MATERNAL – MODULE 2 Sexual Health

 Is not just an absence of

Obstetrics disease, dysfunction, or
 A branch of medicine that infirmity but a condition of
deals with care of women physical, emotional and
during pregnancy, labor, and psychological well-being.
the period of recovery
following childbirth. Gonad
 It is derived from the Greek  Is a body organ that produces
work “obstare” which means the cells necessary for
“to keep watch” reproduction (the ovary in
females, the testis in males)0
Gynecology
 Is the study of female PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT
reproductive organs and
diseases affecting it. Puberty
 Is the stage of life at which
Andrology secondary sex change begins;
 Is the study of the male begins at 9 to 12 years old in
reproductive organs girls.

Pediatrics A. Role of Testosterone

 The branch of medical Responsible for:
science concerned in their  Muscular development
children and their illness.  Physical growth
 Focus in children from  Growth of pubic hair is
infancy to 18 years of age triangle
 Increase in sebaceous glands
 It is derived from the Greek
secretions that cause typical
word “pais” meaning
acne in both boys and girls
“child”.
during adolescence.
 Initiates adrenarche
Neonatology
(pubertal changes in testes,
 The branch of medicine
scrotum, penis, prostate, and
concerned with the
seminal vesicles; the
development and disorders of
appearance of male pubic,
newborn babies
axillary, and facial hair;
 Days old up to 1 month
laryngeal enlargement with
its accompanying voice
 change; and maturation of - Onset of menstruation
spermatozoa). - Growth of axillary hair
- Androgens are produced by - Vaginal secretions
the adrenal gland and the
testes in males D. Secondary Sex Characteristics in
- Androgens are produced by Males:
the adrenal gland and the - Increase in weight
ovaries in females. - Growth of testes
- Growth of face, axillary, and
B. Role of Estrogen: pubic hair
 Release is triggered by FSH, - Voice changes
ovaries in females excrete a - Penile growth
high level of estrogen - Increase in height
 Influences the development - Spermatogenesis –
of uterus, fallopian tubes, and production of sperm
vagina; typical fat
distribution; hair patterns; EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
breast development 1. Scrotum
 Growth of pubic hair is o Rugated, skin-covered,
upside down triangle or muscular, deeply pigmented
diamond pouch suspended from the
 Thelarche = the beginning of perineum
breast development; which o Left scrotum is larger &
usually starts 1 to 2 years lower due to longer
before menstruation spermatic cord
 Menarche = the beginning of o In every cold weather, the
menstruation scrotal muscle contracts to
o Onset: 9 – 17 years bring the testes closer to the
old in females body
o Average: 12.4 years o In very hot weather, or in
old in females the presence of fever, the
muscle relaxes, allowing the
C. Secondary Sex Characteristics in testes to fall away from the
Females: body
- Growth spurt o Cremaster muscle –
- Increase in the transverse responsible for contraction of
diameter of the pelvis the scrotum
- Breast development o Midline septum – separates
- Growth of pubic hair each sac
 o Each compartment contains a o Sertoli cells
testis, its epididymis, & a part - PRODUCES
of the spermatic cord SPERMATOZOA
o Follicle-Stimulating
Functions of the scrotum: Hormone is responsible for
 Support the testes, the release of androgen-
 Helps regulate the binding protein (ABP) that
temperature of sperm combines with testosterone to
 Protects the testes from promote sperm formation.
trauma o Testes in a fetus first form in
the pelvic cavity then
-In this way, the temperature of the descend late in intrauterine
testes can remain as even as possible life, about the 34th to 38th
to promote the production and week of pregnancy, into the
viability of sperm. Spermatozoa do not scrotal sac.
survive at a temperature as that of the o Many preterm babies still
internal body, so the location of the have undescended testes, or
testes outside the body, where the testes still remain in the
temperature is about 1*F lower than pelvic cavity
the body temperature, provides (cryptorchidism).
protection for sperm survival. o The left testis is slightly
larger than the other and is
2. Testes suspended slightly lower in
o Are two ovoid glands, 2 to 3 the scrotum than the other.
cm wide, that rest in the o This is due to slightly longer
scrotum. spermatic cord in the left
o Leydig cells scrotum.
- are interstitial cells o Normal testes feel firm and
located in each of the smooth, and are egg-shaped.
lobule of testes
- RESPONSIBLE FOR Functions:
THE PRODUCTION  Manufacture male sex cells
OF TESTOSTERONE (gametes) or spermatozoa.
- Luteinizing hormone is  Produce several steroid
responsible for the hormones primarily
release of testosterone testosterone
from the leydig cells.
3. Penis INTERNAL STRUCTURES
3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue 1. Epididymis
in the penis shaft: o A tightly coiled tube
 2 CORPUS CAVERNOSA responsible for conducting
 1 CORPUS SPONGIOSUM sperm from the tubule to the
-corpus spongiosum contains the vas deferens
urethra which serves as a passage for o It is the storage of immature
both sperm and urine system, and a part of the
-organ of copulation & urination alkaline fluid (semen, or
-Penile artery supplies blood to the seminal fluid that contains a
penis basic sugar and protein) that
-Erection is innervated by the will surround sperm at
Peripheral Nervous System maturity is produced by the
cells lining the epididymis.
PENIS o Sperm are immobile and
Glans penis incapable of fertilization as
 Is a bulging sensitive ridge of they pass through or are
tissue at the distal end of the stored at the epididymis
penis. At birth, it is protected level.
by the prepuce. o It takes at least 12 to 20 days
 Similar in function to the for them to travel the length
clitoris of the tube, and a total of 65
Prepuce/foreskin to 75 days for them to reach
 A retractable casing of skin full maturity.
that protects the glans penis. o Sperm is capable of surviving
This is surgically removed for 72 hours inside the
during circumcision. woman’s body.
 Also known as “foreskin”. o Aspermia = absence of
sperm
PHIMOSIS o Oligospermia = fewer than
 Condition in which the 20 million sperm per
prepuce is too tight that milliliter
interferes with the flow of
urine 2. Vas Deferens/Ductus
Deferens/Spermatic Cord
o Is an additional hollow tube
surrounded by arteries and
protected by a thick fibrous
coating, which altogether, are
 referred to as the spermatic through the center of it, like
cord the hole in a doughnut.
o It carries sperm from the o Function: To secrete a thin,
epididymis through the alkaline fluid
inguinal canal into abdominal
cavity, where it ends at the 5. Bulbourethral Gland
seminal vesicle and the o Or Cowper’s Gland
ejaculatory ducts below the o Lie beside the prostate gland
bladder. and empty by short ducts into
o Sperm completely matures as the urethra. They supply one
they pass through the vas more source of alkaline fluid
deferens. They are still not to help ensure the safe
mobile at this point. passage of spermatozoa.
o This is the site severed during o Responsible for alkalinic
vasectomy to prevent passage fluid
of sperm, a popular means of o Semen is derived from the
male birth control. prostate gland (60%), the
seminal vesicle (30%), the
3. Seminal Vesicles epididymis (5%), and the
o Are two convoluted pouches bulbourethral glands (5%).
that lie along the lower
portion of the bladder and 6. Urethra
empty into the urethra by o Is a hollow tube leading from
ejaculatory ducts. These the base of the bladder,
glands secrete a viscous which, after passing through
alkaline liquid with a high the prostate gland, continues
sugar, protein, and to the outside through the
prostaglandin content. shaft and glans of the penis
o Sperm become increasingly
motile because this added
fluid surrounds them with a
more favorable pH
environment.

4. Prostate Gland
o Is a chestnut-size gland that
lies just below the bladder
and allows the urethra to pass
ACCESSORY ORGAN ducts that lead to the nipple
1. Mammary Glands = or the breasts (a let-down reflex).
 Thelarche = the beginning of  The skin surrounding the
breast development which nipples is darkly pigmented
usually starts 1 to 2 years out to about 4 cm and termed
before menstruation. The the areola. The area appears
increase in size of the breast rough on the surface because
during puberty occurs mainly it contains many sebaceous
because of the estrogen. glands, called Montgomery
 Gynecomastia = an increase tubercles. These sebaceous
breast size at puberty glands keep the nipple supple
especially to obese male. and help prevent nipples
 Breasts are located anterior to from cracking and drying
the pectoral muscle during lactation.
 Milk glands of the breasts are  The blood supply to the
divided by connective tissue breasts is profuse because it
partitions into appropriately is supplied by large thoracic
20 lobes. All of the glands in branches of the axillary,
each lobe produce milk by internal mammary, and
acinar cells and deliver it to intercostal arteries. This
the nipple via a lactiferous effective blood supply is
duct. necessary so milk glands can
 The nipple has approximately be supplied with nutrients
20 small opening through and fluid to make possible a
which milk is secreted. An plentiful supply of milk for
ampulla portion of the duct, breastfeeding.
located just posterior to the
nipple, serves as a reservoir
for milk before breastfeeding.
 The nipple is composed of
smooth muscle capable of
erection on manual or
sucking stimulation. On
stimulation, it transmits
sensations to the posterior
pituitary gland to release
oxytocin, which then acts to
constrict milk glands and
push milk forward into the