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TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS:
Circulatory Systems:
The circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and
valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.
Single circulation system (fish):
Two heart chambers
Blood absorbs oxygen in gills
Released in body cells then back to heart
Double circulation system:
Four heart chambers
Blood passes through heart twice
Oxygenated in lungs, to heart, to body, back to heart
Advantage: delivers greater blood flow rate to tissues around
the body as the heart pumps the oxygenated blood to it from
the lungs
Blood is taken away from the heart by arteries and reaches
back to the heart by veins.
The Heart:
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*The Aortic valve and the Pulmonary valve are known as the Semilunar Valves.
The Mitral Valve (Bicuspid) and the Tricuspid Valve are known as the
Atrioventricular Valves.
Memorise the diagram such that you can identify in diagrams and images the
structures of the heart, limited to: muscular wall, septum, left and right
ventricles, left and right atria, one-way valves, atrioventricular and semilunar
valves, and the coronary arteries.
The functions of the parts of the heart
Right atrium: collect deoxygenated blood & pump it to right ventricle
Right ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to
lungs
Septum: separates left and right sides of the heart and keeps the
oxygenated blood separate from the deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein: carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Left atrium: collect oxygenated blood and pump it to left ventricle
Left ventricle: pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta
Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body
Tricuspid and bicuspid valves: prevent backflow of blood into the atria
when ventricles contract (atrioventricular valves)
Pulmonary and aortic valves: prevent backflow of blood from the arteries
into the ventricles (semilunar valves)
The relative thickness of heart walls
the muscle walls of the left and right ventricles
The left ventricle has a thicker wall, because blood is pumped from
the left ventricle to the entire body. The right ventricle only pumps
blood to the lungs, which are near the heart. Hence, the difference
in relative thickness.
the muscle walls of the atria compared to those of the ventricles
The ventricles of the heart have thicker muscular walls than the
atria. This is because blood is pumped out of the heart into arteries
through ventricles, but atria only receive blood from the veins.
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THE CARDIAC CYCLE:
1. Blood flows into atrium through veins and is moved to ventricle through
atrioventricular valves.
2. Ventricle walls pump blood through the semilunar valves into the
arteries.
Heart Activity
Heart Activity can be monitored using
ECG machines (Electrocardiograms)
Measuring the pulse
Using a stethoscope to hear the sounds of valves
Exercise and its impact on heart rate:
The heart rate can be assessed prior to and following an exercise, with the
results shown on a graph.
It's critical that the duration of time used to assess breathing rate and pulse rate
be constant, and that people fully recover (rest) before beginning a new activity.
Increased physical exercise raises the heart rate.
After physical activity stops, the heart rate remains elevated for a while before
gradually returning to resting levels.
The reason for this rise in heart rate is simple. Since muscles contract and
energy is being used continuously, more and more needs to be produced, which
is why cells need oxygen quicker than usual to respire and make ATP
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Coronary Heart Disease: When the coronary arteries narrow due to an
accumulation of fatty material within their walls, it is known as coronary heart
disease (CHD). These arteries deliver blood that is rich in oxygen to your heart
muscle.
Risk factors of CHD
Factor Reason
Diet High consumption of fats can lead to cholesterol and buildup in
arteries.
Exercise Lack of exercise leads to plaque formation.
Stress Stress can increase blood pressure, which increases the chance of a
blockage.
Smoking Nicotine causes the heart to work faster and increases BP which
increases risk of CHD.
Genetics Partly passed on by genetics sometimes
Age Older people are at a higher risk of CHD
Sex Males are at a higher risk of getting CHD
Reducing the risk of CHD:
Quit smoking
Diet : Eat more fruits and vegetables and cut down on saturated fats in
your diet to lower cholesterol levels
Exercise can lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and lessens
stress.
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Arteries, Veins and Capillaries:
Vessel Function Structure
Artery Transport high Elastic walls expand
pressure blood and relax as blood is
away from heart forced out; causes pulse
Thick walls to withstand high
pressure and a smaller lumen.
Rings of muscle narrow or
widen arteries to control
blood flow.
Vein Transport low Valves prevent
pressure blood to backflow of blood.
the heart
Blood is at low pressure, but
nearby muscles squeeze veins
and help push blood to the
heart
Large lumen and thin walls
reduce resistance to flow of
blood
Capillary Allow substances One cell thick wall for
to diffuse into and easy diffusion
out of cells
Highly branched; large
surface area
Capillary beds constantly
supplied with fresh blood, so
diffusion occurs
Important Blood Vessels to know about:
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Lymphatic System
Circulation of body fluids, and the production of lymphocytes.
Lymph node contains many lymphocytes which filter lymph.
Tissue fluid: made when plasma is squeezed out of capillaries.
Substances diffuse between cells and tissue fluid.
Lymph vessels collect lymph and return it to the blood.
Tissue fluid returns to the capillaries by osmosis.
Blood
Red blood cells: oxygen transport using haemoglobin
White blood cells: phagocytosis and antibody formation
Platelets: causing clotting
Plasma: transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon
dioxide, urea and plasma proteins
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Lymphocytes : Antibody production
Phagocytes: engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
Blood Clotting
When a blood vessel is injured, coagulation, or blood clotting, plays a
crucial role in limiting the amount of bleeding that occurs. This clot
prevents the body from losing more blood. also stops germs from entering
our bodies. An enzyme is carried by the blood's platelets. As soon as the
platelets come into touch with air or damaged cells, this enzyme is
released into the plasma. The enzyme converts the plasma protein
fibrinogen, which is soluble, into fibrin, which is insoluble. Fibrin is
sticky and forms long threads that form a net, trapping some red blood
cells. Blood clots are created as a result of this. Pathogens are engulfed by
phagocytes that are drawn to the injured area. The clot creates a scab after
hardening. This shields the wound while the skin beneath heals
