and London, Lisbon
were emerged as new cities.
✓ Christian Religion was spread in many countries of the world.
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 Chapter – 7.2
The Renaissance
I. One Mark questions and answer
1. What is the meaning of the world Renaissance?
Rebirth or Revival.
2. From which word is the term Renaissance derived?
Latin word ‘Renasare’.
3. Which was country was called as the ‘Mother Land of Renaissance’?
Italy.
4. Who invented Printing Press?
John Gutenberg.
5. Who was called as the Father of Humanitism?
Petrarch.
6. Who is the author of ‘Utopia’?
Sir Thomas more.
7. Who wrote the book the ‘Paradise’ lost?
John Milton.
8. Who painted the ‘Monalisa’?
Leonardo-da-Vinci.
9. Who popularized ‘The Law of Gravitation’?
Newton.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Name any two Humanists of Renaissance.
Petrarch and Dante.
2. Mention any two works of Shakespeare.
Macbeth and king Lear.
3. Name any two painters of Renaissance.
Leonardo-da-Vinci and Michael Angelo.
4. Name any two paintings of Michael Angelo.
The Last Judgement, The day and Night.
5. Name any two paintings of Leonardo-da-Vinci.
The Last Supper and The Monalisa.
6. Name any two scientists of Renaissance.
Newton and Galileo.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. What were the causes for Renaissance?
Causes:
1) Capture of Constantinople City in 1453 AD
✓ Istanbul is the present name of Constantinople.
✓ It was occupied by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 AD and forced the scholars
to flee to Italy.
✓ The Pope, Bishop, Princes and Merchants sheltered the scholars. Which
helped for the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature.
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 2) impact of Geographical discoveries
✓ The discovery of new lands in 15th and 16th centuries by the Europeans
brought them into contact with new ideas, thoughts and knowledge.
3) Establishment of Universities
✓ At the beginning of 15th and 16the centuries of European continent many
universities-Naples, Oxford, Cambridge, Bologna were established.
✓ Which more facilitate new thinking and learning.
4) End of Feudalism
✓ By the end of the Medieval age feudalism collapsed.
✓ Merchants became strong.
✓ The kings patronized literature and education.
5) Role of printing press
✓ John Guttenberg of Germany invented the Printing press in 1440 AD.
✓ It was an important factor in spreading new ideas and thoughts to the
people.
✓ The books printed in large number which reached the nooks and corner
of Europe.
2. What were the contributions of Renaissance to Art and Architecture?
Art and Architecture:
✓ The Renaissance more encouraged for the development of art and
architecture.
✓ “The Gothic Style of Architecture” developed during Renaissance period.
It was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Donic, Ionic and Corinthian styles of
architecture.
✓ It consisted of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful
decorations.
Painting:
✓ The greatest glory of renaissance was painting. Important painters and
their paintings were.
Leonardo-da-Vincie –
1) The last Supper
2) The Monalisa
3) The Virgin of Rock.
Michal Angelo –
1) The Last Judgement
2) The Creation of Adam
3) The Day and Night.

3. Give an account to the Scientific progress during the Renaissance.

1) Science:
Renaissance encouraged the development of Science. The great scientists
contributed much to the progress of science in several fields Physics,
Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography and Chemistry.

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 ✓ Roger Bacon – succeeded in discovering many uses of Gun Powder and
the Magnifying lens.
✓ Leonardo-da-Vinci – Invented the Parachute. John Kepler – Improved the
theory of Copernicus.
✓ Galileo – He explained the Copernicus theory and improved the
Telescope.
✓ Newton – Propounded the Laws of Gravitation’.
✓ William Harvey – Introduced ‘The Blood Circulation Theory’.
✓ John Gutenberg – Invented Printing Press.
4. Describe the results of Renaissance.
✓ The Renaissance marked the dawn of the Modern age and end of the
Medieval age.
✓ The Renaissance created the spirit of Humanitism.
✓ The importance of Latin language was reduced and vernacular literature
developed.
✓ The Renaissance gave a tremendous push to art and architecture.
✓ Renaissance encouraged for scientific inventions, experiments and
discoveries etc.
✓ The Renaissance enhanced the importance of the ancient Greek and Roman
classics.
IV. Ten Mark questions with answer
1. What were the causes and results of Renaissance?
Causes:
6) Capture of Constantinople City in 1453 AD
✓ Istanbul is the present name of Constantinople.
✓ It was occupied by the Ottoman Turks in 1453 AD and forced the scholars
to flee to Italy.
✓ The Pope, Bishop, Princes and Merchants sheltered the scholars. Which
helped for the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature.
7) impact of Geographical discoveries
✓ The discovery of new lands in 15th and 16th centuries by the Europeans
brought them into contact with new ideas, thoughts and knowledge.
8) Establishment of Universities
✓ At the beginning of 15th and 16the centuries of European continent many
universities-Naples, Oxford, Cambridge, Bologna were established.
✓ Which more facilitate new thinking and learning.
9) End of Feudalism
✓ By the end of the Medieval age feudalism collapsed.
✓ Merchants became strong.
✓ The kings patronized literature and education.
10) Role of printing press
✓ John Guttenberg of Germany invented the Printing press in 1440 AD.

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 ✓ It was an important factor in spreading new ideas and thoughts to the
people.
✓ The books printed in large number which reached the nooks and corner
of Europe.
Results:
✓ The Renaissance marked the dawn of the Modern age and end of the
Medieval age.
✓ The Renaissance created the spirit of Humanitism.
✓ The importance of Latin language was reduced and vernacular literature
developed.
✓ The Renaissance gave a tremendous push to art and architecture.
✓ Renaissance encouraged for scientific inventions, experiments and
discoveries etc.
✓ The Renaissance enhanced the importance of the ancient Greek and
Roman classics.
2. Describe the cultural contributions of Renaissance.
1) Literature:
The Renaissance more encouraged for the development of literature. Important
works of this period.
✓ Dante - Divine Comedy and The Monarchy
✓ Petrarch - The Africa and Laura
✓ Machiavelli - The Prince
✓ Boccaccio - Decameron
✓ John Milton - The Paradise Lost
✓ Erasmus - The Praise and Fally
✓ Shakespeare - Macbeth, Kinglier etc.
2) Art and Architecture:
✓ The Renaissance more encouraged for the development of art and
architecture.
✓ “The Gothic Style of Architecture” developed during Renaissance period.
It was a mixture of Greek, Roman, Donic, Ionic and Corinthian styles of
architecture.
✓ It consisted of large arches and domes, tall pillars and beautiful
decorations.
3) Painting:
✓ The greatest glory of renaissance was painting.
✓ Important painters and their paintings were.
✓ Leonardo-da-Vincie –
1) The last Supper
2) The Monalisa
3) The Virgin of Rock.
Michal Angelo –
1) The Last Judgement

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 2) The Creation of Adam
3) The Day and Night.
4) Science:
Renaissance encouraged the development of Science. The great scientists
contributed much to the progress of science in several fields Physics,
Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography and Chemistry.
✓ Roger Bacon – succeeded in discovering many uses of Gun Powder and
the Magnifying lens.
✓ Leonardo-da-Vinci – Invented the Parachute. John Kepler – Improved the
theory of Copernicus.
✓ Galileo – He explained the Copernicus theory and improved the
Telescope.
✓ Newton – Propounded the Laws of Gravitation’.
✓ William Harvey – Introduced ‘The Blood Circulation Theory’.
✓ John Gutenberg – Invented Printing Press.
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 Chapter – 7.3
The Church Reformation Movement
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. Who was the leader of the Reformation?
Martin Luther.
2. Who published the 95 theses against the Catholic Church?
Martin Luther.
3. Who is called the ‘Morning Star of Renaissance’?
John Wycliffe.
4. What is Counter Reformation Movement?
It is a branch of Catholic Religion and established to check the progress of
Protestant Movement.
5. What is Inquisition?
Roman Catholic Courts.
6. Who founded the Society of Jesus?
Ignatius Loyola.
7. Who was the Pope during the Reformation Movement?
Pope Leo X.
8. What were Indulgences?
Letters of Forgiveness.
9. What were the followers of Ignatius Loyola called as?
The Jesuits.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Where and in which year was Martin Luther born?
Isalben of Germany.
2. Who was John Wycliffe and to which country did he belong?
Morning Star of Reformation.
3. Name the two sects of Christianity.
Catholic and Protestant.
4. Who led the Counter Reformation? Name the organization he founded?
Ignatius Loyola.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Write about the Counter Reformation Movement.
✓ Ignatius Loyola was called as the Father of Counter Reformation Movement.
The rapid spread of Protestantism alarmed the catholic and they felt the
urgency to check further damage to the Catholic Church.
✓ They demanded reformation from within and the movement came to be
known as ‘Counter Reformation’.
✓ The Catholic Religious leaders conducted ‘Trent Conference’ in 1545 AD to
discuss about the future activities of Catholic Religion.
Principles of Counter Reformation Movement
1) Sales of Indulgencies prohibited.

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 2) Strict disciplinary rules were laid down for Bishops and other religious
officers.
3) Purifying among themselves.
4) Spread the direct principles of Jesus.
5) Check the progress of Protestant Movement.
The Counter Reformation Movement was strengthened by the “Society
of Jesus” under the leadership of Ignatius Loyola. His followers were
popularly known as “Jesuits”.
IV. Ten Mark questions with answer.
1. Explain the causes and results of Church Reformation Movement.
Causes:
1) Religious Causes.
✓ During the Medieval age the Catholic church was the center of the
society.
✓ Pope and Bishop were the leaders of the church. They led luxuries life and
exploited people.
✓ The principles like simplicity and forgiveness of Jesus were completely
forgotten by the Church.
2) Influence of Renaissance.
✓ The Renaissance indirectly influenced the Reformation.
✓ It was steady rising a critical spirit, Individualism and Freedom in thought
and expression.
✓ The Humanists denounced the corruption in the church.
3) Political causes.
✓ The Church interfered in the internal affairs of the state in the Medieval
age.
✓ The Pope had been expressing the right to tax all Christians of Europe.
This was dislike by kings and people.
4) Economic causes.
✓ The Roman church was very rich. It had lots of land, money and other
luxuries articles and buildings.
✓ They also oppressed the people by collecting taxes and fines. The Pope
and Clergy lived lavish and luxurious life.
✓ They collected tax like Tithe and peter pence etc.
✓ The kings and people were burdened by the church for its expenditure.
5) Immediate causes or the sales of Indulgences papers.
✓ The Indulgences were the letters of forgiveness.
✓ The people who committed sin and crimes secured the indulgences by
paying money.
✓ This caused great resentment among the people.
Results:
❖ The Reformation movement freed the individual from blind faith and
provided him intellectual freedom.

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 ❖ The Christian religion was divided into main sects. Ex. 1) Protestant
2) Catholic.
❖ Spread the direct principles of Jesus.
❖ Ended the dominance of Pope and Bishops in the Churches.
❖ Established national churches.
2. Describe the role of Martin Luther in the Church Reformation Movement.
Early life:
✓ Martin Luther was the leader and Father of Church reformation movement.
✓ He was born in Eisleben of Germany in 1483 AD. He secured the Masters
Degree in Theology and later became as the Professor of Theology in
Wittenberg University of Germany.
✓ In 1511 AD, he visited to Rome and he was shocked at the worldliness of the
Pope and the corrupt and immoral life led by the Clergy. He was
disappointed by the evil practices.
Oppose to sale of Indulgences Papers:
✓ In 1517 AD, John Tizel the agent of the Pope of Rome. He was sent to
Germany to sale the Indulgences Papers.
✓ The Indulgences were the Forgiveness letters. He sold them carelessly to
whoever offered money.
✓ The sales of Indulgences were resented by Martin Luther. He wrote his
objections in the form of 95 theses and posted them on the church door at
Wittenberg University of Germany. This was a challenge to the Pope and his
supporters.
Started of Protestant Movement:
✓ Martin Luther’s life was in threat. So, he stayed in isolation place for one
year. During this time, he translated the Bible into German language
(The Manifesto of Reformation).
✓ After one-year Martin Luther returned to Germany and established new
church for his followers. This church was known as “Lutheran National
Church”.
✓ He rejected the leadership of Pope in the churches and He started Protestent
Movement against the Catholic religion.
Principles of Protestant Movement:
▪ Rejected the leadership of Pope in the Church.
▪ Practice of celibacy of the Clergy and Pope was rejected.
▪ Sale of Indulgences and worship of saints were rejected.
▪ The Bible was regarded as the sole source of Christianity.
▪ Spread the direct principles of Jesus.
▪ Established “Lutheran National Churches”
▪ Lutheranism spread into many countries of the Europe.
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 Chapter-8.1
The world Revolutions
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. What is meant by Revolution?
Which means a complete change.
2. What was the period in which the Industrial Revolution took place?
1750 AD to 1917 AD.
3. Mention on which particular field the Industrial Revolution had its profound
effect?
4. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin at first?
England.
5. Who introduced the Water Frame?
Richard Arkwright.
6. Who invented the Spinning Jenny?
James Hargreaves.
7. Mention the city in which Cotton Revolution began first?
Derby.
8. Which city is called ‘the Power House of the North’?
Derby.
9. Where was the coal mining started first?
South Wales of England.
10.Why is James Watt famous for?
Invented Steam Engine.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. What is meant by Revolution?
The term Revolution is derived from the Latin word ‘Revolutio’ which means a
complete change.
2. Mention the fields in which changes took place during the Industrial Revolution.
Agriculture and Textile Industry.
3. Mention any two chemicals invented during the Industrial Revolution?
Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Carbonate.
4. Who invented Gas Lighting on large scale? Which was the city where the Gas
Lighting was introduced first?
William and London.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Explain why the Industrial Revolution process first began in England.
✓ England was the first country in Europe to begin the process of Industrial
Revolution.
✓ It achieved political stability.
✓ National banking system was the first of its kind in Europe to invest with
low interest rates.
✓ The availability of natural resources like coal and iron.

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 ✓ There was increase in population due to better health facilities, low
mortality rate, better diet etc.
✓ This excess population produced work force, ready work at low wages and
an increase in the number of consumers.
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 Chapter-8.2
The American war of Independence
I. One Mark questions and answer
1. in which year did the American war of Independence take place?
1776 AD.
2. Who was the commander in charge of the 13 colonies army of America?
George Washington.
3. Who was the first president of USA?
George Washington.
4. Who was the king of England during the American was of Independence?
George III.
5. Who drafted the Declaration of American Independence?
Thomas Jefferson.
6. In which year was the American Constitution adopted?
1787 AD.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Name any two colonies of American war of Independence.
South Carolina and North Carolina.
2. What do you mean by ‘Boston Tea Party’?
The 13 colonies people of America under the leadership of Paul attacked on
England Tea box loaded ships in 1773 AD and threw them into ocean, which is
called as Boston Tea Party.
3. Name any two factors of Navigation Act.
1) The Raw products of 13 colonies of America should export to England only.
2) 13 Colonies people of America should use England ships only in the trade
and commerce.
4. Name any two philosophers of American war of Independence.
Thames Jefferson and Samuel Adam.
5. Who dropped the declaration of America war of Independence and when?
Thames Jefferson in 1776 AD.
6. Name any two taxes which imposed on 13 Colonies of America by England.
Tea tax, Stamp tax, etc.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Describe the results of the American war of Independence.
Results:
❖ As a results of American Revolution 13 colonies of America became
Independent. America emerged as USA.
❖ George Washington became the First President of USA.
❖ Washington became the First Capital city of USA.
❖ USA received Written Constitution at First time in the world.
❖ USA adopted Democratic principles.
❖ America became super power country in the world.
❖ The American Revolution inspired to the French Revolution.
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IV. Ten Mark question with answer
1. Explain the causes and results of American war of Independence.
1) Commercial policy or Navigation Act of England:
✓ The England Government imposed heavy taxes and restrict on 13
colonies of America through the Navigation Act.
✓ The raw products of 13 colonies of America should export to England
only.
✓ 13 colonies of America should import ready materials from England
only.
✓ 13 colonies of America should use England ships only in trade and
commerce.
2) Seven years Act (1756-1763 AD):
✓ France tried to get the control over on the 13 colonies of America.
✓ Therefore, England declared war on France in 1756 AD. Which lasted till
1763 SD. It is called as “The Seven Years War”.
✓ England defeated France and the war ended with Paris Treaty in 1763.
✓ To fulfill the war expenditure England imposed heavy taxes on 13
colonies of America.
3) Intellectual Causes:
✓ Several writers like Thames Pain, John Lock, Samuel Adam, Thames
Jefferson were laid the strong foundation for the American Revolution.
✓ They inspired the 13 colonies people of America and let them to join in
the American war of Independence.
4) British taxation policy:
✓ The England Government Introduced new Acts like Sugar Act-1764,
Stamp Act-1764, Townshend Act-1767 in 13 colonies of America.
✓ Through this Acts England Government imposed heavy taxes on the
products of 13 colonies of America.
✓ Example – Taxes on Tea, Glass, Paper, Sugar, Stamp, Silk etc.
5) Boston Tea Party in 1776 AD:
✓ After Boston Massacre the England Government was cancelled all taxes
except Tea. Which let to the Boston Tea Party.
✓ 13 colonies people of America were gathered at Boston Harbor under
the Leadership of Paul.
✓ They demanded England Government to cancel the tax on Tea. But it
was neglected by England.
✓ Therefore 13 colonies people of America attacked on tea boxes loaded
ships of England and threw them into ocean. Which is called as “Boston
Tea Party”.
Results:
❖ As a results of American Revolution 13 colonies of America became
Independent.
❖ America emerged as USA.

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 ❖ George Washington became the First President of USA.
❖ Washington became the First Capital city of USA.
❖ USA received Written Constitution at First time in the world.
❖ USA adopted Democratic principles.
❖ America became super power country in the world.
❖ The American Revolution inspired to the French Revolution.

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 Chapter – 8.3
The French Revolution – 1789 AD
I. One Mark question with answer
1. In which year did the French Revolution begin?
1789 AD.
2. Name the dynasty that ruled France during French Revolution.
Bourbon Dynasty.
3. Who was called as “The Grand Monarch” of Europe?
Louis XIV.
4. Who was the king of France at the time of French Revolution?
Louis XVI.
5. What was nickname of Marie Antoinette?
Madam Deficit.
6. Which is the famous book of Montesquieu?
The Spirit of Laws.
7. Name the book of Voltaire.
The Letters on English.
8. Name the French Philosopher who supported the benevolent despotism?
Voltaire.
9. Who is known as the Father of French Revolution?
Rousseau.
10.Which book is regarded as the “Bible of French Revolution”?
The Social Contract.
11.Who wrote the book “The Social Contract”?
Rousseau.
12.In which year did the fall of Bastille take place?
1789 AD.
13. Who was the head of the “Committee of Public Safety”?
Robespierre.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Name any two rulers of France on the eve of French Revolution?
Louis XV and Louis XVI.
2. Who were the King and Queen of France at the time of French Revolution?
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
3. Name the three groups of French Revolution.
The Nobles, The Clergies and The Common.
4. Name any two Philosophers of French Revolution.
Voltaire and Rousseau.
5. What were the Watch Words of French Revolution?
Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.
6. Name the two books of Rousseau.
The Social Contract and Confession and Laws.
7. Name any two taxes paid by the French people.
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 Tithe and Taille.
8. Name any two financial ministers of France on the eve of French Revolution.
Turgot and Necker.
9. What did the financial ministers of France suggested to solve the financial crisis?
They suggested the reduction in unnecessary expenditure and to impose same
taxes on privileged classes.
10.What is the Tennis Court Oath?
The Third Estate people of France assembled at a tennis court on 20th June 1789
AD and took an oath that they should not disperse until a constitution was
formed for France.
11.Name the two political Parties of French revolution.
Girondist and Jacobines.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Explain the social and economic causes for French Revolution.
Social Causes:
✓ The Privileged Class people were very less in population, having
enormous wealth and property, but they were exempted from paying the
taxes to the government.
✓ The Unprivileged Class people were more than 98% of the total
population. They were not having any wealth and property. But they
should pay different taxes to the government. Example – Taille, Tithe,
Gable, Carve, Vingve etc.
✓ This kind of economic exploitation and discontent among the common
people made them to revolt against the Bourbon dynasty.
Economic Causes:
✓ The Privileged Class people were very less in population, having
enormous wealth and property, but they were exempted from paying the
taxes to the government.
✓ The Unprivileged Class people were more than 98% of the total
population. They were not having any wealth and property. But they
should pay different taxes to the government. Example – Taille, Tithe,
Gable, Carve, Vingve etc.
✓ This kind of economic exploitation and discontent among the common
people made them to revolt against the Bourbon dynasty.
2. Give an account of the intellectual causes for the French Revolution.
Intellectual Causes:
✓ Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau were famous Philosophers of
France during French Revolution.
✓ They wrote about the political tyranny, social inequality and economic
exploitations and also, they were insisted for reforms in France.
✓ Rousseau was called as the Father of French Revolution. His famous book
“The Social Contract”, which is well known as the Bible of French

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 Revolution. He introduced three watch words 1) Liberty 2) Equality
3) Fraternity.
✓ Montesquieu wrote “The Spirit of Laws”.
3. Write a note on the political and immediate cause for the French Revolution.
Political causes:
✓ France was ruled by the Bourbon dynasty for many centuries.
✓ The French Monarchy was absolute. Louis XIV the king of France, who
was called “The Grand Monarch of Europe”. He believed in the Divine
Right Theory of kings.
✓ Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI were weak minded rulers. They were
neglected the interests of the people and ruled according to their whims
and fancies.
✓ They had no ability to rule the nation and they more addicted to the
worldly pleasure and did not look into the problems of the people.
✓ Louis XVI was under the influence of Nobles and Clergy and he was a
puppet of Queen Marie Antoinette.
Immediate Causes:
✓ The National debt increased owing to the costly wars and lavish
expenditures of the king and his family for their luxurious life.
✓ The Financial Ministers Turgot, Necker, Alexander Calonne were
suggested the reduction in unnecessary expenditure and to impose some
taxes on The Privileged Class people to solve the financial crisis.
✓ But the Privileged class people opposed the financial ministers’
suggestions. Therefore, economical bankruptcy was continued.
4. Mention the Results of the French Revolution.
Results:
❖ As a result of French Revolution, The Bourbon Dynasty ruling was ended
in France.
❖ The Republic form of government was formed in France.
❖ The Franc received the Witten Constitution as second nation in the
world.
❖ The France government declared Human Rights.
❖ The Directory government, which came to power after the Revolution.
❖ The Napoleon Bonaparte became prominent after the French
Revolution.
❖ The French revolution introduced Three watch words in the world
1) Liberty 2) Equality 3) Fraternity.

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IV. Ten Mark questions with answer
1. Explain briefly the causes and results of the French Revolution.
Causes:
1) Political causes:
✓ France was ruled by the Bourbon dynasty for many centuries.
✓ The French Monarchy was absolute. Louis XIV the king of France, who
was called “The Grand Monarch of Europe”. He believed in the Divine
Right Theory of kings.
✓ Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI were weak minded rulers. They were
neglected the interests of the people and ruled according to their whims
and fancies.
✓ They had no ability to rule the nation and they more addicted to the
worldly pleasure and did not look into the problems of the people.
✓ Louis XVI was under the influence of Nobles and Clergy and he was a
puppet of Queen Marie Antoinette.
2) Social Causes:
✓ Social inequality was the main cause for the French Revolution. The
French society was sub divided into 2 classes. 1) The Privileged Class
2) The Unprivileged Class.
✓ The Privileged Class people were very less in population, having
enormous wealth and property, but they were exempted from paying the
taxes to the government.
✓ The Unprivileged Class people were more than 98% of the total
population. They were not having any wealth and property. But they
should pay different taxes to the government.
✓ Which paved the way for the outbreak of the French Revolution.
3) Economic causes:
✓ The Privileged Class people were very less in population, having
enormous wealth and property, but they were exempted from paying the
taxes to the government.
✓ The Unprivileged Class people were more than 98% of the total
population. They were not having any wealth and property. But they
should pay different taxes to the government. Example – Taille, Tithe,
Gable, Carve, Vingve etc.
✓ This kind of economic exploitation and discontent among the common
people made them to revolt against the Bourbon dynasty.
4) The Intellectual causes:
✓ Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau were famous Philosophers of
France during French Revolution.
✓ They wrote about the political tyranny, social inequality and economic
exploitations and also, they were insisted for reforms in France.
✓ Rousseau was called as the Father of French Revolution. His famous book
“The Social Contract”, which is well known as the Bible of French

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 Revolution. He introduced three watch words 1) Liberty 2) Equality
3) Fraternity.
✓ Montesquieu wrote “The Spirit of Laws”.
5) Financial Bankruptcy:
✓ The National debt increased owing to the costly wars and lavish
expenditures of the king and his family for their luxurious life.
✓ The Financial Ministers Turgot, Necker, Alexander Calonne were
suggested the reduction in unnecessary expenditure and to impose some
taxes on The Privileged Class people to solve the financial crisis.
✓ But the Privileged class people opposed the financial ministers’
suggestions. Therefore, economical bankruptcy was continued.
Results:
❖ As a result of French Revolution, The Bourbon Dynasty ruling was ended
in France.
❖ The Republic form of government was formed in France.
❖ The Franc received the Witten Constitution as second nation in the
world.
❖ The France government declared Human Rights.
❖ The Directory government, which came to power after the Revolution.
❖ The Napoleon Bonaparte became prominent after the French
Revolution.
❖ The French revolution introduced Three watch words in the world
1) Liberty 2) Equality 3) Fraternity.
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 Chapter – 8.4
The Russian Revolution of 1917 AD
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. Which was the principle advocated by the Russian Revolution?
The Socialist principle.
2. who was the Tsar ruling Russia at the time of Russian Revolution?
Tsar Nicholas II.
3. Which was the dynasty ruling Russia at the time of Revolution?
The Romanov Dynasty.
4. Name the Queen of Tsar Nicholas II?
Tsarina Alexandra.
5. Who was the Monk who influenced the administration of Tsar Nicholas II.
Rasputin.
6. On what principles were the Tsars ruling Russia?
The Principle of Divine Origin.
7. Who introduced the principle of Russification?
Tsar Alexander III.
8. Who wrote the book ‘The Father and Sons’?
Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
9. Who wrote the book ‘Poor Folk’?
Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
10.When did the ‘Bloody Sunday’ take place?
Sunday 22nd January 1905 AD.
11.Which nation defeated Russia in 1905 AD?
Japan.
12.Who was the leader of Mensheviks?
Alexander Kerensky.
13.Name the party that was led by Lenin.
Bolsheviks party.
14.Under which leader the Provincial government was formed in Russia?
Alexander Kerensky.
15.Expand NEP.
New Economic Policy.
16.Expand USSR.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Name the two classes of Russian society.
The Previleged class and The Unprivileged class.
2. Which was the Slogan of Russification?
One Nation, One Language, One Church and One Tsar for Russia.
3. Name any two intellectuals who influenced the Russian Revolution.
Leo Tolstoy and Turgenev.
4. Name the two works of Leo Tolstoy.
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 1) War and Peace 2) Anna Karenina.
5. Who was Maxim Gorky? and name his works.
Philosopher of Russia and his works – 1) Mother 2) Children of the Sun.
6. Name the Intellectuals of Russia who were influenced by Karl Marx.
Lenin and Trotsky.
7. Mention two works of Karl Marx.
1) Das Capital 2) Communist Manifesto.
8. What was the call given by Karl Marx to the world laborer’s?
Workers of the world unite, you have nothing to lose but your chains of slavery.
9. What is bloody Sunday?
On 22nd January 1905 AD, Father Gapan led a huge rally of workers and wanted
to meet the Tsar Nicholas II to express their grievances. Most of them were killed
by the army. This is known as the Bloody Sunday.
10.Name the two parties of Russian Revolution.
Bolshevik and Menshevik.

III. Five Mark questions with answer

1. Explain the Social and Economic causes of Russian Revolution.
1) Social causes:
✓ The Russian society was subdivided into two groups. 1) The Privileged
class 2) The Unprivileged class.
✓ The Privileged class includes – The Royals, The Land Lords and The
Capitalists. They were very rich and had a high status in the society. Also,
Civil and Military Administrative posts were reserved for them.
✓ The Unprivileged class includes – Peasants and Workers. They were living
in poverty and exploited by the Privileged classes.
2) Economic Causes:
✓ Agriculture was main occupation of Russia. But due to Industrial
Revolution agriculture was neglected.
✓ Peasants left their agricultural field and became as labors and workers to
work in the Industries.
✓ They worked in dangerous and unhygienic conditions for long hours and
for low wages.
✓ Due to Industrial Revolution the agricultural products decreased and it
resulted in Inflation.

2. Explain the causes of Russian Revolution.

1) Political causes:
✓ Tsars were the rulers of the Romanov dynasty of Russia. They were
autocratic and inefficient.
✓ They ruled the kingdom on the principles of ‘Divine Origin’.
✓ The administration was centralized and very corrupt, which affected the
lives of the people.

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 2) Social causes:
✓ The Russian society was subdivided into two groups. 1) The Privileged
class 2) The Unprivileged class.
✓ The Privileged class includes – The Royals, The Land Lords and The
Capitalists. They were very rich and had a high status in the society. Also,
Civil and Military Administrative posts were reserved for them.
✓ The Unprivileged class includes – Peasants and Workers. They were living
in poverty and exploited by the Privileged classes.
3) Economic Causes:
✓ Agriculture was main occupation of Russia. But due to Industrial
Revolution agriculture was neglected.
✓ Peasants left their agricultural field and became as labors and workers to
work in the Industries.
✓ They worked in dangerous and unhygienic conditions for long hours and
for low wages.
✓ Due to Industrial Revolution the agricultural products decreased and it
resulted in Inflation.
4) Russification:
✓ The Tsars of Russia were implemented an oppressive, autocratic and
centralized administration.
✓ They introduced the slogan was “One Nation, One Language, One Church
and One Tsar for Russia”. This is called Russification.
5) Bloody Sunday Incident:
✓ On Sunday 22nd 1905 AD, Father Gapan led a huge rally of workers and
wanted to meet the Tsar Nicholas II to express their grievances.
✓ But most of them were killed by the army. This bloodshed event was
known as ‘Bloody Sunday’.
6) Military causes:
✓ Russia was defeated by small country Japan in 1905 AD. Later Russia
defeated in the First World War.
✓ These debacles exposed the military weakness of Russia to the world.
✓ It was very shamed to Russian people and they opposed the ruling of
Tsars in Russia and involved in revolutions.
3. Describe the role of Lenin in Russian Revolution.
✓ Lenin was an important leader of Russian Revolution. He was born in
Simbirsk on 22nd April 1870 AD.
✓ He was influenced by Marxism at an early age and he became a
Revolutionary.
✓ His famous book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia”.
✓ ‘Iskar’ was his famous newspaper. He became the leader of an extremist
revolutionary group called “The Bolshevik Party”.
✓ On 25th October 1917 AD, he overthrew the Menshevik government of
Kerensky and became the leader of Republic Government of Russia.

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 ✓ He introduced “The New Economic Policy” in 1921 AD. Russia became as
USSR (The Union Soviet Socialist Republic) in 1922 AD.
✓ During his period Russia was developed in all fields. Many Industries and
Banks were nationalized.
IV. Ten Mark question with answer.
1. Explain the causes and Results of Russian Revolution.
Causes:
1) Political causes:
✓ Tsars were the rulers of the Romanov dynasty of Russia. They were
autocratic and inefficient.
✓ They ruled the kingdom on the principles of ‘Divine Origin’.
✓ The administration was centralized and very corrupt, which affected the
lives of the people.
2) Social causes:
✓ The Russian society was subdivided into two groups. 1) The Privileged
class 2) The Unprivileged class.
✓ The Privileged class includes – The Royals, The Land Lords and The
Capitalists. They were very rich and had a high status in the society. Also,
Civil and Military Administrative posts were reserved for them.
✓ The Unprivileged class includes – Peasants and Workers. They were living
in poverty and exploited by the Privileged classes.
3) Economic Causes:
✓ Agriculture was main occupation of Russia. But due to Industrial
Revolution agriculture was neglected.
✓ Peasants left their agricultural field and became as labors and workers to
work in the Industries.
✓ They worked in dangerous and unhygienic conditions for long hours and
for low wages.
✓ Due to Industrial Revolution the agricultural products decreased and it
resulted in Inflation.
4) Russification:
✓ The Tsars of Russia were implemented an oppressive, autocratic and
centralized administration.
✓ They introduced the slogan was “One Nation, One Language, One Church
and One Tsar for Russia”. This is called Russification.
5) Bloody Sunday Incident:
✓ On Sunday 22nd 1905 AD, Father Gapan led a huge rally of workers and
wanted to meet the Tsar Nicholas II to express their grievances.
✓ But most of them were killed by the army. This bloodshed event was
known as ‘Bloody Sunday’.
6) Military causes:
✓ Russia was defeated by small country Japan in 1905 AD. Later Russia
defeated in the First World War.

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 ✓ These debacles exposed the military weakness of Russia to the world.
✓ It was very shamed to Russian people and they opposed the ruling of
Tsars in Russia and involved in revolutions.
Results:
✓ As a result of Russian Revolution, The Romanov dynasty came to an end
in Russia.
✓ The Russia became as USSR and adopted communist principles.
✓ Lenin became as one of the most important leaders of Russia.
✓ Lenin introduced NEP (New Economic Policy) in 1921 AD in Russia.
✓ Communist ideology began to spread to different parts of the world.
✓ Russia achieved tremendous progress under New Communist
Government and emerged as a powerful nation in the world.
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 Chapter – 9.1
Napoleon Bonaparte and The Rise of Nationalism
I. One Mark question with answer
1. Who was the First Consul of France?
Napoleon Bonaparte.
2. Who was admiral Nelson?
Chief Commander of England Army.
3. In which year did Napoleon Bonaparte crown himself as the Emperor of France?
1804 AD.
4. Who established the Bank of France?
Napoleon Bonaparte.
5. Which university was founded by Napoleon?
The University of France.
6. Who imposed the Continental System?
Napoleon Bonaparte.
7. Where did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
Saint Helena Island.
8. Which was the last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte?
Waterloo.
9. Who is called as the Second Justinian?
Napoleon Bonaparte.
10.In which year was the Battle of Waterloo fought?
1815 AD.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Name the parents of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Charles Bonaparte and Romolina.
2. Where and in which year was Napoleon born?
Ajaccio in the Island of Corsica. 15th August 1769 AD.
3. Between whom and when was “Tilsit Treaty” conduct?
France and Russia in 1807 AD.
4. What is Concordat?
It was one of the Religious Treaty. Which take place between Napoleon
Bonaparte and Pope of Rome in 1802 AD.
5. What is Continental System?
According to Continental System British goods were fully exclude from the whole
of Europe. This was called as Continental System.
6. What is Legion of Honor?
To Honor those who rendered meritorious military and civil services to the state
Napoleon Bonaparte started an award of “Legion of Honor”.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Write about the Life and Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Early life:

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 ✓ Napoleon Bonaparte was the famous Dictator of France. He was born at
Ajaccio of Corsica island on 15th August1769 AD. His parents were Charles
Bonaparte and Romolino.
✓ Later he joined as a soldier in French army. Because of his ability he rose
from post to post.
Rise of Napoleon:
✓ Italian Campaign-1796 AD: The French army sent to invade on Italy under
the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte. He defeated the combined army of
Sardinia and Austria at one of the battles.
✓ The Battle of Pyramids: The French army sent invade on Egypt under the
leadership of Napoleon. He defeated England army at the Battle of Pyramids.
But in the ‘Navel’ or ‘Nile Battle’ Napoleon defeated by Admiral Nelson, The
Chief Commander of England army.
✓ End of Directory Government: Napoleon overthrew the Directory
Government in 1799 AD. And established three members ‘Consulate’
Government. Later Napoleon declared himself as the Emperor of France in
1804 AD.
2. Write about the military expeditions of Napoleon Bonaparte.
1) Battle of Trafalgar – 1805 AD: in this battle Napoleon defeated by the
combined army of Allied Nations.
2) Battle of Austerlitz – 1805 AD: Napoleon defeated Austria and Russia in this
battle and Napoleon concluded ‘The Treaty of Tilsit’ with Russia in 1807 AD.
3) Continental System: England strength was in its Trade and Commerce. Hence
Napoleon decided to attack England by destroying trade and commerce. He
issued Berlin Decrees in 1806 and Milan Decrees in 1807 AD. Accordingly British
goods were fully excluded from the whole of Europe.
4) Russian Campaign – 1812 AD: Napoleon invaded on Russia in 1912 AD. But
French army terribly suffered mainly from biting cold, hunger and thirst.
Napoleon without fighting returned to France with a loss of 3Lakhs soldiers.
5) Battle of Leipzig – 1813 AD: The combined army of Austria and Prussia defeated
Napoleon in the battle of Leipzig in 1813 AD. Napoleon was arrested and
deported to the Saint Elba island.
6) Battle of Waterloo – 1815 AD: Napoleon fled back to France from Elba Island
and ruled for 100 days. But finally, the Allied Nations defeated Napoleon in “The
Battle of Waterloo” in 1815 AD. Napoleon arrested and sent to Saint Helena for
the life imprisonment.

3. Discuss the Continental System of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Continental System:
✓ England strength was in its Trade and Commerce. Hence Napoleon decided to
attack England by destroying trade and commerce.
✓ He issued Berlin Decrees in 1806 and Milan Decrees in 1807 AD.
✓ Accordingly, British goods were fully excluded from the whole of Europe.

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 4. Explain the causes for the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte.
✓ Napoleons inordinate ambition, pride and self – centered nature ruined him
in the end.
✓ The failure of Continental System.
✓ The Rise of Nationalism against the Napoleon Empire was another factor
that led to his fall.
✓ Untrained soldiers in the Napoleons army.
✓ Russia Expeditions of Napoleon.
✓ Napoleon was failed to defeated England army. Etc.
5. Napoleon Bonaparte was ‘The Child of Revolution’ and ‘The Destroyer of
Revolution’ justify this statement.
✓ Napoleon was ‘The Child of Revolution’ in his Reforms and ‘The Destroyer of
the Revolution’ in his military efforts.
✓ He introduced many reforms in France. Example
1) He established central and uniform administrative system in France.
2) The Country divided into many Provinces and appointed Prefect and Sub
Prefects.
3) He introduced the ‘Legal Code’ in judicial system.
4) He signed for ‘The Concordat Treaty’ in 1802 AD and declared The
Catholic Religion as state religion.
5) He more encouraged for the development of Education, Judicial System,
Trade and Commerce, undertook a number of public works and provided
employment.
✓ Napoleon overthrew the Directory Government in 1799 AD. And
established three members ‘Consulate’ Government. Later Napoleon
declared himself as the Emperor of France in 1804 AD.
✓ He defeated Allied nations in Austerlitz, Leipzig battles.
✓ Finally, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated by combined army of Allied
Nations in Waterloo battle in 1815 AD.
IV. Ten Mark questions with answer
1. Write about the Rise and Conquests of Napoleon Bonaparte.
✓ Napoleon Bonaparte was the famous Dictator of France. He was born at
Ajaccio of Corsica island on 15th August1769 AD. His parents were Charles
Bonaparte and Romolino.
✓ Later he joined as a soldier in French army. Because of his ability he rose
from post to post.
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte:
✓ Italian Campaign-1796 AD: The French army sent to invade on Italy under
the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte. He defeated the combined army of
Sardinia and Austria at one of the battles.
✓ The Battle of Pyramids: The French army sent invade on Egypt under the
leadership of Napoleon. He defeated England army at the Battle of Pyramids.

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 But in the ‘Navel’ or ‘Nile Battle’ Napoleon defeated by Admiral Nelson, The
Chief Commander of England army.
✓ End of Directory Government: Napoleon overthrew the Directory
Government in 1799 AD. And established three members ‘Consulate’
Government. Later Napoleon declared himself as the Emperor of France in
1804 AD.
Conquests of Napoleon Bonaparte:
✓ Battle of Trafalgar – 1805 AD: in this battle Napoleon defeated by the
combined army of Allied Nations.
✓ Battle of Austerlitz – 1805 AD: Napoleon defeated Austria and Russia in this
battle and Napoleon concluded ‘The Treaty of Tilsit’ with Russia in 1807 AD.
✓ Continental System: England strength was in its Trade and Commerce.
Hence Napoleon decided to attack England by destroying trade and
commerce. He issued Berlin Decrees in 1806 and Milan Decrees in 1807 AD.
Accordingly British goods were fully excluded from the whole of Europe.
✓ Russian Campaign – 1812 AD: Napoleon invaded on Russia in 1912 AD. But
French army terribly suffered mainly from biting cold, hunger and thirst.
Napoleon without fighting returned to France with a loss of 3Lakhs soldiers.
✓ Battle of Leipzig – 1813 AD: The combined army of Austria and Prussia
defeated Napoleon in the battle of Leipzig in 1813 AD. Napoleon was
arrested and deported to the Saint Elba island.
✓ Battle of Waterloo – 1815 AD: Napoleon fled back to France from Elba Island
and ruled for 100 days. But finally, the Allied Nations defeated Napoleon in
“The Battle of Waterloo” in 1815 AD. Napoleon arrested and sent to Saint
Helena for the life imprisonment.
2. Describe the administrative reforms of Napoleon Bonaparte.
1) Administrative reforms:
✓ Napoleon established central and uniform administrative system in
France.
✓ The whole country was divided into many provinces for administrative
convenience and Prefect and Sub-Prefects in the provinces.
2) Code of Napoleon:
✓ To provide the equal justification Napoleon introduced ‘The Code of
Napoleon’ in Judicial system.
✓ There are Five codes – 1. Civil Code 2. Civil Procedure Code 3. Pinal Code
4. Criminal Procedure Code 5. The Commercial Code.
3) The Concordat Treaty:
✓ It was one of the religious treaties. Which take place between Napoleon
and Pope of Rome in 1802 AD.
✓ Accordingly declared The Catholic Religion as the state religion of France.
4) Educational reforms:
✓ Napoleon introduced national scheme of education.

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 ✓ He established the university of France in 1808 AD. Two subjects taught
commonly were Christian Ethics and Loyalty to the France.
5) Public works:
✓ Napoleon undertook a number of public works. This helped to solve the
unemployment problem.
✓ Developed transport system and constructed highways, huge bridges
were built, old canals and water ways were repaired and put to better
use.
✓ New streets were constructed and triangular arches were built.
Established Louvre museum, Paris city was beautified.
6) Economic reforms:
✓ Napoleon Bonaparte was more encouraged for the development of
trade and commerce.
✓ He took many measures to root out corruption and gambling.
✓ Napoleon established National Bank of France in 1805 AD.
7) Legion of Honor:
✓ To honor those who rendered meritorious military and civil services to
the state, Napoleon Bonaparte started an award called “Legion of
Honor”.
✓ It was based on principles of equality without distinction of class and
religion
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 Chapter – 9.2
Unification of Italy
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. What is Carbonari?
Revolutionary Organisation of Italy.
2. Who founded “Young Italy”?
Joseph Mazzini.
3. Who said “Pen is mightier than Sword”?
Joseph Mazzini.
4. Who published the paper “Resorgimento”?
Count-D-Cavour.
5. Which treaty was concluded after the war between Austria and Sardinia?
Villa Franca Treaty.
6. Who established the “Red Shirt Army”?
Joseph Garibaldi.
7. Who was the first king of Italy?
Victor Emmanuel II.
8. Name the capital of united Italy.
Rome.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Name the architects of Italian Unification.
Joseph Mazzini, Joseph Garibaldi.
2. What were the aims of Young Italy?
1) To achieve the Italian Unification.
2) Trained the Youths of Italy to participate in Italian Unification.
3. Who was called as the Sword of Italian Unification? Name the army he established.
Joseph Garibaldi and Red Shirt Army.
4. Name any four states of Italy.
Lombardi, Venetia, Parma, Modena.
5. Who was the chancellor of Victor Emmanuel II? What was his Policy?
Count-D-Cavour, his policy war and diplomacy.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Trace the role of Joseph Mazzini in the Unification of Italy.
✓ He was called as the “Soul of Italian Unification”. He was born at Genoa in 1805
AD.
✓ He believed that “Pen is Mightier than Sword” and decided to infuse patriotism
among the people of Italy through his articles.
✓ He was a member of “Carbonari” revolutionary organisation of Italy.
✓ His life ambition was to achieve the Italian Unification. So, He founded a society
called “Young Italy” in 1831 AD.
✓ Through Young Italy, he provided the trainings and political education to the
youths of Italy and inspired them to participate in the Italian Unification.

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 2. Describe the role of Count-D-Cavour in Italian Unification.
✓ He was called as the “Brain of Italian Unification”. He was born in 1810 AD, at
Piedmont of Italy.
✓ He received Military education in 1847 AD. Later started a newspaper called
‘Risorgimento’.
✓ He tried to mobilized public opinion to unite Italy. His life ambition was to
achieve the Italian Unification.
✓ In 1850 AD, he enters inside the politics and became the Prime Minister of Victor
Emmanuel II in 1852 AD.
✓ He believed in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy and participated in
Crimea war to get the foreign help to achieve the Italian Unification.
✓ According to Plambiars treaty Napoleon III of France accepted to give his military
support to Count-d-Cavour to achieve Italian Unification.
✓ The combined army of Italy and France defeated Austria in Mangeta and
Solferino battles. According to Villa-frank treaty Austria return Lombardi to Italy.
But Venetia remains in the hands of Austria.
✓ Later Parma, Madonna, Tuscany were joined Italian Unification.
3. Write about the part played by the Joseph Garibaldi in Italian Unification.
✓ He was called as the “Sword of Italian Unification”. He said “Sword if mightier
than Pen”.
✓ His life ambition was to achieve the Italian Unification.
✓ Later became as a member in Carbonari revolutionary organization.
✓ He established “Red Shirt army” and seized Sicily and Naples states of Italy from
Bourbon dynasty and joined them into Italian Unification.
IV. Ten Mark questions with answer
1. describe the stages of Italian Unification.
Joseph Mazzini:
✓ He was called as the “Soul of Italian Unification”. He was born at Genoa in
1805 AD.
✓ He believed that “Pen is Mightier than Sword” and decided to infuse
patriotism among the people of Italy through his articles.
✓ He was a member of “Carbonari” revolutionary organisation of Italy.
✓ His life ambition was to achieve the Italian Unification. So, He founded a
society called “Young Italy” in 1831 AD.
✓ Through Young Italy, he provided the trainings and political education to the
youths of Italy and inspired them to participate in the Italian Unification.
Count-D-Cavour:
✓ He was called as the “Brain of Italian Unification”. He was born in 1810 AD,
at Piedmont of Italy.
✓ He received Military education in 1847 AD. Later started a newspaper called
‘Risorgimento’.
✓ He tried to mobilized public opinion to unite Italy. His life ambition was to
achieve the Italian Unification.

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 ✓ In 1850 AD, he enters inside the politics and became the Prime Minister of
Victor Emmanuel II in 1852 AD.
✓ He believed in the policy of war and diplomacy to unite Italy and participated
in Crimea war to get the foreign help to achieve the Italian Unification.
✓ According to Plambiars treaty Napoleon III of France accepted to give his
military support to Count-d-Cavour to achieve Italian Unification.
✓ The combined army of Italy and France defeated Austria in Mangeta and
Solferino battles. According to Villa-frank treaty Austria return Lombardi to
Italy. But Venetia remains in the hands of Austria.
✓ Later Parma, Madonna, Tuscany were joined Italian Unification.
Joseph Garibaldi:
✓ He was called as the “Sword of Italian Unification”. He said “Sword if mightier
than Pen”.
✓ His life ambition was to achieve the Italian Unification.
✓ Later became as a member in Carbonari revolutionary organization.
✓ He established “Red Shirt army” and seized Sicily and Naples states of Italy
from Bourbon dynasty and joined them into Italian Unification.
Victor Emmanuel II:
✓ He was the king of Sardinia And Piedmont states of Italy. He seized Venetia
from Austria and Papal state from Pope of Rome.
✓ Finally, the Italian Unification completed in 1870 AD. Victor Emmanuel II
became the Emperor of United Italy and Rome became the capital city of
Italy.
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 Chapter – 9.3
The German Unification
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. What was the famous policy of Bismarck?
Blood and Iron policy.
2. In which year did Prussia attack Denmark?
1864 AD.
3. Which king of Denmark declared the annexation of Shel-swig and Holstein?
4. Which treaty ended the Austro-Prussian war?
Treaty of Prague in 1866 AD.
5. Which treaty ended the Franco-Prussian war?
Treaty of Frankfurt.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. What was Z0llverein?
It was an economic union (customs union) of 39 states of Germany.
2. Why did Fredrik William IV reject the offer of the Frankfurt Parliament?
He was afraid of the military intervention of Austria and Russia.
3. Who assisted Bismarck in the in the re-organisation of the Prussian military?
General Room and General Moltke.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Discuss the role of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany.
✓ Bismarck was the Chief Architect of German Unification. He was appointed
as the Prime Minister of The King William I of Prussia in 1862 AD. He took
the leadership of German Unification.
✓ Bismarck re-organised the army with the help of the Generals Roan and
Moltke. The famous policy of Bismarck was “Blood and Iron Policy”.
✓ To unite the all states of Germany, Bismarck was participated in many
wars. Example – 1) War with Denmark 2) Austro-Prussian war 3) Franco-
Prussian war.
✓ The Unification of Germany was completed in 1871 AD. William I became
the king of Germany and Bismarck was continued as the Prime Minister of
William I and Berlin became the capital city of Germany.
IV. Ten Mark questions with answer
1. Discuss the different stages of German Unification.
The King of Prussia and his Prime Minister Bismarck took the leadership of
German Unification. Bismarck followed “The Blood and Iron Policy” to united all
states of Germany.
1) War with Denmark-1864 AD:
Bismarck made an alliance with Austria to capture the two German provinces
from Denmark. Denmark was attacked in 1864 AD by the combined armies of
Prussia and Austria. Denmark defeated at one of the battles. Treaty of Vienna
ended the war between them. According to the Treaty Schleswig was given to
Prussia and Holstein was given to Austria.
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 2) Austro-Prussian war=1866 AD:
Bismarck started war on Austria, to get back Holstein from Austria. The
decisive battle was fought at Sadowa in which Austria was completely
defeated. This war is also called as “Seven weeks war”. The Austro-Prussian
war of 1866 ended with the treaty of Prague. According to this treaty Holstein
given to Prussia.
3) Franco-Prussian War-1870 AD:
To get back Alsace and Lorrain states of Germany from France, Bismarck
started war against Napoleon Bonaparte III in 1870 AD. Finally, Napoleon
Bonaparte defeated by Bismarck at the battle of Sedan. The Treaty of
Frankfurt ended the war on 10th May 1871 AD. According to this treaty France
returned Alsace and Lorraine provinces to Germany. The German Unification
completed and William I became the King of Germany with the title of
“Kaiser”. Bismarck continued as the Prime Minister of William I.

1. Describe the achievements of Benito Mussolini.

✓ Benito Mussolini was the famous dictator of Italy. He published a newspaper
‘Avanti’. After the First World war he formed ‘Fascist Party’ in 1919 AD. He
started Fascist rule in Italy in 1922 AD and declared as the dictator of Italy.
✓ Mussolini restored order and Industrial strikes were totally banned.
Communists were mercilessly massacred. Education was brought under the
state control to spread Fascist ideas.
✓ He signed for the ‘Lateran treaty’ in 1929 AD with Pope Pius XI. He
encouraged the production of Electricity and used natural resources for the
increase in foreign trade. He improved agriculture and developed the Italian
industries.
✓ Compulsory military training was introduced, he declared ‘Italy must expand
or Perish’. He signed for the ‘Rome-Berlin-Tokyo’ treaty in 1937 AD. Later
participated in the Second World war.
2. Explain the Features of Nazism.
Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany. His famous book – ‘The Mein Kempf’. He
established the Nazism Party in Germany. Swastik was the symbol of the Nazism.
He organized a secret police force called ‘Gestapo’. The main features of Nazism:
✓ One party rule.
✓ Nazification.
✓ Racial Supremacy.
✓ Anti-Jewish and anti-religion.
✓ Importance to the state.
✓ Glorification of the war.
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 Chapter – 10.1
World wars and international Organisations
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. When did the first world war broke out?
1914 AD.
2. Who was the Emperor of Germany during the Second World war?
Kaiser William II.
3. Mention the immediate cause for the first world war.
The murder of the Prince Archduke Ferdinand of Austria.
4. Why did USA join in the first world war?
Because of Germany destroyed the ‘Lusitanian Ship’ of England.
5. Which conference officially ended the first world war?
The Paris Conference.
6. Name the German Parliament.
Reichstag.
7. What is ‘Gestapo’?
A Secret Police Force of Hitler.
8. Why did USA join in the Second World War?
Because of Japan attacked the Navel base of the USA at ‘Pearl Harbour’.
9. Who ordered American Air Force to drop Atom Bomb on Japan?
Harry S Truman.
10.When was the Israel created for ‘The Jews’?
1948 AD.
11.When was the UNO established?
24th October 1945 AD.
12.Which day is celebrated as UNO day?
24th October.
13.Where id the Headquarters of UNO?
New York.
14.How many member nations are there in UNO at present?
193 Member Nations.
15.Where is the International Court of Justice?
The Hague in Netherland.
16.Who is the present Secretary General of UNO?
Antonio Guterres.
17.Expand ILO, FAO, UNESCO, IBRD, IMF, WHO, WTO.
ILO – International Labour Organisation
FAO – Food and Agricultural Organisation.
UNESCO – United Nations Economic Social and Cultural Organisation.
IBRD – International Bank of Rural Development.
IMF – International Monitory Fund.
WHO – World Health Organisation.
WTO – World Trade Organisation.
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II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Name the two rival alliances formed during the First World war.
Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.
2. Name the treaty signed by the allied countries with Germany, when was it signed?
Versailles Treaty, 28th June 1919 AD.
3. When was the League of nations established and where was its Headquarters?
1920 AD and Genova of Switzerland.
4. Name the two rival powers of the Second World war.
The Axis Power and Allied Power.
5. Name the Axis Powers.
Germany, Italy and Japan.
6. Name the Allied Power.
England, France and Russia.
7. Name the cities of Japan where the Atom Bombs were dropped by USA during the
Second World war.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
8. Write any two Aims of UNO.
Protect the world peace and prevent the wars.
9. Mention the Five permanent nations of the Security Council.
USA, England, France, Russia and China.
10.What is Veto power.
Veto is a special power given to the five permanent members to negate any
resolution of the United Nat
III. Five Mark questions with answer
3. Explain the Provisions of the Versailles Treaty.
The Versailles treaty was signed between the Allied nations and Germany on 28th
June 1919 AD. Important Provisions of the treaty-
✓ Alsace and Loraine provinces of Germany were given back to France.
✓ Saar Coal Basin of Germany given to France for the term of 15 years.
✓ Schleswig and Holsten were given to Denmark.
✓ Danzig port of Germany declared as free port.
✓ Rhineland area of Germany was completely demilitarized.
✓ The independence of Poland, Belgium and Czechoslovakia was recognized
by Germany.
✓ Germany give up all its colonies to the allies.
✓ Germany was made responsible for the losses of First World war. So,
Germany was made to pay a huge war indemnity of 6,600 Million pounds.
✓ Germany was disarmed.
4. Write a note on the Organs of UNO.
There are six organs in UNO.
1) General Assembly: it is a consultative body of UNO. It consists of
representatives of all member nations. It elects the Secretary General and

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 members of other organs. The present Secretary General of UNO is Antonio
Guterres.
2) Security Council: it is the Executive body of UNO. It consists of 15 members.
5 permanent (USA, England, France Russia, China) and 10 non-permanent.
3) Economic and Social Council: the main function of the ECOSOC is to promote
welfare around the world and to improve the Economic, Social, Cultural,
Educational, Health and other related matters.
4) Trusteeship Council: All the permanent members of the Security council are
the members of Trusteeship council. Its duty is to investigate the conditions
of trust territories and to advise the General Assembly.
5) International court of Justice: the international Court of Justice is located at
the Hague in Netherlands. Its main function is to settle the international
disputes.
6) Secretariat: Secretariat is the head by the Security General. It carries on the
day to day administration of UNO.

IV. Ten Mark questions with answer

1. Explain the causes and results of the First World war.
Causes:
1) Aggressive Nationalism:
On the eve of the war, Europe developed aggressive nationalism. It meant love
of one’s nation and hated towards the other nations. This aggressive
nationalism was an important factor for the outbreak of the first world war.
2) Military Alliance:
Before the first world war the Europe has been sub-divided into two groups.
1) The Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austria) 2) Triple Entente (England,
France, Russia). The formation of this groups created a tense situation.
3) Arms Race:
The formation of two rival groups – 1) Triple Alliance 2) Triple Entente led to a
keen competition in manufacturing of war materials among the European
nations. Each nation began to increase its military and naval armaments. This
Arms Race created fear, suspicion, tension and disturb between one another.
4) Imperialism:
Imperialism was a product of Industrial revolution. It refers to the policy of
extending a countries power by acquiring colonies. So, the colonial ambitions of
the nations of Europe also led to the war.
5) The Balkan Problems:
The weak and incompetent Sultan of Turkey was referred to as the “Sick man of
Europe”. The hold of sultan on the Christian states like Bulgaria, Bosnia,
Rumania etc in the Balkan area was weakening. Taking advantage of this
weakness Austria and Russia were trying to spread their influence over the
Balkan Region.

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 6) Immediate cause:
The immediate cause for the First World war was the murder of the Archduke
Ferdinand and his wife in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo on 28th June 1914 AD by
Gavrilo Princip of Serbia. Austria sent an ultimatum to Serbia to arrest and
handover the criminals. But Serbia rejected the ultimatum. So Austria declared
war on Serbia on 28th July 1914 AD.
Results:
✓ As a results of First World war about 10 million people were killed and about
20 million were wounded.
✓ Four old empires were overthrown – 1) Hapsburg of Austria 2) Hohenzollerns
of Germany 3) Romanov’s of Russia 4) Turkish Sultana.
✓ The treaty of Versailles was an important outcome of the war.
✓ Poland, Belgium, Czechoslovakia became independent after the war.
✓ The Paris peace conference of 1919 AD, officially ended the war.
✓ Germany had to give up large number of its Territories and colonies and
imposed a huge war indemnity and its military strength was reduced.
✓ Established League of Nations in 1920 AD to protect the peace and prevent
the wars.
2. Explain the causes and results of the Second World war.
Causes:
1) Defects of Versailles Treaty:
The Treaty of Versailles was too severed and its humiliated the Germans. The
Allied powers treated Germany as they liked and the Germans could not
tolerate it any longer. The entire responsibility for the losses of the First World
war was put on Germany. So, the seeds of the second world war were sown by
the Versailles treaty.
2) Rise of Dictatorship:
The rise of dictatorship in Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany under Adolf
Hitler was another cause for the war. Later Italy, Germany, Japan formed an
alliance called the “Rome Berlin Tokyo” in 1937 AD.
3) Failure of the League of Nations:
The League of Nation is an international organisation was established in 1920
AD to prevent the wars and protect the peace in the world. But later League of
Nations became too weak and incompetent and dominated by few nations. So,
it was failed to prevent the wars and protect the peace.
4) Re-armament:
The peace settlement of 1919 had completely disarmed Germany. But Hitler
withdrew Germany from world dis-armament conference and began to re-
armament. Which led to the second world war.
5) Immediate cause:
On 1st September 1939 AD, Adolf Hitler of Germany invaded on Poland, which
led to the Second World war as an immediate cause.

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 Results:
✓ As a result of second world war about 25 million people were killed and
50 million were disabled.
✓ Ended the dictatorship ruling in Germany and Italy.
✓ USA and USSR emerged as super power nations in the world.
✓ Many colonies like India, Ceylon, Indonesia and other colonies became
independent.
✓ Hiroshima and Nagasaki are two cities of Japan were collapsed.
✓ UNO established in 1945 AD to prevent the wars and protect the world
peace.
3. Describe the Political and Non-Political achievements of UNO.
Political Achievements:
✓ UNO intervened and made the Russian troops to withdrew from Iran in 1946.
✓ The quarrel between Indonesia and Holland was settled by the UNO in 1948
AD.
✓ UNO stopped the fighting between Israeli Jews and Arabs in Palestine in
1948 AD.
✓ UNO ordered to cease fire in Kashmir in 1948.
✓ UNO stopped the war between South and North Korea.
✓ The Suez Canal and Vietnam problems were solved with the mediation of
UNO.
✓ UNO put an end to the fighting between Iraq and Iran in 1989 AD.
✓ The Apartheid regime in south Africa came to an end in 1991 AD due to the
efforts of UNO.
Non-Political Achievements:
✓ The UNO adopted the Human Rights on 10th December 1948.
✓ UNO has done excellent work through its agencies.
✓ The ILO has made the member nations to improve the conditions of the
labourers.
✓ FAO has assisted the nations to increase the food production in farms,
forests, fisheries and increase nutrition level.
✓ IMF and IBRD are giving funds for the economic development of different
backward classes.
✓ UNESCO had done much work in many backward countries in the social,
educational, economic, technological and other fields.
✓ WHO has tried to improve the condition of health of the people. It was
carried out a continuous effort to eradicate diseases like Malaria, Cholera,
Small-Pox, TB, Leprosy, Polio etc.
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 Chapter – 11.1
World wars and international Organisations
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. When was the term ‘Cold War’ used for the first time?
1945 AD.
2. What is cold war?
No war and no peace.
3. Who wrote an essay ‘You and the Atomic Bomb’?
George Orwell.
4. Name the American statesman to use the term ‘Cold War’ specifically.
Bernard Baruch.
5. Who was Truman?
President of America.
6. What was the aim of Marshall plan?
Contain communism in Europe.
7. in response to Marshall plan which plan was introduced by Soviet Union?
Molotov Plan.
8. Expand NATO.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
9. Expand SEATO.
South East Asia Treaty Organisation.
10.Expand CENTO.
Central Treaty Organisation.
11.When did the USSR form the Warsaw Pact?
1955 AD.
12.In which year was the Berlin Wall constructed?
1949 AD.
13.Name the Russian Intelligence Agency.
KGB.
14.Name the American Agency.
CIA.
15.When was Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed?
1963 AD.
16.When did Vietnam war came to an end?
1975 AD.
17.Expand SALT.
Strategic Arms Limitation talks.
18.In which year did the ‘Cold War’ end?
1992 AD.
19.Where is the Headquarter of NATO?
Washington.
20.What was the main aim of SEATO?
The chief purpose of the SEATO was to forestall the communist aggression.
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 21.When did Soviet Union disintegrate?
1991 AD.
22.What is ‘Glasnost’?
Openness in External relations.
23.What is ‘Perestroika’?
In order to reconstruct the society and economy of Russia started Perestroika.
24.who headed CIS after the disintegration of Soviet Union?
Boris Yeltsin.
25.Where is the head quarter of CIS?
Minsk.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Name any four-member countries of NATO.
America, Berlin, France, Belgium.
2. Name any four-member countries of SEATO.
England, America, France, Australia.
3. Name any four-member countries of CENTO.
Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, England.
4. Name the Anti-American military organisation. When did it came into existence?
Warsaw Pact, 1955 AD.
5. Name any two-member countries of Warsaw Pact.
Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary.
6. Name any two independent Baltic states.
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
7. Name the president of America and who ended the cold war?
George Bush and Boris Yeltsin.
8. When was NATO established and where?
1949 AD, Washington.
9. Who were the Human Rights Activists of Russia?
Andrei Sakharov and Boris Yeltsin.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Explain the causes for Cold War.
1) Russia’s refusal to evacuate from Iran:
After the Second World War England and USA withdrew their forces from Iran.
But the Soviet Union refused.
2) Sovietisation:
After the Second World War the Communist supported Governments were
established in the entire Balkan region through the intervention of Russia.
Therefore, Western Powers were united to check the spread of Communism
and Russian influence.
3) Soviet influence in Greece:
After the Second World War, Russia was started to spread the Communist
principles in Greece. But America supported Greece to check the Communist
influence in Greece.

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 4) The Soviet influence in Turkey:
After the Second World War, Russia tried to cede some territories of Turkey,
But America was supported Turkey against Russia.
5) The Secrecy of the Atom Bomb:
America kept the technology of the Atom Bomb a secret from USSR. Though
Soviet Union was an ally of United States during the war period.
6) Communist Activities in US:
Soviet Union began to encourage Communist
Soviet Union began to encourage Communist activities and espionage in
United States of America.
2. Write a note on Berlin Blockade.
▪ After the Second World War Germany was divided into East and West
Germany.
▪ East Germany was comes under the control of Russia and West Germany
was comes under the control America.
▪ The Russian president Stalin blocked Berlin and cut off all land and sea
contacts between East and West Germany to avoid the America influence
on East Germany.
▪ The Berlin Blacked was withdrawn after 11 months. It is called as First
Berlin Crisis. America started Anti-Communist propaganda all over the
world.
3. Write a note on Second berlin Crisis.
▪ A Second Berlin Crisis began in 1958 AD with the Russian President
Khrushchev’s ultimatum that, West Berlin must be evacuated within six
months.
▪ In 1961 AD John F. Kennedy became the president of the USA. He tried to
seek areas of co-operation with Soviet Union. But the circumstances were
not favourable. Both were secretly spying the other.
▪ In 1961 a 25-mile-long Berlin partition wall was constructed to check the
feeling of people from East Berlin to West Berlin.
4. Write a note on SEATO and Warsaw Pact.
SEATO :-
▪ The South East Asia Treaty Organization was established due to the fear
created by the spread of Communism.
▪ It was established in 1954 AD, the member countries of SEATO were –
England, America, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines and
Pakistan.
▪ The Chief purpose of the SEATO was to forestall the Communist aggression.
SEATO was dissolved in 1975 AD.
Warsaw Pact :-
▪ In 1955 AD USSR formed the Warsaw Pact with East European countries –
Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Rumania, Poland against NATO.
▪ The Warsaw Pact intensified the rivalry between USA and USSR.

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 ▪ The Warsaw Pact came to an end in 1991 AD. SEATO and Warsaw Pact
were Regional Military Pacts.
5. What were the Effects of Cold War?
1) Both America and Russia built up huge Arsenals of Atomic weapons and
ballistic missiles.
2) The military blocs NATO and The Warsaw Pact were formed.
3) It led to destructive conflicts like the Vietnam and The Korean War.
4) The Soviet Union collapsed due to economic weakness.
5) The demolition of the Berlin wall unified the East and West Germany.
6) The Warsaw Pact was dissolved.
7) America became the sole super power of the world.
8) Communism received a setback worldwide etc.
6. what are the Aims and objectives of CIS?
Common Wealth of Independent States was formed in 1991 AD by The Republic
of Belarus, The Russian Federation and Ukraine. Aims and Objectives of CIS are.
1) All the members are Sovereign and Independent Nations.
2) The existing borders of each Republic was recognized.
3) To establish a free market rubble zone embracing the Republics.
4) To Establish a Joint Defence force of Participating Republics.
5) To promote Co-Operation on cross – border crime prevention.
6) To prevent armed conflicts on the territory of the member states.
7) To co-ordinate the foreign and economic policies of member states.
7. What are the factors responsible for the disintegration of USSR.
1) Too much restriction on individual liberty.
2) Failure to establish equality among the people.
3) Excessive importance to defence industry.
4) Negligence of agriculture.
5) Iron Curtain Policy.
6) Liberal policies introduced by Gorbachev.
7) Conflicting cultural and ethnic groups. etc
IV. Ten Mark questions with answer
1. Explain the Regional Military Pacts.
1) NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization-1949 AD):
▪ NATO was established in 1949 AD at Washington. This was a military
pact formed by 15 European countries under the leadership of
America against Russia.
▪ The member countries were –America, England, France, Belgium etc.
▪ NATO members passed a resolution to help its members if attacked
by any foreign power and fight the enemy together.
2) SEATO(South East Asia Treaty Organization-1954 AD):
▪ SEATO was established in 1954 AD due to the fear created by the
spread of Communism.

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 ▪ The member countries of SEATO were – America, England, France,
Australia, New Zealand etc.
▪ The chief purpose of the SEATO was to forestall the Communist
Aggression.
3) ANZUS Pact – 1951 AD:
▪ It was established in 1951 AD. It was a military pact between
Australia, New Zealand and America.
▪ By this pact the signatory nations agreed to help each other in case
of aggression on any member in the Pacific Region.
4) CENTO(Central Treaty Organization – 1955 AD):
▪ CENTO was also called as The Baghdad Pact and it was established in
1955 AD.
▪ Turkey and Iran were its members. Later England, Pakistan, Iran
joined it.
▪ It was an Anti-Soviet military block in the Middle East.
5) WARSAW Pact – 1955 AD:
▪ It was established by USSR in 1955 AD.
▪ The member countries of WARSAW pact were Bulgaria, Hungary,
East Germany, Poland etc.
▪ The WASRSAW Pact was formed against NATO.
▪ The WARSAW Pact came to an end in 1991 AD with the
disintegration of USSR.
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 Chapter – 12
Non-Aligned Movement and Emergence of the World War
I. One Mark questions with answer
1. Who was the first to use the word Non-Aligned?
V.K. Krishna Menon.
2. What is Non-Aligned Movement?
Third World War.
3. Where was the first summit of Non-Aligned countries held?
Belgrade.
4. When was the Bandung conference held?
1955 AD.
5. When was the Belgrade conference held?
1961 AD.
6. Who was the Indian Prime Minister who participated in the Bandung conference.
Jawaharlal Nehru.
7. Who presided over the Non-Aligned summit at Delhi?
Smt. Indira Gandhi.
II. Two Mark questions with answer
1. Who used the word Non-Aligned Movement for the first time? Where?
V.K. Krishna Menon and 1953 AD.
2. Where and when did Nehru used the word Non-Aligned Movement?
Colombo and 1954 AD.
3. Who write the Principles of Non-Aligned Movement?
Mutual Non-Aggression and peaceful co-existence.
4. Who were called as ‘The Three Stalwarts’ of NAM?
Tito, Nehru and Nasser.
5. Where and in which year did the Non-Aligned Movement begin?
Belgrade, 1961 AD.
6. Where was the first summit of Non-Aligned countries held? Who presided over it?
Belgrade and Josip Broz.
III. Five Mark questions with answer
1. Describe the objective of Non-Aligned Movement.
✓ To reduce the intensity of Cold war.
✓ To settle international disputes through peaceful dialogues.
✓ To oppose colonialism and imperialism.
✓ To support atomic weapon reduction agreement.
✓ To office racial conflicts.
✓ To give financial assistance to developing countries.
✓ To protect the fundamental human rights.
✓ To uphold democratic principles.
2. Describe the causes for the rise of Non-Aligned Movement.
✓ Birth of Nationalism.
✓ Birth of Non-Aligned countries.
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 ✓ Policy of World peace.
✓ Economic exploitation.
✓ To oppose the dominance of power blocs.
✓ Principles of Panchasheela.
✓ Able leadership.
✓ Cold war.
3. Describe the features of Non-Aligned Movement.
✓ Economic backwardness.
✓ Dependence on others.
✓ Rural structure.
✓ Over population.
✓ Poverty and hunger.
✓ Illiteracy.
✓ Burden of debt.
✓ Migration.
4. Describe the achievements of Non-Aligned Movement.
1) It has helped to decrease the intensity of Cold War.
2) Worked hard to end Apartheid in South Africa.
3) Inspired treaties to reduce Atomic weapons.
4) Worked to resist the dominance of power blocs.
5) Popularized democratic principles.
6) It is working hard to establish international peace.
7) It is trying to find solutions to the problems faced by member nations.
5. What are the limitations of Non-Aligned Movement?
▪ Non – Aligned Movement has failed to get such able leadership recently as
it had in the beginning.
▪ The internal dispute among the Non – Aligned countries and the lack of unity
have weakened it.
▪ Non – Aligned countries do not have their own military power.
▪ Non – Aligned countries have failed in checking terrorism.
▪ The Arabian countries do not have complete interest in the Non -Aligned
Movement.
6. Write about the relationship between India and NAM.
▪ India has good relation with the other Non – Aligned countries. Nehru’s
principles got world recognition in the Bandung conference, which officially
declared Non -Aligned policy.
▪ The 7th Summit of Non – Aligned countries was held at Delhi in 1983 AD.
India’s Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi presided over the conference.
▪ At the 8th Summit of Non – Aligned countries in Harare, the then Indian Prime
Minister Rajeev Gandhi demanded the release of Nelson Mandela of South
Africa.

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 ▪ The 9th Summit of Non – Aligned countries was held at Belgrade the capital
of Yugoslavia. In this Summit Rajeev Gandhi gave a call for establishing
‘Global Protection Fund’ for the protection of the environment.
▪ At the 12th and 13th Summits of Non – Aligned countries Indian Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee gave a call to take a firm decision to combat
international Terrorism. India also supported nuclear disarmament.
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THE END

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