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Big Data - Lab 1

R is a statistical programming language used for statistical analysis and graphics. It allows users to implement statistical procedures, develop statistical software, and provide excellent graphics functionality, making it a good starting point for data analysis projects. The document discusses getting started with R, including downloading and installing R, and provides an overview of basic R concepts such as objects, naming conventions, assignment, built-in functions, vectors, lists, data frames, and control statements.

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45 views17 pages

Big Data - Lab 1

R is a statistical programming language used for statistical analysis and graphics. It allows users to implement statistical procedures, develop statistical software, and provide excellent graphics functionality, making it a good starting point for data analysis projects. The document discusses getting started with R, including downloading and installing R, and provides an overview of basic R concepts such as objects, naming conventions, assignment, built-in functions, vectors, lists, data frames, and control statements.

Uploaded by

ahmedtarek86519623
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Big Data

First Section
Lab Outcomes
1. What is R
2. Invoke the R environment and examine the R
workspace
3. R Basics
Introduction to R
What is R
▪ R is a free open-source package based on the
S language developed by Bell Labs
▪ Statistical Programming Language used to
develop statistical software
▪ Used by statisticians and data miners
▪ Many statistical functions are already built in
Why R

Implement statistical procedures

Provide excellent graphics functionality

Excellent start for data analysis projects.


Getting Started
• Where to get R?
• Go to www.r-project.org
• Downloads: CRAN
• Set your Mirror: Anyone in the USA is fine.
• Select Windows 95 or later.
• Download latest R version.
R Basics
▪ Objects
▪ Naming Convention
▪ Assignment
▪ Built-In Functions
▪ Example Objects: Vectors, Lists, Data Frames
▪ Control Statements
▪ Functions
▪ Workspace
Objects
• Objects should have names
• Object Types: vector, matrix … etc.
• Object Attributes
– mode: numeric, character, boolean
– length: number of elements in object
• Object Values
– assign a value
– create a blank object
Naming Convention
• Must start with a letter (A-Z or a-z)
• Can contain letters, digits (0-9), and/or periods
“.” ex: Var1.1
• Case-sensitive
– mydata different from MyData
• Can’t start with underscore“_”
Assignment
“<-” used to indicate assignment
▪ > x<-1
▪ > y<-3
▪ > z<-4
▪ > x*y*z
[1] 12
Note: Type determined automatically when variable is created
with "<-" operator
Built-In Functions
▪ Actions can be performed on objects using
functions
▪ Have arguments and options
▪ Provide a result
▪ Parentheses () are used to specify that a
function is being called.
Example for Functions
> Z<-rep (1,10)
[1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
> Y<- seq (2,6)
[1] 2 3 4 5 6
> W<- seq (4,20, by=4)
[1] 4 8 12 16 20
> x <- c (2,0,0,4)
>x*4
[1] 8 0 016
>sqrt(x)
[1] 1.41 0.00 0.00 2.00
Objects | Vectors
• A series of numbers
• Created with:
– c() to concatenate elements or sub-vectors
– rep() to repeat elements or patterns
– seq() or m:n to generate sequences
• Example:
– X <- c(2,0,0,9)
– Y <- seq(2,5) #sequence of integers between 2 & 5
– Z <- rep(1,4) #repeat the number 1, 4 times
– X+Y+Z
– ?*
Objects | Accessing Vectors
> x <- c (2,0,0,4)
> x [1] # Select the first element, equivalent to x[c(1)]
[1] 2
x [-1] # Exclude the first element
[1] 0 0 4
> x [1] <- 3 ; x
[1] 3 0 0 4
> x [-1] = 5 ; x
[1] 3 5 5 5
>x<5
[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> x [x<5] = 2 #Edits elements meeting condition
[1] 2 5 5 5
Objects | Data Frames
▪ A group or collection of Vectors
▪ Most of the time, when data is loaded, it will be
organized in a data frame

Example:
>DF <- data.frame (h=c(150,160), w=c(65,72))
>DF
h w
1 150 65
2 160 72
Objects | Accessing Data Frames
> DF[1] > DF[2]
h w
1 150 1 65
2 160 2 72

> DF[1,] > DF[2,]


h w h w
150 65 2 160 72

Q1: DF[1,2] ?
Q2:DF[-1,2] ?
Thank You

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