Futurasmus KNX Group – GROUP OF COMPANIES:

Futurasmus S.L. + Futurasmus KNX Testlab S.L. + Futurasmus GmbH

1
page no.1
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Schedule

Day 1: 08:30 to 17:00. Day 2: 08:30 to 15:00.

Day 1: 08.30
30 min periods.to 13.30Start
/ 14.30 to
End17.00. content 30 min periods. Start end content
1 8:30 9 o'clock Introduction
11 8:30 9 o'clock HVAC systems / Modbus
2 9 o'clock 9:30 basic knowledge
12 9 o'clock 9:30 HVAC systems / Modbus
3 9:30 10:00 basic knowledge
4 10:00 10:30 Basic C. / Heat G 13 9:30 10:00 HVAC systems / BACnet
5 10:30 11:00 Heat generators 14 10:00 10:30 HVAC systems / BACnet
6 11:00 11:30 Drinking water + Legal f. 6 10:30 11:00 Under floor heating
7 11:30 12:00 PID “control” and “regulation”
7 11:00 11:30 AC Ducts
8 12:00 12:30 KNX RC
9 12:30 13:00 KNX RC 8 11:30 12:00 AC-Ducts / BACnet

10 13:00 13:30 KNX Environmental sensors 9 12:00 12:30 AC-Ducts / BACnet

13:30 14:30 Lunch 12:30 13:00 break
1 14:30 15:00 fan coil
10 13:00 13:30 Additional heating/cooling
2 15:00 15:30 fan coil
11 13:30 14:00 Boiler - heat curve
3 15:30 16:00 fan coil
4 16:00 16:30 Under floor heating 12 14:00 14:30 Heating/Cooling boiler

5 16:30 five pm Under floor cooling 13 14:30 15:00 Boiler - dew point

page no.2
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
KNX HVAC Specialist Course
Basic know-how

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 Heat, temperature, thermal energy, thermal
output
Forms of energy Examples

Radiant energy Solar energy

Hydrocarbons such as oil/natural gas/coal, hydrogen, charged

Chemical energy
batteries or accumulators

Magnetic fields Current bearing coils that store energy.

Electric fields Charged capacitors

Kinetic or motion energy Cars in motion, swinging pendulums, the wind, ocean currents

A coffee cup on a table has potential energy that is released if it hits

Potential or stored energy
the ground.

A current turns into light energy when it passes through a lamp, into
Electric energy
kinetic energy in an e-motor.

Nuclear energy Energy released by the splitting of radioactive atoms.

Heat in the air, hot water in a shower, hot water in central heating,
Thermal energy
the hob on your cooker

page no.5
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Specific thermal capacity

Water has a particularly high

specific thermal capacity.

• Particularly high amounts of energy are needed to heat water.

• Heated and cooled water contains particularly high amounts of energy.
page no.6
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat quantity / thermal energy
and temperature change
Formula: Q = c  m  ∆ϑ
specific
Meaning: heat quantity = thermal capacity of a  Mass  temperature difference
material

Indicates how much

thermal energy is required
to heat 1kg of material by
Indicates the 1K.
energy required for For water:
a given 1 Liter ≙ 1 kg
For water: (ignoring change in volume caused by change in
temperature kJ temperature)
increase. c𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 4,182
kg · K
Wh
c𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 1,163
kg · K

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
Ws , Wh , kWh, J 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝐾𝐾 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝐾𝐾
units: kg K (Kelvin)
(Joule), kJ
𝐽𝐽 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝐾𝐾 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝐾𝐾

 If the temperature of a material changes, the energy required can

be calculated using the equation above.

page no.7
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Converting temperatures
Here is how to convert between Celsius and Kelvin :

Celsius → Kelvin Kelvin → Celcius

Formula: T = ( |ϑ C | + 273 )K ϑC = ( |T| – 273 ) °

Example
If you have: ϑC = 100° T = 293K
That is: T = (100 + 273 ) K = ϑC = (293-273)°
T = 373K ϑC = 20°

ϑC _ = temperature in °C, T = Temperature in K

| ϑ C |, |T|: Value of the temperature = figure without units

Here is how to convert between Celsius and Fahrenheit :

Celsius → Fahrenheit Fahrenheit → Celsius

𝜗𝜗𝐹𝐹 – 32
Formula: 𝜗𝜗𝐹𝐹 = 1,8 � 𝜗𝜗𝐶𝐶 + 32 °𝐹𝐹 𝜗𝜗𝐶𝐶 = °𝐶𝐶
1,8
Example
If you have: 𝜗𝜗𝐶𝐶 = 100°𝐶𝐶 𝜗𝜗𝐹𝐹 = 212°𝐹𝐹
212– 32
𝜗𝜗𝐹𝐹 = 1,8 � 100 + 32 °𝐹𝐹 𝜗𝜗𝐶𝐶 = °𝐶𝐶
That is: 1,8
𝜗𝜗𝐹𝐹 = 212°𝐹𝐹
𝜗𝜗𝐶𝐶 = 100°𝐶𝐶

ϑC _ = temperature in ° C , T = Temperature in K, ϑF = Temperature in °F

| ϑ C |, |T|, | ϑ F |: Value of the temperature = figure without units

page no.8
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Units of energy

 Various different units of energy are commonly used for heat

quantities:
Ws , Wh , kWh, J (Joule) or kJ.
It is easy to convert from one to another as𝟏𝟏 𝐉𝐉 = 𝟏𝟏 𝑾𝑾𝑾𝑾

 We can thus deduce that:

1 𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 3600 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 3600 𝐽𝐽 = 3,6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 1000 𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 3.600.000 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 3600 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 1000 𝐽𝐽 = 1000 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 0.278 𝑊𝑊𝑊
1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 1000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 1.000.000 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
= 278 𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 0,278 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

page no.9
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Relationship between units of volume, capacity
and mass

• A liter is the capacity of a cubic decimeter.

• A kilogram is the mass of pure water (distilled water) that fits in a container with a
volume of one cubic decimeter.

1l = 1 kg = 1 dm3

From these two equalities result the equivalences between the units of volume, capacity
and mass:

1 cm3 = 1 ml = 1 g
1 dm3 = 1 l = 1 kg (1000 g)
1 m3 = 1 kl = 1 t (1000 kg)

page no.10
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Thermal Energy

What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is kinetic energy of atoms.
• of solid bodies: vibration or rotation
• of liquids and gases: free movement

Absolute Zero (-273.15 °C) = 0K -> Thermal Energy = 0

page no.11
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Phase change
Proportion of sensible and latent heat
Determine the heat that must be supplied to convert 1 g of ice at -20 °C to steam at 100°C. The formula is as
follows: Q = m . c . ∆ϑ ( mass in kg, 1g = 0.001kg)
Q in Joules = (mass) . (Thermal energy to increase the temperature of a 1kg by 1ºK ) . ( Temp Diff )
1. Specific heat of ice c h =2090 J/(kg K)
2. Heat of fusion of ice L f =334 10 3 J/kg
3. Specific heat of water c =4180 J/(kg K)
4. Heat of vaporization of water L v =2260 10 3 J/kg

Stages:
1.Sensitive: The temperature of 1 g of ice is raised from -20ºC (253 K) to 0ºC (273 K)
Q1 =0.001 . 2090 . (273-253)= 41.8 J
2.Latent: Ice melts
Q2 = 0.001 . 334 10 3 = 334 J
3.Sensitive: The temperature of the water is raised from 0º C (273 K) to 100 ºC (373K)
Q3 =0.001 . 4180 . (373-273)= 418 J
4.Latent: 1 g of water at 100ºC is converted into steam at the same temperature of 100ºC
Q4 =0.001 . 2260 10 3 = 2260 J

The total heat Q = Q1 +Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = 3053.8 J.

page no.12
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 KNX heat meters
Example to calculate the consumed thermal energy, also
known as “heat quantity”, in an apartment of a building
with centrally supplied hot water & central heating:

The thermal energy can be calculated from the water flow

rate (water mass) combined with the temperature
difference between the flow and the return flow. Heat
meters are used to measure the flow rate (mass) and the
temperature differences between the flow and the return
flow, continuously, and using the formula below add it to
the meter.

page no.13
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Units of energy

Example calculation:

 The circulation pump moves a water volume of V-0.5 litres per second
through the apartment's radiators.
 Flow temperature:
 Return flow temperature:

If the key information remains constant, the thermal energy per hour can be calculated.

Thermal energy Q approach: 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚 ∙ 𝑐𝑐 ∙ ∆𝜗𝜗

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Calculate water mass m: 𝑚𝑚 = 0,5 ∙ 3600 𝑠𝑠 = 1800 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑠𝑠
kJ
Spec. Thermal capacity H2O: 𝑐𝑐 = 4,182
kg ·K
Temperature difference: ∆𝜗𝜗 = 𝜗𝜗𝑉𝑉 − 𝜗𝜗𝑅𝑅 = 50°𝐶𝐶 − 35°𝐶𝐶 = 15 𝐾𝐾
Use heat-energy Q: Q = m ∙ c ∙ ∆ϑ
kJ
= 1800 kg ∙ 4,182 ∙ 15 K
kg · K
= 112914 kJ
= 112914 ∗ 0,278 Wh
= 31390 Wh = 31,4 kWh
Result:
The heat quantity you are looking for is 𝑄𝑄 = 31,4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ.

page no.14
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Units of energy

Try to compare: the required energy to heat 1kg of water by 1K:

1- _____ times more energy has to be used than for 1kg of iron ,

2 - _____ times more energy than for 1kg of concrete .

Each kilogram of a concrete ceiling heated to 20K contains 3- _____ times more energy
than a kg of lead at the same temperature .

(Answer 1: 4.182 / 0.452 = 9.25 times more)

(Answer 2: 4.182 / 0.88 = 4.75 times more)

(Answer 3: 0.88 / 0.129 = 6.82 times more)

page no.15
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating

Main laws of thermodynamics Abkühlung

cooling und Aufheizung
and heating
1. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is only 90
85
transformed. 80

2. Heat cannot pass from a body of low temperature to a body 75

70

of higher temperature on its own. 65

60

[°C][°C]
55

Heat flux ( J / s or W) 50

Temperatur
45

Temperature
40

It is the temporary change in thermal energy during the 35

30
transfer of heat from one system to another. 25
20
15
The temperatures change until both are equalized by 10

adding heat or extracting heat from the air. 5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

The heat flux remains constant in the steady state. Time constantττ
Zeitkonstante Zeit[min]
time [min]

If there are changes in outside or ambient temperature, an The time constant _ ψου depends on the mass, the specific
unstable transition process occurs. thermal capacity and the thermal radiation of the surface.

page no.16
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating

 Forms of heat transfer :

• Conduction
• Convection
• Thermal radiation

Practical systems all 3 occur simultaneously: Conduction + Convection + Thermal radiation

Heat transfer that predominates in: Solids -> Heat conduction

Liquids and gases -> Convection
Gases -> Radiation

page no.17
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat transfer

page no.18
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Conduction
In a substance, heat spreads without the particles themselves being transported.

Electrical conductors ( metals ) conduct heat better than solid dielectrics (insulators).

Gases are bad conductors if convection is avoided (insulating materials).

Δ𝑇𝑇. 𝑥𝑥
Heat transmitted per unit of time = =
λ . A . Δ𝑇𝑇

Symbol Name
Heat transmitted per unit of time

k, λ, κ Thermal conductivity (intrinsic ability of a material to conduct heat )

A Contact surface area in m 2

e, d, x material thickness
T 1 -T 2 , ∆ϑ , ∆ T
Temperature difference between hot and cold spot
page no.19
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Analogy between Ohm's law and thermal conduction
λ . A . Δ𝑇𝑇
Heat flux Q = ( λ = thermal conductivity, A = Area , ΔT = temperature difference , x = Thickness in meters)
𝑥𝑥

Electric current (I) flows like heat

Voltage (V) drives electrical current as temperature difference (ΔT) drives heat flow

According to ohm's law V = I x R; So, for heat transfer we have by analogy:

ΔT = Q x Rthermal; clearing the thermal resistance we have:

Δ𝑇𝑇
Rthermal =
Q

If we now substitute Q for its value in the formula above, we have:

Δ𝑇𝑇. 𝑥𝑥
Rthermal = Δ𝑇𝑇
λ . A . Δ𝑇𝑇
= λ . A . Δ𝑇𝑇 = λ 𝑥𝑥. A
𝑥𝑥

page no.20
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Conduction - Fourier's law of thermal conduction
This law states that the rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the
negative gradient in temperature and to the area, at right angles to that gradient, through
which heat flows. Its differential form is:

https://www.herramientasingenieria.com/onlinecalc/spa/calor-paredes/calor-paredes.html http://www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca/keff.html

page no.21
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Superficial thermal resistors according to
BASIC REQUIREMENTS HE-1

Thermal Transmittance U (W/m2 K) = 1/R T

Total thermal resistance: RT (m2 K/W) = Rsi + R1 + R2 + … + Rn + Rse

where : R1 , R2 , … Rn : thermal resistance of each layer.

Rsi , Rse : thermal superficial resistance ( Table 1)

page no.22
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Example : EXTERIOR WALL

The surface thermal resistances of the

exterior face 0.04 and the interior face
0.13 of the enclosure, are obtained from
Table E.1 Surface thermal resistance of
enclosures in contact with the outside air
[m2 ·K/ W] of the DA DB-HE / 1.

The layer corresponding to the

unventilated air chamber is introduced by
its thermal resistance [m2 ·K/ W]
obtained from table 2 of DA DB-HE / 1

https://www.codigotecnico.org/pdf/GuiasyOtros/Guia_aplicacion_DBHE2019_Ejemplos_I.pdf

page no.23
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Convection - Newton's Law of Cooling

Convection is the transfer of mass or the transfer of Newton's law of cooling:

heat due to the mass movement of molecules within
fluids such as gases and liquids. The rate of heat loss from a body is
directly proportional to the temperature
Although liquids and gases are generally not very good difference between the body and its
conductors of heat, they can transfer heat rapidly by surroundings, provided that the
convection . temperature difference is small and the
nature of the radiating surface remains
the same.
Despite the complexity of convection, it is seen that the
rate of heat transfer by convection is proportional to the
temperature difference and is conveniently expressed by
Newton's law of cooling

Note that, ΔT is given by the surface or wall temperature ,

the Twall and the total temperature , T ∞ , which is the
temperature of the fluid far enough from the surface.

page no.24
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Radiation Thermal – Heat Radiant

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation in the Stefan–Boltzmann law

infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum ,
although some of it is in the visible region and obeys the The rate of heat transfer by radiation , q
laws of quantum mechanics . [W/m 2 ], from a body (for example, a black
body) to its surroundings is proportional to
Thermal radiation does not require any medium for the fourth power of the absolute
energy transfer. In fact, the transfer of energy by radiation temperature and can be expressed by the
is faster than the speed of light and does not undergo following equation:
attenuation in a vacuum. q = εσT 4
σ = fundamental physical constant called the Stefan–Boltzmann
constant , which is equal to 5.6697 × 10 -8 W/m 2 K 4
Even heat transfer by thermal radiation can occur ε = emissivity ( ε body black = 1 )
between two bodies separated by a medium that is colder
than both bodies.

page no.25
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Thermal output𝑸𝑸̇

 Thermal output means the heat quantity transferred per unit of time.
𝑊𝑊
 Output (P) is generally defined as work (W) or energy (E) per unit of time ( 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑡𝑡
).
̇ The following is true:
 Thermal output is a special form and is denoted by the symbol 𝑸𝑸.

𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
Thermal output =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈
𝑄𝑄
𝑄𝑄̇ =
𝑡𝑡
𝑄𝑄
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄̇ � 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 =
𝑄𝑄̇
𝐽𝐽 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄̇ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊, 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑠𝑠 ℎ
𝑄𝑄 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊, 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ℎ

page no.26
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat flow ϕ = thermal output𝑸𝑸̇
Thermal output is also known as heat flow with the symbol φ (phi).

Heatflow = Heatoutput
𝝓𝝓 = 𝑸𝑸̇
𝑸𝑸
Combine the equations 𝑸𝑸 = 𝒎𝒎 � 𝒄𝒄 � ∆𝝑𝝑and 𝑸𝑸̇ = 𝒕𝒕 and you get
𝒎𝒎�𝒄𝒄�∆𝝑𝝑
𝑸𝑸 ̇ = 𝒕𝒕
.
m
is the the mass flow m.̇
y

page no.27
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat flow ϕ = thermal output𝑸𝑸̇

the following formula is often used in practice:

Thermal output and mass flow:

𝑄𝑄̇ = 𝑚𝑚̇ � 𝑐𝑐 � ∆𝜗𝜗

𝐽𝐽 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄̇ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊, 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑠𝑠 ℎ
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇ = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
ℎ
𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 � 𝐾𝐾
∆𝜗𝜗 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾

page no.28
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Temperature depending on room use

page no.29
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Basic principles of air conditioning technology

The three fundamental units of measure for well-being :

1) Temperature

2) Relative humidity (Amount of water vapor in the air)

3) The concentration of impurities and pollution.

Main goal:
Keep these three parameters within limits to stay in the "comfort zone"

With the measurement of temperature and relative humidity we obtain three more important units:
4) absolute water content

5) Heat content, enthalpy and

6) dew point temperature

page no.30
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat and steam emission from people - considerations from the
physiological point of view heat

A healthy person, under normal conditions, should remain at 37º C thanks to a biological regulation mechanism.
The emanation of heat to the environment occurs in different ways and through different paths:

Radiation from the surface of skin and clothing to surfaces and colder objects in the room.

Conduction and convection from skin and clothing surfaces to contact surfaces (floor, walls) and to room air.

Perceptible or imperceptible emission of water vapor on the skin and clothing (vaporization)

Hot breath , practically saturated with moisture.

Sensible heat (dry or perceptible) = Radiation + Conduction + Convection

Latent heat = Evaporation + Respiration.

For a person at rest, physically and mentally, with an ambient temperature of 20º C, a heat emission results in
the following proportion: 79% sensible heat (46% radiation and 33% conduction and convection) and 21% heat
latent.

page no.31
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat emission from a person
The Table shows us the heat emission of a person in physical rest The amount of biologically necessary total heat emission, as
and normal clothing, with practically still air, but with different air well as its partial sum (sensible and latent) essentially depends
temperatures. Depending on your activity, the heat emitted can on the following factors:
increase up to 700 W (heavier jobs)

Heat emission of a person with different air temperatures Type of work and effort required
temperature level perceived
air
age and sex

If the air temperature increases, the emission of heat by

convection and radiation decreases, the regulation mechanism
Emission of water vapor from a person at different air temperatures of the human body reacts by intensifying the emission of steam.

In this way, the heat of evaporation of water (2500 kJ/kg) is

extracted from the body and an additional cooling effect is
generated

page no.32
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Standard outside temperature

City Standard outside temperature

Berlin -14°C
Chemnitz -16°C
Dortmund -12°C
Dresden -14°C

Frankfurt/Main -12°C

Hamburg -12°C
Ludenscheid -12°C
Munich -16°C
Oldenburg -10°C

The standard outdoor temperature is the outside air temperature.

Supplementary Note 1 to DIN EN 12831 stipulates the standard outdoor
temperature for all German cities of more than 20,000 inhabitants.

Remember to consult it when calculating standard heat loss.

page no.33
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Terms external calculation

Interior calculation conditions In the absence of more precise data, an interior temperature θi =20ºC
(every month) and a relative humidity of the interior environment Φi will be taken based on the
hygrometry class of the space: · Hygrometry class 5: 70% · Hygrometry class 4: 62%. Hygrometry
class ≤ 3: 55%

page no.34
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Humidity

Fog above the cooling tower caused Condensation on a poorly

by air cooling under the dew point insulated window

page no.35
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Humidity

Air can store (unseen) water.

But the amount of water the air can

store is highly dependent on air
temperature:

The warmer the air, the more

water per m³ of air.

• Warmer air can absorb more water.

• But, as air cools, the amount of water it can store falls.
• If air cools significantly, its storage capacity can fall in such a way that the
excess water is "expelled" from the air.

page no.36
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 dew point
The dew point is the temperature at
which
• the air is 100% saturated with
water,
• and relative humidity is 100%, ie the
air is (already) saturated with water
vapour.
• evaporation and condensation are in
perfect equilibrium

If the temperature undershoots the dew point,

• condensation appears.
• If exceeded, the air can absorb additional humidity ("it dries ").

The higher the relative humidity, the higher the dew point temperature.

The dew point is also influenced by air pressure.

page no.37
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Formation of condensation and its consequences

Water vapor
condenses at the dew point location
leaving the wall or the insulation
inside the building materials wet.

Over the long term, this can lead

• to the materials losing their properties and characteristics
(insulation is less effective when wet than when dry),
• to mold growing inside the materials,
• to smells appearing,
• or to the materials disintegrating or decomposing .

Moisture transfer can be prevented using a vapor barrier .

page no.38
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Formation of condensation and its consequences

At an indoor temperature of 18 °C and relative humidity of 40 %, the dew point is

around 4 °C.

At an indoor temperature of 22 °C and humidity of 70 %, the dew point is around

16 °C.

A dew point of between 10 °C and 12 °C is presumed as an average in living spaces.

That means surfaces and construction materials under 10 °C to 12 °C

become damp, ie they are at risk of mould!

page no.39
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Operating temperature and relative humidity –
Spain RITE
Operating Temperature and Relative Humidity 1. Indoor design conditions of operating
temperature and relative humidity will be set based on activity metabolism of people,
their degree of clothing and the estimated percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), according
to the following cases:
a) For people with a sedentary metabolic activity of 1.2 met , with a degree of clothing of 0.5 clo in summer and 1 clo in
winter and a PPD (percentage of dissatisfied people) less than 10%, the values of the operating temperature and
relative humidity, assuming a low air velocity level (<0.1 m/s), will be within the limits indicated in the table

For the dimensioning of the heating systems , a calculation temperature of the interior
conditions of 21ºC will be used . For refrigeration systems, the calculation temperature will be
25 ºC .
page no.40
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Relative humidity

Table: Guide values for living space temperatures and humidity

Air Wall surface
relative humidity
Room temperature temperature in
in %
in °C °C
Living, dining and
children's twenty 17 45 to 55
bedrooms
Bedrooms 14 eleven 60 to 75
bathrooms 22 17 70 to 90
Kitchen twenty fifteen 50 to 80

page no.41
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Relative humidity

Water content [g/m3]

Water content [g/m3]

Temperature [°C] Temperature [°C]

Saturation of the air with water vapor dependent on temperature

page no.42
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Relative humidity
 Relative humidity 𝜑𝜑(Greek: phi) Air temperature
in °C
Maximum humidity
𝑥𝑥𝑆𝑆 in
𝑔𝑔

indicates, as a percentage, how saturated the

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

-fifteen 1.03
air is with water vapor at a specific -10 1.62
-5 2.50
temperature. 0 3.82
5 5.47
10 7.73
fifteen 10.78
 Absolute humidity x indicates the water vapor twenty
25
14.88
20.34
content of the air in g/kg. 30
35
27.52
37.05

 At a humidity of 𝜑𝜑 =100%, the air is saturated

and has reached maximum 𝒙𝒙𝑺𝑺 air moisture.
Relative humidity 𝝋𝝋: Example of calculation:
𝑥𝑥
𝜑𝜑 = � 100 % Given that 1kg of air at 25 °C contains
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠
8g of water vapor , calculate:
𝑥𝑥 = Absolute humidity
𝑥𝑥𝑠𝑠 = Maximum Absolute a How high is its relative humidity ?
(Answer: φ = (8/1)/20.34 = 39.3%)
humidity
page no.43
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Interesting facts about relative humidity

Interesting facts about humidity

• The healthiest indoor climate is 50% relative humidity and 20 °C room

temperature.
• Relative ambient humidity should not fall below 30%.
• Some forms of mold begin to multiply from as low as 70% humidity.
• Humidity levels above 80% over prolonged periods inevitably lead to mold growth.
• Moist air feels subjectively warmer than dry air at the same temperature.
• The ideal ambient humidity is lower in winter than in summer (the lower the
outdoor temperature, the lower the optimal humidity).
• Warmer rooms should exhibit lower humidity than colder rooms (the higher the
room temperature, the lower the optimal humidity).
• A hygrometer measures water vapor in the atmosphere. The humidity level may
need to be increased or reduced to achieve optimal humidity.
• Over the long term, ambient humidity levels that are either too high or too low are
bad for health.

page no.44
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Comfort

Table: Guide values for total thermal output per person

Activities activity level Total thermal
output
per person in W
normal activity
I 100
Normal office work
Light activity, Standing, laboratory
II 150
work
Moderately hard physical activity III 200
Hard physical Activity IV over 250

page no.45
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Operating temperature and relative humidity
– Spain RITE

Operating Temperature - The uniform temperature of a black radiant enclosure in which

an occupant would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation and convection as in
the actual non-uniform environment.

Remember that the operating temperature is, to a good approximation, the arithmetic
mean between the dry air temperature “ ϑA ” and the average radiant temperature of
the enclosures “ ϑC ” of the premises.

Operating temperature = ( ϑC + ϑA ) / 2

The human body removes heat by convection and by radiation in almost equal parts, if the
air speed is less than 0.2 m/s and the difference between mean radiant temperature and
dry air temperature is less than 4 °C. ( ϑC – ϑA < 4ºC)

This means that the dry temperature of the air can be the parameter that is controlled in
the premises, as it is effectively done.

page no.46
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Operating temperature
The operating temperature ϑo (theta) is the average of the temperatures
 of the surrounding surfaces ϑ W and
 the ambient air ϑA

A difference between the wall temperature and room temperature is called heat
withdrawal or "thermal radiation withdrawal".

A one-sided decrease in heat is deemed thermally uncomfortable if there is a

temperature difference between wall and room of more than 4.5K.

This effect primarily arises near windows and cooled room surfaces.

page no.47
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Scheme HX

Physical principles of
air damp

Comfort zone :
Point no. 1 that we see in the Mollier
diagram in the annex describes the
optimal point within the comfort
zone:

• the state of the air: 23 °C

• relative humidity: fifty%

• water content: 8.7 g/kg

• heat content: 45.3 kJ/kg

page no.48
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 impurities _ on the ambient

Chemical German - Max von Pettenkofer Concentration Effect

He identified the Carbon dioxide as an 350 – 450ppm Common atmospheric concentration
important component for the assessment of
indoor air quality. 600 – 800ppm Reliable indoor air quality
1000ppm Still reliable indoor air quality
What's more defined as a criterion the CO₂
reference value valid for a certain time of 0.1
vol % (= 1000 ppm) indoors, the so-called 5000ppm Maximum concentration in the workplace after 8
Pettenkofer number . hours
From this concentration discomforts such as 6,000 – 30,000ppm Questionable , short
headache and loss of concentration may
occur .
3 – 8%

1 ppm = 1ml/m 3 = 10 -4 Vol. %

Elevated respiratory rate, headache
For the conversion of the maximum values > 10% Nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness
referred to weight in values by volume, the
following formula can be used: > 20% Sudden loss of consciousness, death
1ppm = 1 mg/m 3 24.06 / molar mass

page no.49
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 VOCs – or VOCs – volatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds – VOCs – or VOCs – volatile organic compounds , are all those
hydrocarbons present in gaseous state at normal room temperature, or that are very volatile at said
temperature. A VOC can be considered any organic compound that at 20ºC has a vapor pressure of
0.01 kPa or more, or an equivalent volatility in the particular conditions of use – and a boiling point
between 50 and 260ºC.

The indicative values included in the SBM2015 measurement standard refer to total volatile organic
compounds, recommended as precautionary values for rest areas:
•Not significant : < 100 µg/m³
•Weakly significant: 100 – 300 µg/m³
•Strongly significant: 300 – 1000 µg/m³
•Extremely significant : >1000 µg/m³

The limits established in Spain for exposures are collected according to individual compounds in the
Professional Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents in Spain, updated every year.
There is no reference value for interiors of houses, nor for total organic compounds.

page no.50
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Reference values in MyInbiot - German Federal
Environmental Agency

The reference values in MyInbiot are

based on the classification of total
volatile organic compounds of the
German Federal Environmental
Agency, from which, and depending
on the exposure time, they can lead
to allergic and sensitizing reactions,
hypersensitivities or diseases of
various kinds. pathologies.

Based on these values, the following ranges have been established in

MyInbiot semaphores:

GREEN < 220 ppb

YELLOW 220 – 660 ppb
RED > 660 ppb

page no.51
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
Heat distribution
systems

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 House heating system and KNX control

page no.53
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 TYPES OF HEATING CIRCUIT

MONO-TUBULAR BITUBULAR HEATING

HEATING CIRCUITS BITUBULAR HEATING CIRCUITS, TICHELMANN
CIRCUITS RING.

page no.54
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Single pipe heating

mono-tubular heating circuit has

higher pressure drops that force the
boiler pump to work in more severe
conditions, the temperature differences
between the flow and return of the
heating circuit are notable, this also
affects the life of the the pump and the
hydraulic heating production system of
the boiler as a consequence of the
thermal differential.

page no.55
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Two-pipe system

Much more hydraulically balanced , the

Bi -tubular heating circuit largely solves
the problems posed by the Mono-
tubular heating circuit .

page no.56
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Two pipe system – Distribution from above

page no.57
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Two pipe system – Distribution from above

page no.58
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Two pipe system – Parallel arrangement

page no.59
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Two pipe system – Star-shaped arrangement

page no.60
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Tichelmann system

This type of heating circuit is classified as a Bitubular heating circuit but with the particularity
of having the inverted or inverse return, it is also known as equal friction heating circuit .

Its operating principle is that all the radiators in the heating circuit have the same hydraulic
distance from the boiler , regardless of the distance and place where the radiators are
installed in the home.

page no.61
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Thermostatic valve

page no.62
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Operating point for fixed speed pumps

The operating point of a pump is the intersection between

mbar the resistant curve of the installation and the driving curve
of the pump or characteristic curve.
Pump curve
The resistance curve of the installation depends on the
Operating point geometric unevenness of the impulsion (Hg) and the load
Loss of pressure p

losses existing in the network.

The pump drive curve is provided by the manufacturer and

indicates the head Hb offered by the pump for each driven
flow rate Qb .
Network power curve

m3/h
Flow volume V

page no.63
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Radiant floor flow temperature according to
outside temperature
Changes in the current outside temperature do not have the
same effect simultaneously, nor do they have the same
intensity within one room of the building. Due to the active
thermal mass, time delays and attenuations occur. In order to
take these influences into account, the supply temperature is
regulated according to the outside temperature.

The progressive change of the desired value of the supply

temperature using the outside temperature as a pilot value is
determined in the heating curve.
If the boiler for underfloor heating has a fixed delivery
temperature, and this heating curve is not considered, for the
reasons mentioned above, an ideal temperature will never be
obtained.

page no.64
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 heating curve

A heating curve, heating characteristic curve or heating curve

describes the relationship between an outside temperature and
the supply or flow temperature of the liquid, normally water,
associated with a heating circuit.

The purpose of the curve is to control the boiler or generator so

that it heats the rooms of a building or home to a comfortable
temperature that is as constant as possible, even if outside
temperatures change.

The temperature of the heating water increases when the

outside temperature decreases and vice versa. The curve must heating curves.
be adjusted depending on the type of boiler, heating (underfloor * Underfloor heating (low supply temperature, between 35º
and 45º): curves between 0.2 and 0.5
heating, radiators, fans or convectors), outside temperatures, * Radiator heating (low and high temperature): curves
the season of the year as well as the degree of thermal between 1.0 and 1.6. Depending on the degree of insulation
and weather conditions. Well-insulated buildings: curves from
insulation of the building or home. 1.0 to 1.2; poorly insulated buildings: 1.4 to 1.6
* Heating by convectors and fans (high temperature): curves
between 2.0 and 3.0.

page no.65
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 The path of the heating curve is slightly curved, since the thermal dissipation of the
heating surfaces is not linear at different temperatures.

A correctly adjusted heating curve guarantees a reduction in heat losses, better control of
the room temperature for hygrothermal comfort and a better thermal sensation, as well as
energy savings.

The UNE standard considers comfort temperatures in winter between 21 and 23ºC.
However, each person has a different perception of the room temperature in which they
feel comfortable, so a system setting considered "normal" may be comfortable for one
person, too warm for the next and too cold for another.

page no.66
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating curve

Heating curve ratio

Dividing the flow temperature

change ( Δϑ v ) by the
corresponding outside
temperature change ( Δϑ A ) gives
the heating curve ratio.
A value of 1.5 on the slope of the curve means that a change in outside temperature of 1 °C causes an
average change in flow temperature of 1.5 °C .
The slope depends on:
• heating system used
• thermal needs of the rooms
• thermal insulation of the building.
Underfloor heating = Between 0.2 and 0.5; Very well insulated buildings with radiators = Between 1.0 and 1.2; Poorly isolated = Between
1.4 and 1.6.
page no.67
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating curve shift - Parallel shift

In the night lowering (reduced operation), the "normal"

heating curve is used, which is shifted by the control to
lower room set temperatures at specified times of the day.
In general, in residential buildings between 10 pm and 6
am, in office buildings between 5 pm and 6 am
additionally on weekends, the room temperature may be
lowered.
For reduced operation, a set minimum room temperature
of 3ºC (frost protection) is usually sufficient. During the
cold days with permafrost, a higher value ( eB 10 to 15ºC)
may be useful temporarily so that the room temperatures
Shifting downwards is used, among do not drop too much and the reheating in the morning
other things, for reductions at night. does not take too long.
But, both upward and downward
shifts may be necessary for the power
curve optimization

page no.68
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating curve shift - tilted room temperature line

Target room setpoint temperature causes a shift of the entire curve along a tilted room temperature
line. See the first 3 graphics with a shift of the heating curve with inclination 7.5 (manufacturer-
specific) after a 5 °C higher or lower target room temperature.

page no.69
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Simplified adjustment instructions

for a heat deficit

Adjustments to existing heating systems should be made as
follows:

• Room temperature generally too low: increase level.

• Room temperature too low, especially on cold days:
increase inclination.
• Room temperature in the transition period too low, on
for a heat surplus
cold days ok: increase level, lower inclination.
• Room temperature in the transition period too high, on
cold days ok: lower level, increase inclination.

page no.70
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 BOILER: MULTI-CIRCUIT DELIVERY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

ADJUST FLOOR HEATING SUPPLY TEMPERATURE

ACCORDING TO OUTDOOR TEMPERATURE

page no.71
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 page no.72
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 page no.73
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 page no.74
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Scheme HX

Physical principles of
air damp

Comfort zone :
Point no. 1 that we see in the Mollier
diagram in the annex describes the
optimal point within the comfort
zone:

• the state of the air: 23 °C

• relative humidity: fifty%

• water content: 8.7 g/kg

• heat content: 45.3 kJ/kg

page no.75
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 BOILER: MULTI-CIRCUIT DELIVERY TEMPERATURE REGULATION

ADJUST COOLING CEILING DELIVERY TEMPERATURE

TO AVOID CONDENSATION

11ºC

∆t=20K

11ºC+20K
= 31ºC

Min 10 ºC Max. 30ºC

Unidad pilotaje = Temp. Punto de rocío

page no.76
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 page no.77
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 page no.78
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 page no.79
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 hydraulic balancing

In principle, hydraulic balancing is necessary to supply all

the radiators in an installation with exactly the necessary
heat and uniformly.

Comparison of heating systems and their heat dissipation

with and without hydraulic balancing

Hydraulic balancing increases energy efficiency by up to

15% and thus saves energy costs

● Optimization of the entire heating system

● Reduced power consumption by up to 15 percent
● Improved thermal comfort
● Low flow noise

page no.80
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating surfaces

page no.81
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heater thermal output

Construction length Heating Thermal output (W) at t v 75 °C, t R 65 °C

surfaces

hmm m² 15°C 18°C 20°C 22°C 24°C

Construction height
500mm
600 3,582 999 931 886 842 799
700 4,200 1165 1086 1033 982 932
800 4,816 1332 1241 1181 1123 1065
900 5,436 1498 1396 1329 1263 1198
1000 6,052 1665 1552 1477 1403 1332
1100 6,668 1831 1706 1624 1543 1464
1200 7,286 1998 1862 1772 1684 1598
1300 7,904 2164 2017 1919 1824 1731
1400 8,520 2330 2171 2066 1964 1864
1600 9,754 2663 1482 2362 2244 2130
1800 10,992 2996 2792 2657 2525 2396
2000 12,387 3329 3102 2952 2806 2663

Eg Thermal output of a double layer heater, construction height

500mm, independent of indoor air temperature

page no.82
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Assembly of heater + temperature sensor
 To achieve an even heat distribution in the room: Install
heaters in the coldest spot.
This is usually under the window.

 The heater should be at least as broad as the window.

 It is important to take due account of the

correct installation position of the temperature sensor for
individual room temperature control systems. The sensor
should be installed away from the door (effect of drafts)

 For convenience and to make them easier to read,

temperature controllers are often installed higher than
standard light switches.

page no.83
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 cast iron radiators

Eg Radiator label
20 - 580 * 70

Meaning:
n = 20 sections
h = 580mm construction height
b = 70mm construction depth

page no.84
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 radiators

Panel / flat radiators:

cast iron
type code (eg 22) = Number of convection slats
radiators

Curved steel radiator

special shapes
page no.85
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Convection / air heaters

page no.86
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heater fittings

page no.87
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 surface heating

Surface heating splits into:

• Floor heating
• wall heating
• ceiling heating

Surface heating = radiant

heating

page no.88
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Floor heating

advantages Disadvantages
 No visible heaters  Higher purchase price
 Very hygienic, low convection, little dust  Difficult and expensive to repair in the event of
dispersal leaks
 Warm floors and balanced room air  Sluggish heating up thick floor screeds
temperature  Increased heat loss downwards.
 Condensing boilers and water pumps are
particularly apt because of the heating water
temperature.

page no.89
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating circuit manifolds

page no.90
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Symbols for heating systems I

Pipes Shutoff and control valves

Shutoff valve
General pipe - with handwheel

- with magnet
Insulated pipe

Crossing pipe with connection - with motor

Crossing pipe without connection - with diaphragm

Branch point - with float

Heating flow Gate valve

Heating return flow Butterfly valve

Hose pipe
Angle valve

page no.91
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Symbols for heating systems II

Shutoff and control valves

Safety valves
The sort of cock can be labelled with
an abbreviation No-return valve with
Straight cock shutoff
K Tap
KL Ball Security valve, spring
Possibly indicating the direction loaded
Three-way cock of flow Security angle valve,
Direction of flow as spring loaded
Four-way cock distributor: Pressure reducer
valve
G Straight seat valve
Shutoff valve S Angle seat valve Return unit, gen.
Straight valve D Throttle valve
UP Concealed valve
No-return damper
Flow direction,
Three-way valve e.g. distributor:
mixer: Diaphragm expansion
vessel
Flow direction
Four-way valve Vent valve

page no.92
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Symbols for heating systems III

Symbols for pumps and fans Heat exchangers

Heating circuit, gen.

Circulation pumps Heater, gen.

Radiator

Rotary pumps Panel heater

Convector
Piston pumps
Heat exchanger general
Air
Ventilator Fan heater
Fan Heating water
Counterflow heat
Compressor exchanger

page no.93
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
Heat generators

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 Conventional Heat Generators / Low-Temperature
Boilers
Low-Temperature Boiler

They can work with very low water return temperatures (40ºC), without being damaged by
the condensation produced in the boiler body .

Therefore, they can be adapted to the thermal needs of the building, pumping water at
different temperatures depending on the outside temperature, orientation, location, etc.

Annual utilization level not great

Its better than normal boilers but worse than
condensing boilers
A low-temperature boiler has an annual utilization
level (see next slide) in the 75% to 80% range .
The EU's Ecodesign Directive, in force since 26
September 2015, requires manufacturers to
design energy and resource efficient heaters and
hot water generators with an output of up to
400kW.
page no.95
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Annual degree of utilization

Formula for calculating the annual degree of utilization

Q o,a Useful energy per year [MWh]

Qi,a Supplied energy per year [MWh]

a Based on a year (degrees of utilization can also be determined on a monthly or weekly basis)

page no.96
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 condensing boilers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMP1EG4q-uA
page no.97
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Condensing boilers

Annual utilization – very good

Condensing boilers claim a very high
annual utilization rate of up to 94%

Gas is better than oil – high dew

point
Thanks to the relatively high dew point
temperature of gas, approximately
55.6 °C, very high calorific value
efficiency can be achieved.
The heat exchanger cools down the hot exhaust gas from
aprox. 1200 °C to ca. 120°C The water from the heating flow
Heating oil has a lower dew point
heats up from ca. 50 °C to ca. 70°C
temperature, approximately 47 °C, and
the exhaust gas contains sulphur.

page no.98
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 CHP (Combined Heat and Power plants)

page no.99
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 CHP (Combined Heat and Power plants) cogeneration
exchange systems
Efficiency of CHP with different performance levels
CHP: O verall efficiency = Electrical + thermal
efficiency.
Electrical
power in kW electrical thermal total

This takes into account of how much of the

primary energy is converted into electricity and
how much into heat.
The respective proportions differ according to
the selected energy, the motor and the design.

In general, the electrical efficiency is between

30% and 40% and the thermal efficiency
between 50% and 60%

Efficiency in %

page no.100
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 CHP - efficiency level

Cogeneration exchange systems are production systems in which electrical energy and useful
thermal energy are simultaneously obtained from a single fuel.

When generating electricity with a generator motor or a turbine, the utilization of the primary energy
of the fuel is 30% to 40%. The rest is lost as heat.

When cogenerating, it is possible to take advantage of 80% to 95% of the energy delivered by the
fuel.

The improvement of the thermal efficiency of cogeneration is based on taking advantage of the
residual heat of the cooling systems of internal combustion engines when generating electricity,
using the heat for heating.

page no.101
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 CHP technology - Combined cycle electricity
generation
Exhaust
system

Exhaust gas Silencer

heat
exchanger

Gas
Motor

Heating system
Generator
heat exchanger

Public electricity network

page no.102
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
Instalación
real E.ON

page no.103
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Ciclo combinado de generación de electricidad

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9q--NQ-3IDw ES
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYIJWirWPLk EN

page no.104
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Aire acondicionado – bomba de calor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9tt66C3D8U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8JBEFXsdk0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRKSNXI5cxA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOCdHuHMyO0

page no.105
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Air conditioning – heat pump HX

page no.106
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat pumps I

Cooling - heat pump

Cold storage
Location
room
= Kitchen

Goal = to extract heat

from the refrigerator
Heating - heat pump

Location Building
- outside air
- Ground water

Goal = household
heating

page no.107
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat pumps II

Energy flow diagram

conventional heat Losses
generator
Analogy model
Fuel input Analogy model with "heat pump"
without "heat pump"
from

to Heat
generator Heat
generated

Heat pump
Losses
Electric input to power
compressor

from
Heat
to generator Heat
generated

Supplied environmental heat at low temperature level

page no.108
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat pumps III

Heat source Heat pump Heat consumer

tON = +2 °C Compressor tHV = 50 °C

Brine
Vapour Heating
ca. 100 °C
ca. 20 bar
Vapour (ca. 60 °C
tOFF = -1 °C ca. 4bar condensate) tHR = 45 °C
ca. -4 °C

Evaporator Condenser

Liquid
Liquid
ca. 4bar
ca. 20 bar
ca. -8 °C
ca. 50 °C

Expansion valve

page no.109
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 COP heat pump: measure the coefficient of
performance
The COP index ( Coefficient Of Performance ) is a relationship between the electrical energy that enters
the equipment and the heat that it gives out .

If the unit uses 1.5 kW to heat water and is consuming 0.5 kW, the COP will be 1.5/0.5 = 3.0.

How can the COP be interpreted? (The higher the COP, the greater its efficiency.)

Obtaining energy is different depending on the time of year .

Air temperature: hot air - more energy <-> cold air - less energy
Water temperature set: cold water – more energy <-> hot water – less energy (lower COP)

Best COP with: Hot air and cold water. Installation in sun-exposed attics instead of basements.

Make sure the conditions are the same before comparing and calculating the COP values.

page no.110
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat pump:
Efficiency and utilization

page no.111
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat pump:
Coefficient and performance factor
Coefficient of power Performance factor / annual
performance factor β
The performance factor β is the ratio of net heat
compared to energy consumed electricity).

page no.112
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Monovalent and bivalent operating mode

The heat pump is designed to provide Heat pumps only fully cover demand
full coverage every day of the year on their own on days over +3°C .
warmer than -15°C In this set-up, 5% of additional electric
. heat is required.

page no.113
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating demand and thermal output

page no.114
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heat pumps / heat sources

Classification of heat source systems

Water Ground water Surface water

Geothermal Geothermal probe Geothermal collector

Outside air direct Solid absorber

Waste Ventilation systems Industrial area

page no.115
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Solar heating

Main components of a two-circuit system

T1

T1 Coll
T2 Res
T2 T

T P1
T2max
P1

T1 temperature sensor on collector

T2 temperature sensor on reservoir
 T temperature difference
P1 solar circuit pump

page no.116
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 collectors

flat collector pipe collector

page no.117
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Solar coverage
Coverage with a domestic water solar power system
Solar coverage is the amount of solar
energy expressed as a share of the
total energy demand for a domestic
water or heating system.

kWh/month
100% annual coverage rates are
possible for both (domestic water or
heating system) even in mild climates,
however, this would require
unreasonable financial, material and
energy costs.

March
February
January

September
April
May

August
June

October
November
July

December
9 m² - Collector 7 m² - Collector
5 m² - Collector BWW demand

page no.118
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Classification of solar thermal systems

page no.119
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 General conditions for solar heating

What are the general conditions for solar heating?

1 Low flow temperature: Floor heating
2 Lower total thermal energy demand: Low-energy house standard
3 Good layering in reservoir
4 Use of buffer reservoirs (storage up to 95ºC)
5 Low-flow concept reaches higher temperatures
6 Increase collector inclination greater yield in transitional periods

page no.120
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
drinking water

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 drinking water
 Drinking water is a necessity of life!

 High-quality requirements!

• The limit values, guidelines, requirements for the planning and

operation of drinking water plants are defined in
DIN 2000 and DIN 2001 respectively. Extract:

• "Water intended for human consumption must be obtained in

such a way that its consumption or use poses no threat to
human health, particularly from disease-causing agents.

• The German Drinking Water Regulation (German abbreviation:

TrinkwV ) also stipulates obligations for drinking water plant
operators.

page no.122
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Drinking water – quality requirements

 Quality requirements:
• Drinking water must have low germ levels and may not contain any
harmful pathogens.
• Moreover, it should be appealing , colourless , cool , odorless and
tasteless to encourage consumption.
• Its temperature should be between 5°C and 15°C and there should be
no short-term temperature fluctuations.

page no.123
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 … Drinking water – quality requirements

 … quality requirements:
• While dissolved substance content should be limited to a certain salt
content is desired .
• However, when heated, hard water leads to sedimentation in containers
and pipelines, while soft water leads to metal deposits (corrosion
damage).
• Drinking water and the materials (like the water pipes, valves, reservoirs
, etc.) with which it comes into contact must be coordinated to avoid
corrosion damage.

page no.124
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Temperature limit

• Water at 50°C will only redden an

adult's skin a little,
• but can cause burn blisters on small
children!

• "The hot water in the pipe network...should not exceed 60°C

in normal operation."

• Scalding prevention measures or downstream thermostats

can also be used to limit temperatures.

page no.125
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
legal framework

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 legal framework
In contrast to standards (also very numerous when it comes to buildings' energy
consumption), regulations are instructions issued by the lawmakers and are thus mandatory
; over the last few years, statutory energy efficiency targets have been considerably increased
(for example, up to 30% less CO 2 emissions) in some European countries.
Ultimately, however, these regulations are all based on international norms, which in this case
were drawn up at the urging of policy makers, for example:
 EN 15232-2012 Impact of building automation on building efficiency.
 EN ISO 13789:2015-06 – proposal - Thermal performance of buildings - Specific
transmission and ventilation heat transfer coefficients - Calculation method.
 …
If a certain amount of climate distribution differentiation is also to
be achieved, these targets can only be reached in new buildings
and comprehensive renovations of old buildings by using building
automation .
page no.127
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Energy certificate
Final energy demand
in the energy
certificate

Example Germany,
EnEV2016

page no.128
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Energy certificate

Comparative value of
final energy demand
in the energy
certificate

Example Germany,
EnEV2016

Conclusion:
In future, some form of automation technology will be essential in all new
buildings!
This also applies to renovations of old buildings.

page no.129
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Certificate of Energy Efficiency
of Buildings
What is it and what is it for?
Just as when we buy an appliance we are aware that one with
a letter A (or A++) label is better than one with a letter B, a
home will consume less depending on whether its energy
rating is closer to A.

The energy efficiency certificate is not something exclusive to

Spain. It is a regulation imposed by the European Union and that
was applied in Spain, already belatedly, in 2013. We were the
last country in the EU to apply it.
page no.130
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Certificate of Energy Efficiency of Buildings

Objective :
Make the population aware of the energy consumption of the homes or buildings that
they are going to acquire and promote the demand for efficient buildings from the
energy point of view. like everyone we know , the energy electric , gas or diesel
usually quote upwards . _
You can have a return on investment for having efficiently built and controlled the
building.
In the medium term, significant savings can be achieved , and the more efficient
(approaching A++), the more you save in the long term.

page no.131
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Certificate of Energy Efficiency of Buildings
WHO IS REQUIRED TO OBTAIN THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY CERTIFICATE?

There are three cases in which the owner of a property is required to have an energy efficiency certificate:

1. In newly built buildings. A first certificate is made for the execution project and another for the finished
construction.
2. In existing buildings or parts of buildings intended for sale or rent.
3. The cases of buildings or parts of buildings whose useful area is occupied by a public authority and
regularly frequented by the public. Provided that said useful area is greater than 250m2.

Exceptions where they are not required :

• Buildings or parts of buildings used for religious • Buildings that are purchased for major
activities. renovations or for demolition.
• Provisional constructions. Homes whose use is less than four months a
•
year, or with a limited use per year and with
• Industrial, agricultural or defense buildings. an energy consumption of less than 25% of
what would result from its use throughout the
• Isolated buildings or parts of buildings with a useful year.
area of less than 50 m2.
page no.132
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Certificate of Energy Efficiency of Buildings

How long is it valid?

The validity is 10 years from the date of issue and signature by the technician .
Although, it is advisable to update it, if we make renovations that improves the building or home in
question.

Are there bonuses for having a certificate?

YES! But not in all municipalities.
• Buildings with an A rating can be discounted up to 20%.
• Buildings with a B rating may be discounted up to 16%.
• In buildings with a C rating, the bonus may reach 12%.
• Buildings rated D or E will be able to get a bonus of up to 8% and 4% respectively.
• Properties with an energy rating of F or G will not receive a discount, nor will those that do not
have an energy certificate.

page no.133
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
“CONTROL” AND
“REGULATION”

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 Regulation response
For the selection and adjustment of a regulator it is necessary to analyze the temporal behavior of the regulation section
(transfer function). That is, the thermal response of the circuit after a sudden change in the setpoint.

P Response: I Response:

PT1 Response : tt Response: TtPT1 Response: PT2 Response:

page no.135
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Control - Open loop control system – “Steering”
The output has no effect on the control system, that is, there is no feedback from said output to the controller.
Open Loop Control Examples (Steering)
• A washing machine: washing based on a time basis . It does not measure the degree of cleanliness of the
clothes, which would be the output to consider.
• Toaster: adjusting the time for toasting does not measure the level of toasting.
• Volume of a radio : If set to a fixed volume and the decibels of the sound are not regulated.

Features : Block diagram of steering Disruption

• Simple and easy to maintain. Sun, wind

• The output is not compared to the input. Actuator

Input value
• They are affected by disturbances. affects control device Control variable Control path
Command device Control device effects the actuator
• Accuracy depends on previous system calibration Person valve wheel
room
output value
• Calibration is time consuming Valve
room temperature

• They are effective in systems where the

disturbances are known and always change the
No feedback
same
page no.136
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Regulation - Closed loop control system “ Adjustment ”

The output to be controlled is fed back to compare it with the input (desired value) and thus
generate an error that the controller receives to decide the action to take on the process, in order
to reduce said error and therefore, bring the system output to the desired value .

Regulator = Feedback control loop

r(t) reference variable

u(t) control signal
y(t) controlled variable
e(t)=r(t)-y(t) acting error

The elementary theoretical algorithm of the PID

controller is:

The control signal is then equal to the sum of three terms: the P term (which is proportional to the error), the I
term (proportional to the error integral) and the D term (which is proportional to the error derivative). The
controller parameters are the proportional gain K , the integration time Ti and the derivation time Td .

page no.137
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 PID regulator

The PID controller combines the properties of the P, PI and PD controllers. It can be adapted to the
regulation section by adjusting the three parameters Xp , Tn (also called Ti) and Tv (also called Td).
The adjustment magnitude is calculated according to the proportional, integral and differential parts.

PI Regulator Jump Response

Jump response of the PID controller

Jump response of the PD regulator

page no.138
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Calculation example with a PI regulator
disturbances
Apart from part P, the regulator output is adapted trying to correct the
22ºC xp = 4K error in the output in order to equalize the air temperature to the
setpoint with an integral calculation. The speed of this correction
depends on the integral time Ti

20ºC
Causing a change between the setpoint temperature and the
PI Regulator Jump Response
ambient temperature of 2 Kelvin will cause an immediate change in
the regulator output thanks to the proportional part of the PI regulator
e = 22ºC – 20ºC = 2K

x p y Ti are usually parameters in the KNX component

xp = 4 Kelvin also xp = 1/kp
Values empirical with temperature regulations :
K = kp = up max (t) / xp taking into account that heating
Hot water: xp = 5 K Ti = 150 min
up max (t) = 255 (KNX DPT value 5.001 scaling value ) Radiant floor heating: xp = 5 K Ti = 240 min
Air convector: xp = 4 K Ti = 90 min
kp = 255 / 4K = 64 Split-Unit: xp = 4 K Ti = 90 min
Heating electrical: xp = 4 K Ti = 100 min
up (t) = k p . e = 64 . 2 = 128 = 128/255% =50% Ceiling cooling: xp = 5 K Ti = 240 min
page no.139
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Simulation of a closed loop system with proportional regulation
Time responses of
y(t)

Simulation of a closed loop system with PI regulation

The effects of the proportional ,
integral and derivative actions are
illustrated in the figures to the right,
respectively, which show, for a third-
order process, the time responses of y(t)
for a unit step variation of the setpoint.

Simulation of a closed loop system with PID regulation

page no.140
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Adjustable? Regulation sections PT 2
Adjustable depending on the Tg /Tu ratio
> 10 very well adjustable
10 well adjustable
6 adjustable
3 hardly adjustable
< 3 almost not adjustable
According to the oscillation method :
• (Ziegler-Nichols)
According to the adjustment magnitude jump method:
• Chien-Hrones-Reswick
• T-sum rule

page no.141
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Example of calculation of the parameters of a PID
regulator with the CHR method
Supply temperature can vary between 20ºC According to the adjustment magnitude jump method:
(minimum temperature of the tubes in the • Chien-Hrones-Reswick
room) and 45ºC Maximum temperature of the
boiler: Δ y max = 45ºC-20Cº =25K = 100%

If we cause a drop in delivery temperature

(opening the valve by hand) from 20ºC to
35ºC for example:
Δy = 35ºC-20ºC = 15K = 15/25x100 = 60%

We assume that the air temperature in the

room can vary between 0ºC and 40ºC at most:
Δxmax _ _ = 40ºC - 0ºC = 40K = 100%

The jump causes a change in the temperature

of the air in the room from 5ºC to 30ºC:
Δx = 30ºC - 5ºC = 25K = 25/40x100= 62.5% Ks = Δ x [%] / Δ y [%] = 62.5%/60% = 1.04

page no.142
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Example of calculation of the parameters of a PID
regulator with the CHR

page no.143
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Example of calculation of the parameters of a PID
regulator with the method Ziegler–Nichols

page no.144
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Example transducer

Sensors
Disruption
Control z The sensor converts
Setpoint difference Control variableActuator temperature into
value e=w–x y electrical currant
Command device w=5V = -0.05 V affects actuator Control path
setpoint value Controller liquid
ϑ = 50,5 °C
e.g. 50 °C ≙ 5 V
x = 5.05 V
Comparator
Actual value or control variable x converted into a voltage of 5.05 V

20 °C 2V 30 °C 3V 40 °C 4V
The sensor must convert the actual value as accurately and linearly as possible into a physical value which the comparator can compare
to the setpoint value.

page no.145
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Transducer: Linearization
Sensors
Disruption
Control z The sensor converts
Setpoint difference Control variableActuator temperature into
value e=w–x y electrical currant
Command device w=5V = -0.05 V affects actuator Control path
setpoint value Controller liquid
ϑ = 50,5 °C
e.g. 50 °C ≙ 5 V
x = 5.05 V
Comparator
Actual value or control variable x converted into a voltage of 5.05 V

Voltage Voltage Voltage

Smart
electronics
Temperature Temperature Temperature

A diagram can depict the linear conversion of a

physical value (e.g. temperature) into another Smart electronics can help where the conversion is not always linear.
value (e.g. voltage)

page no.146
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Classification of regulating

•Diverting three-way valves : They have one input (AB) and two
outputs (A) and (B). Its mission in the hydraulic circuit is to divide and
direct the flow of water that enters through (AB) in such a way that part
of the flow will leave through (A) and the other will leave through (B).

•Three-way mixing valves:

They have two inputs (A)
and (B) and one output (AB).
Its mission in the hydraulic
circuit is to mix the water
Mixing valve with mixing Diverter valve with distributor
flows that enter through (A) effect effect
and through (B) in different
proportions to give an
outlet flow through (AB).
Diverter valve with mixing effect Mixing valve with distributor effect

page no.147
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 overall transducer

Sensors Disruption
z
Setpoint Control Control variableActuator
value difference y Sensor
e=w–x
w affects actuator
Command device Controller Control path

x
Comparator
Actual value or control variable x

Temperature sensor PT 100 Tachometer Manometer Brightness sensor

page no.148
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Demanding and good-natured control tasks

Controlling room temperature is comparatively good-natured :

The system (hydraulics, room air, heated compounds) reacts

comparatively slowly, the need for accuracy is manageable.

More demanding : Ventilation systems:

Controlling temperature, CO 2 level and humidity, energy consumption

and drafts (goal: comfort). All of these points overlap and influence each
other.
The controller must make the right call.

page no.149
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Control technology exercises

"The art of control technology consists of

selecting the appropriate controller for each
control path and each control task and
calibrating it appropriately."

page no.150
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Switching controller types
Principle Example
The simplest controller:
- if current < setpoint: turn on
- if current > setpoint: turn off Iron, refrigerator, hot water
2-point
heater, heaters in washing
controllers
 Simple design, fast reaction machine/dishwasher
 Low control accuracy,
Actual value fluctuates constantly

similar to 2-point controllers but they can

work in two directions: Heating and cooling:
- if current < setpoint lower limit: Heat
- if current > setpoint upper limit: Cool
- between: Heating off/cooling off
Simple room temperature
3-point
control with heating and
controllers  Simple design, fast reaction
cooling
 Better control accuracy than 2-point
controller
 Energy consumption usually higher
 Risk of "energy waste" (heating and cooling
in alteration) if not configured correctly

page no.151
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Continuous controller types
Principle Example
Water level control in toilets:
The lower the water level, the
wider the inlet valve opens
The greater the deviation,
the greater the control variable Conventional thermostatic
controller p radiator valves: The greater
(proportionalcon  Immediate response the setpoint/actual value
troller)  Permanent control deviation: deviation, the wider the valve
Setpoint changes and disturbances can not opens.
be 100% offset in the system! (They do not have a
temperature indicator because
of the constant control
deviation!)
I control Reacts to long-term effects:
mostly in combination
(integral The longer a deviation persists, the greater
with P controller
controller) the control variable
controller Reacts to "jolts" (short-term effects): Positioning controls, robotics,
(differential Sudden setpoint/actual value deviations lead electronic stability program
controller) to large control variables (ESP) in vehicles

Controller composed of the basic KNX individual room

PI / PD / PID
components from P, I and D controllers controllers combine P and
controllers
combined for a common control variable. I parts in a PI controller .

page no.152
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 KNX Room temperature controller

KNX room temperature control:

• either with switching 2 or 3-point controllers

• or, in higher quality systems, with continuous PI

controllers,
(a combination of P and I controllers)

page no.153
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 KNX Individual
room temperature
control

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 Compared to the temperature control with
radiator thermostats, KNX individual room
temperature control has many advantages for
increased energy efficiency and comfort.

page no.155
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Individual room temperature control
with KNX – Advantages
• Improved control: PI controller instead of P controller
in thermostatic valves
• The setpoint temperature can be adjusted
automatically or manually from different locations:
• Window contacts adjust the setpoint value to the
frost protection temperature, saving energy.
• Presence detector :
Setpoint value at comfort/standby level
• Timer programs automatically raise and lower the
setpoint temperature.
• Activating comfort/standby switch-over from other
rooms: Using the display in the living room or a
mobile-phone app ...

page no.156
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 basic principle

Disruption
z
Setpoint Control Control variableActuator
value difference y Sensor
e=w–x
w affects actuator
Command device Controller Control path

x
Comparator Actual value or control
variable x

page no.157
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Room temperature controller

Manual mode

Comfort
Multifunction button
Pre-comfort
Dew point alarm
Cooling active Economy

Heating active
Building protection
Window open

Setpoint change

page no.158
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Room temperature controller

A) Rotary knob to adjust the desired value around a value set for the “Comfort” and “Stand by ” operating
modes.
B) Presence key for switching between the “Comfort” and “Stand by ” operating modes. If this key is
pressed during night time, the “Comfort” operating mode will be activated for the configured period of time.
C) Yellow LED to indicate the operating mode “Thermostat lock”
D) Red LED to indicate the operating mode “Frost / heat protection”
E) Green LED to indicate the “Comfort” operating mode

F) Green LED to indicate the operating mode “Stand by ”

G) Green LED to indicate the “Night” operating mode

page no.159
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Operating mode settings
 Via one 8-bit object (DPT 20.102):
operating mode KNX object value Comment

Building
4
protection
Economy 3
Pre-comfort 2
Comfort 1
In this mode the controller can be
Automatic 0 operated via a separate timer.

 Via four 1-bit object:

KNX 1-bit objects
operating mode Frost/Heat Comfort standby Night reduction
protection
building 1 x x x
protection
Comfort 0 1 x x
standby 0 0 1 x
Night 0 0 0 1
Example of the priorities in the 4x1-bit function block (x: state has no effect)
page no.160
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 HVAC operating modes with 1-bit objects

Priorities modes:

• Thermostat lock
• Frost / heat protection
• Comfort
• /
• Key

page no.161
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 PWM

Switchable PI - PWM :

the actuating variable is transferred as a "pulse wide "

modulation ” with a 1-bit object. The “ON” and “OFF” time
is calculated as follows:

page no.162
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 HVAC operating modes - setpoints

basic warm-up and additional

page no.163
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 HVAC operating modes - setpoints

basic warm-up and additional

page no.164
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Room controllers with display

page no.165
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verso

Iddero Verse
– Base model with common functionality

VERSE+IP
– Equivalent in functionality to the Iddero Verso
– IP connectivity
• Access remote via apps _
• Notifications push

VERSO/INDOOR
– Equivalent in functionality to the VERSO+IP model
– Internal video door entry monitor (for SIP compatible video
door entry systems), and IP

page no.166
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verse

Functions main
• Up to 48 control functions, organized in 6 configurable pages
• User editable “Favorites” page

page no.167
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verso - Timers weekly

up to 48 channels with
4 programs / channel

page no.168
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Temperature

Temperature control – Absolute:

• When a temperature value is selected, it is sent to the bus
"as is" through the control object
• Range (min/max), initial value, and step for short / long
presses are configurable

page no.169
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Temperature

Temperature control – Relative (offset control)

• Similar to the "absolute" control, but:
• Temperature = Base + offset
• Only the offset is sent via the control object
• Values received (either via touch or external object) updates the base temperature

Temperature control – Relative (binary stepping)

• Similar to the "absolute" control, but:
• The control object is a binary object
• Configurable step, eg ± 0.5ºC for 1/0 values

page no.170
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verso – KNX Thermostat

2 x Independent thermostats (Each with cooling, heating, or cooling

+heating)

Room temperature can be measured from several sources:

• Internal temperature sensor
• External probe connected to any of the four multifunction inputs
• External KNX temperature source
• A combination of any two of the above

Thermostat supports four operating modes :

• Comfort : For normal use
• Standby : If the room is not used for a short time (eg a few hours)
• Economy : If the room is not used for a longer period (eg during the night)
• Building protection : Thermostat is out of service (cooling/heating used only as necessary to protect from
freezing or overheating)

page no.171
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verso – KNX Thermostat
Each operating mode has its own temperature setpoint

page no.172
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verso – KNX Thermostat
Setpoints can be defined using two methods: Absolute vs Relative
Absolute Setpoints method:
• Independent setpoint values are defined for each operating mode
• Manual setpoint changes can make the thermostat switch to a different operating mode

Relative Setpoints method:

• Effective setpoint = Base setpoint + Mode offset + User offset
• The effective setpoint can be modified:
o By modifying the Base setpoint value
o By switching to a new operating mode (the Mode offset is updated)
o By adjusting the User offset value within a configurable range
• Exception: Protection mode (setpoint is always "absolute")

page no.173
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verso – KNX Thermostat

• Thermostat can be:

o Always ON
o Switched ON and OFF :
 Manually (via comm obj)
 Auto-switch ON with operating mode changes
• "Forced protection" mode:
o Linked to a "Window status" object (typically used to detect an open window)
o During "forced protection", the thermostat is in Protection mode and does not apply
setpoint change / operating mode change requests
• Thermostat state (current setpoint, operating mode, ON/OFF status, etc.) is persistent
and will be restored after bus voltage recovery

page no.174
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verso – KNX Thermostat

• Cooling, heating or cooling+heating operation

• Switching between cooling and heating:
o Handbook
o Automatic (depending on current room temperature and setpoint)
 changeover protection band can be defined
• Control methods (separately for heating and cooling):
o Two-point control with hysteresis
o PI control with continuous output (output = 0-100%)
o PI control with PWM output (output = 1 bit ON/OFF)
• Supports cyclical sending of the control variable
• Additional (2nd stage) cooling/heating option

page no.175
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Iddero Verso – Visualization example

page no.176
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Switching or continuous controller?

• As shown in the previous chapters, the

disadvantage of switching controllers is that the
actual value inevitably fluctuates between an upper
and a lower limit value.

• Using 2-point controllers in individual room

temperature control should be the exception , not
the rule.

• Continuous (PI) controllers are usually preferred.

page no.177
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Switching individual room control

Switching controller:
The temperature fluctuates!

page no.178
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Continuous individual room control

Continuous PI controller:
The temperature remains stable.

page no.179
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Heating actuator
for thermoelectrical actuator

page no.180
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Controller and valve actuator combinations

Switching Control
Switching actuator
(2-3-Point Control)

Individual room
control

Continuous
actuator

Continuous control
(PI-Control)
Switching actuator
Pulse Width Modulation
PWM

Good continuous control can also be Pulse width modulation ( PWM ) makes
achieved with switching valve quasi-continuous operation possible
actuators! with switching valve drives!

page no.181
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Pulse width modulation in a continuous actuating value

In practice, PWM cycle times of

15 minutes are generally used.

page no.182
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 PI controller settings

The P part (X P ):
variable
control
XP=1K
and
100%
XP=2K

XP=5K

0%
1°K 2°K 3°K 4K 5°K Control deviation x d

Proportional range X P of a P controller

The proportional range (X P ) indicates the setpoint deviation (temperature

difference) at which the control variable y has reached 100%.

page no.183
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 P part:

 Small X P = Large amplification

= Swift adjustment
 Large X P = Small amplification
= Gradual adjustment

But:
 Small X P = Swift adjustment
= High risk of
(excessive) fluctuations!

page no.184
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 PI controller settings:
I part:

I part: Reset time Ti

The reset time Ti indicates
the amount of time the
controller's I component
needs after a given setpoint
change to reach the same
control variable change as
its P component.

Ti is a measure of the
speed at which the
controller adjusts the P
component's remaining
control deviation.

The smaller the Ti the faster the I part reacts to control deviations.

page no.185
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Recommended PI controller settings
For fast control paths
(eg fan convectors or infrared radiators):

Big amplification – small reset time

For slow control paths

(eg floor heating):
Small amplification – big reset time

page no.186
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Additional functions

 Heating with basic and auxiliary stage

page no.187
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Additional functions

 Heating + cooling:

Switching actuator Actuators

heating
Room temperature Risk of mold
controller
development
!
Switching actuator cooling Actuators

If the temperatures are set too close together there is an

increased risk of fluctuations (alternating heating-cooling-heating-
cooling ...) that only waste energy !

page no.188
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Fan coil integration

page no.189
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Fan coil structure

page no.190
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Fan coils: Design

Filter

Drive incl. internal Heating and

Control
control cooling coil

Blow ventilator

Condensate tray

Control valves

page no.191
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Fan coils: Versions

4-pipe system 3-pipe system 2-pipe system

page no.192
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Fan

Exclusive switching steps (3 separate coils)

Fan Output 1 Output 2 Output 3
OFF 0 0 0
Speed 1 1 0 0
Speed 2 0 1 0
Speed 3 0 0 1

Additive switching steps (single coil)

Fan Output 1 Output 2 Output 3
OFF 0 0 0
Speed 1 1 0 0
Speed 2 1 1 0
Speed 3 1 1 1

page no.193
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 FAN COIL CONTROL WITH POWER BLOCK MULTI
- Up to 4 Fan Coils in PB16 & 2 Fan Coils in PB8 - Valve
- For 2 & 4 pipe (valves) Heat & Cool Fan Coils • Time settings
- 4 Operating modes :  Minimum time valve must remain open
- Default parameters – (1- Denay Fan OFF  Minimum frequency to allow valve changes
manual, 2 - Max., 3 - Eco, 4 – User)  Time for when changing Heat/Cool mode to
- Fan speed and/or valve restrictions maintain valve closed
- Restriction applicable to Manual or Auto Fan  Periodic valve purge (hours, days, weeks, months)
mode
- time-out to exit mode
- Scenes (with Day / Night object)
- Alarms (8 alarms!) with forced fan & valve position
- Thermostat supervision with forced fan & valve
- Device buttons for manual operation
- Sending of all statuses at bus restart
- Status representable in multiple DPTs and with
custom values

page no.194
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 FAN COIL CONTROL WITH POWER BLOCK MULTI
- fanspeed - Remaining time counter for filter cleaning
o Automatic: - Fan Delay at Power On FC (warm / cool start)
 PI control - Forced and timed speed when turning on HR
 Control by temperature difference - Delay when activating and deactivating fan speeds
 Minimum time spent in each speed - Additional cyclical ventilation even with HR off
 Possible to restrict speed 0 (Stopping fan)
o Manuel:
 Time-out to return to Auto
 Manual mode activation with fan speed object
and/or Auto /Manual obj.
 Fan speed selectable
• 3x1 bit, 1-byte scaling, 1- byte unsigned,
value customization, etc.
• Increment / Decrement control with 1 Bit
obj, 1 byte unsigned / signed
 Customizable values ​with 1 bit to fix FC behavior:
• FC On, FC On & Manual speed 0, 1, 2 and 3,
FC OFF, Auto, etc.

page no.195
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 FAN COIL unit used cases and scenarios
- Fan control from a simple KNX keypad with binary pulsations or from any web server, thermostat, etc ... without the
need for complex logical functions to define special behaviours.

- Operating restrictions by time slots (eg limit fan speeds at night to avoid annoying noises)

- Delay the activation of the fan while the cold / hot water temperature in the pipes is reached, to avoid annoying
drafts without air conditioning.

- MANUAL ventilation mode timing to return to AUTO mode after a defined time.

- Minimum maintaining times in each speed to avoid sudden changes in the fan speed.

- Turning off the fan while the valve is closed to reduce noise and achieve energy savings.

- Automatic purging of the valve to avoid calcifications during long periods without use.

- Automatic ventilation switching on only the fan to recirculate closed rooms and avoid accumulation of bad odours.
-Etc.…
page no.196
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 KNX
Environmental
sensors

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 Temperature sensors

Separate Temperature sensor

temperature sensor integrated in switch
sensor
Resolu
ID: Yam: Range: units:
tion:
9,001 DPT_Value_Temp -273°C … 670 760°C °C 0.01°C
9,002 DPT_Value_Tempd -670 760K … 670 760K K 0.01K
9,003 DPT_Value_Tempa -670 760K/h … 670 760K/h kph 0.01K/h

page no.198
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Bright Ti ess sensors

Outdoor bright
Ti ess sensor

Indoor bright Ti ess sensor

Resoluti
ID: Yam: Range: units:
on:
9,004 DPT_Value_Lux 0 Lux … 670 760 Lux lux 0.01Lux

page no.199
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 wind sensors

Cup anemometer and wind sensors without moving parts

units Resolu
ID: Yam: Range:
: tion:
9,005 DPT_Value_Wsp 0m/s … 670 760m/s m/s 0.01m/s

page no.200
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Rain detectors

Rain sensors detect precipitation. These can be

used in combination with actuators, for example, to
prevent a sun shade from getting wet and
damaged, or to switch irrigation systems off to save
water.

Precipitation detection mostly uses a 1-bit group

object with data point type DPT_Alarm 1.005.

ID: Yam: Encoding:

0 = No alarm
1,005 DPT_Alarm
1 = Alarm

page no.201
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Solar radiation sensors

compact modular
Solar radiation sensors measure solar intensity as power
density in W/m².
Applications: Determination of energy input in thermal or
electric solar panels, to control a building's shading or heating
or cooling forecasts .
ID: Yam: Range: units: Resolution:
9,022 DPT_PowerDensity -670 760W/m2 … 670 760W/ m2 W/ m2 0.01W/ m2

page no.202
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Humidity sensors

Humidity sensors for

indoor and outdoor
use

DPT9.007 (DPT_Value_Humidity):
Relative humidity is transmitted in % as a 2-byte group telegram
with a resolution of 0.01%.

page no.203
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Air quality sensors: ext. values
No Term Definition unit
Ratio of water vapor mass to volume (water vapor
1 Absolute humidity /
density)
Mixing ratio /
two Ratio of water vapor mass to mass of dry gas /
Mass ratio
Ratio of water vapor mass to mass of saturated water
Relative humidity
3 vapor, or ratio of current water vapor pressure to %
saturated water vapor pressure
4 Specific humidity Ratio of water vapor mass to total mass %
Temperature (above 0°C) at which water vapor condenses
5 dew point °C
into liquid water
Temperature (below 0°C) at which water vapor (gas)
6 frost point °C
turns straight to ice (solid)
Ratio of partial pressure (water vapour) to partial % by
7 volume ratio
pressure (dry gas) volume
Ratio of volume of water vapor to volume of dry gas,
8 ppm per volume ppmV _
factor 10 6

9 ppm per weight PPM V X ppm W

page no.204
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 CO2 concentration

It is well known that the concentration of CO 2 in the air has a

major effect on human brain performance/concentration . The
measured value can be included in the room climate control and
taken into account for ventilation.

A CO 2 sensor measures the concentration of CO 2 in the room air

and transmits the result to the bus. The sensor can also receive
external values via the bus and process them with its own data to
create total values (eg average value across several rooms).

DPT 9.008 ( DPT_Value_AirQuality ):

The measured value has as a unit ppm (parts per million)
indicates the quantity of CO 2 molecules per million air molecules
and is transmitted as a 2-byte group telegram with a resolution of
0.01 ppm.

page no.205
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Weather stations, combination sensors

KNX weather stations combine several of the measurements described

above, including temperature, solar radiation, sun angle, wind, precipitation
and humidity in one device and offer a comprehensive range of
assessments.

page no.206
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
Connecting heating
and cooling
systems

KNX HLK
Heating, ventilation and cooling
 Connection with I/O coupling

page no.208
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Connection via Gateway

page no.209
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Connection via
external central controller

page no.210
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Connection via an external
central control via LTE mode

page no.211
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Application: Room temperature detectors
alert the boiler of heating demand

page no.212
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 KNX Air Conditioning Interfaces and gateways for
field buses and industrial networks

Protocol translators AA

page no.213
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Intesis Air Conditioning Interfaces

The largest range of gateways for

integration of AA in the market
• No reverse engineering – AA
manufacturers specifications

• easy setup
• Control HVAC systems = energy
savings

page no.214
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 KNX gatew ays for the integration of air
conditioning systems

• Fully two-way communication

• KNX thermostats temperature sensor can be used
• Four potential-free binary inputs
• Simultaneous use IR remote control and KNX
• Configuration via ETS
• Control and follow up:
• Reduced dimensions (allowing quick installation inside the air
o the air conditioning unit from KNX,
conditioning unit). o internal variables, operating hours counter (for
filter maintenance control) and error indication.
• Compatible with all KNX thermostats - all standard TPDs
• 5 KNX scenes (play and save)
• Energy efficiency functions, such as “timeout”, “open window”
or “Occupancy”.

page no.215
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 KNX gatew ays for the integration of
air conditioning systems

Bidirectional KNX control and

monitoring of Fujitsu VRF and
RAC systems

• Connection to the communication bus of the outdoor unit. • Configuration via IP or USB
• Scanning: Automatic identification of the units present in
the VRF system.
• Front LEDs -> communication status on
Ethernet and serial ports
• Integrates the signals of the outdoor unit in KNX
• Automatic updates for both Intesis MAPS
• Compatible with all KNX thermostats and the interface firmware .
• Wide range of monitoring and control TPDs

• Data logging via external USB port

page no.216
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 KNX gatew ays for the integration of
air conditioning systems
• Daikin AC Domestic and VRV and Sky systems• Mitsubishi Electric Domestic , Mr. Slim and City Multi
• Fujitsu RAC and VRF • Mitsubishi Heavy Industries FD and VRF
• Haier Commercial & VRF • Panasonic Air to Water ( Aquarea H)
• Hisense VRF • Panasonic ECOi , ECOg & PACi
• Hitachi Air to Toilet • Panasonic Etherea AC
• Hitachi Commercial and VRF • Samsung NASAVRF
• LGVRF • Toshiba VRF and Digital
• Midea Commercial & VRF

page no.217
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Universal IR air conditioner to KNX
interface

The Universal InfraRed (IR)-KNX gateway

allows a complete integration of any air
conditioning unit (with an infrared
receiver) in KNX systems.

• Two potential-free binary inputs

• Energy efficiency functions, such as “timeout”,
• Configuration via ETS “open window” or “Occupancy”.

• Compatible with all KNX thermostats, all standard DPTs • Simultaneous control of the air conditioning unit
by the IR remote control and by KNX, thanks to
• Built-in ambient temperature sensor the IR receiver on the device.

• Self-learning function to automatically set the infrared remote • Up to 5 scenes can be saved and run from KNX.
control settings.

page no.218
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 BACnet IP & MS/TP clients to KNX TP
gatew ays

I N KN X B A C
ZZZ 000 Client BACnet IP & MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 100 Client
INKNXBAC1000000 Points BACnet IP &MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 250 points
INKNXBAC2500000 Client BACnet IP & MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 600 points
INKNXBAC6000000 Client BACnet IP & MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 1200 points
INKNXBAC1K20000 Client BACnet IP & MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 3000 points
INKNXBAC3K00000
page no.219
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
 Master Modbus TCP & RTU to KNX TP
gatew ays

I N KN X M B M
ZZZ 000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 100 points
INKNXMBM1000000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 250 points
INKNXMBM2500000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 600 points
INKNXMBM6000000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 1200 points
INKNXMBM1K20000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 3000 points
INKNXMBM3K00000
page no.220
KNX Association International KNX: The worldwide STANDARD for home & building control
October 2017
modern
protocols

11/24/2020 Futurasmus SL www.futurasmus-knxgroup.com (+34 965 95 95 11)

 Intesis protocol translators
Integration solutions for all your needs

Covering the most used protocols in building automation.

• Simple, robust and reliable .

• MAPS configuration software for an easy setup process, including

:
o examples
o Templates
o Useful diagnostic and
troubleshooting tools .

www.intesis.com/products/protocol-translator
 Intesis protocol translators
Most management and communication problems in the building
 Intesis protocol translators

• Standard KNX data point types

• group addresses _ extended
• send and listen addresses
• Ri flag: Read on initialization flag
 Intesis protocol translators

KNX protocol
• Integrates BACnet , DALI, M-Bus or ModBus communication in KNX
installations both for reading and writing objects and registers of both
systems .
• Direct bus connection KNX TP-1 .
• Great integration flexibility thanks to KNX TP, RS485, Ethernet, DALI or M-
Bus interfaces .
• licenses scaled by number of data points
 Intesis KNX protocol translators

MULTI-FUNCTION
generation
COMMUNICATION PORTS
LOW POWER
ETHERNET
24VDC  PCB motherboard with MCU, Ethernet, RS485,
RS232 and USB
STATUS INDICATION
LEDS  expansion PCB (KNX, RS485, DALI, MBUS, LON,
ANYBUS)
MULTI-FUNCTION
BUTTONS
 Front PCB with all LEDs , buttons and USB console
port
 New configuration tool _ unique for all models ( Intesis
MAPS)

USB CONSOLE
PORT

USB STORAGE PORT

 Intesis KNX protocol translators

MULTI-FUNCTION
COMMUNICATION PORTS
LOW POWER
24VDC
ETHERNET • Improved communication stacks

STATUS INDICATION
LEDS
• You can recover an old project that worked
on V6
MULTI-FUNCTION
BUTTONS
• USB port to store logs without a PC for
many days

• Configuration by IP or USB (old generation

USB CONSOLE
PORT
RS232)

USB STORAGE PORT

 Intesis KNX protocol translators
Gateway

IN XXX YYY ZZZ AAA

IN BRAND INTESIS
XXX Protocol or internal (BMS/SCADA/PLC)
YYY Protocol or external (protocol or field )
MBM = (Modbus Master), BAC = (BACnet)
DAL = (DALI), MEB = (M-BUS)
ZZZ Capacity ( Number of data points )
AAA Internal coding
 Intesis KNX protocol translators
Ref. no . BACnet clients IP & MS/TP to catwalks KNX PT

I N KN X B A C
ZZZ 000 Client BACnet IP & MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 100 Client
INKNXBAC1000000 Points BACnet IP &MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 250 points
INKNXBAC2500000 Client BACnet IP & MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 600 points
INKNXBAC6000000 Client BACnet IP & MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 1200 points
INKNXBAC1K20000 Client BACnet IP & MS/TP to gateway KNX TP - 3000 points
INKNXBAC3K00000
INTHESIS
KNX protocol translators
MODBUS
 Intesis KNX protocol translators
Ref. no . Master Modbus TCP & RTU to KNX gateways PT

I N KN X M B M
ZZZ 000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 100 points
INKNXMBM1000000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 250 points
INKNXMBM2500000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 600 points
INKNXMBM6000000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 1200 points
INKNXMBM1K20000 Master Modbus TCP &RTU to gateway KNX TP - 3000 points
INKNXMBM3K00000
 Intesis KNX protocol translators
Master Modbus TCP & RTU to KNX TP
• UL certificate

• KNX TP connection

• Up to 3000 KNX communication objects

• KNX standard data point types (DPT)

• Up to 5 Modbus TCP nodes/devices

• Up to 255 Modbus devices per node (RTU and TCP)

• Possibility to generate / download templates of your

Modbus products

• Easy integration and updates with Intesis MAPS

 Modbus is an industrial
protocol standard that was
What is Modbus created by Modicon (now part
of the Schneider Electric
group) in the late 1970s for
communication between
programmable logic controllers
( PLCs ).
Modbus remains the most
widely used protocol for
connecting industrial devices .
The Modbus protocol
specification is openly
published and use of the
protocol is free .

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What is Modbus Modbus uses the master/slave
protocol
• The master polls one or
more slaves.
• The slave device cannot
send information without
being asked by a master.
• The master will write data
to the registers of a slave
device and read data from
the registers of a slave.
• A register address or
register reference is always
in the context of the slave's
registers.

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Modbus
There are currently three
implementations of Modbus:
• TCP/IP over Ethernet.
• Modbus RTU :
Asynchronous serial
transmission over a variety
of media (cable: EIA/TIA-
232-E, EIA-422, EIA/TIA-485-
A; fiber, radio, etc.)
• Modbus+ , a high speed
token transfer network.

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Types of network
The same communication can
be done both on an RTU line
and on Ethernet TCP/IP
networks.
The gateways allow
communication between
various types of buses or
networks using the MODBUS
protocol.

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2 - wire Modbus network
TX and RX signals from a
(Half-Duplex) RS485 normal serial port are
converted to RS485
Avoid voltage bounce with a
120 ohm terminating resistor

Logic value 1 can be

transmitted if line A is low and
line B is high. The value 0 can
be transmitted if line A is high
and line B is low.

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4 - wire Modbus network
(Full-Duplex) RS485 The advantages using 4
threads
• It is Full- Duplex , you can send and
receive at the same time
• All devices only see commands from
the master
• Neither device sees responses from
other devices

The RX of the master must be

connected to the TX of the slave and
vice versa

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Advantage of RS485 over
RS232 RS485 signals can be
transmitted
• Faster
o 35Mb at 12m
o 100kbs at 1200m
• greater distance
o 1200 meters
• multipoint connections
o maximum of 32 slaves without
repeaters and
o maximum of 247 slaves with
repeaters

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device
The device to be accessed (
master → slave communication )
or the responding device ( slave
→ master communication )

• Modbus allows addresses in

the range 1..247.
• Address 0 can be used to
transmit messages to all “
broadcast ” devices, if the
selected function supports it.

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RTU
Three types of PDUs:
telegram structure ( ie RS485, communication procedure

…)
1. Request : Master's request
2. Answer : for error-free
processing by the field
device (slave)
3. Exception response : the
field device returns the
request with a modified
function code
(the most significant bit is set);
the exception code contains
information about the cause of
the failure

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telegram
error detection
Modbus may or may not have
parity detection.

Parity (VRC Vertical

Redundancy Check)
It is based on adding a parity bit,
at the end of each data unit, so
that the total number of ones in
the unit (including the parity bit)
is even, or odd in the case of the
odd parity check.

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 TCP •
•
TrID : transaction ID.
Prot : It is the protocol that is
always 00 for Modbus TCP.
• Len: is the number of bytes in
the rest of the transaction.
Example: Writing a single coil
• Fn : is the Modbus function
code to write a “single coil ”: 05
• Addr : It is the Modbus register
address of which we are
configuring the I/O status.
• Data: is the data we are
writing.
OFF = 0x0000 sets the low bit and
ON = 0xFF00 sets the high bit.

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Public Function Code Definition
IE Function Code: 01 (0x01) Read Coils

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Modbus data formats _ Data table to refer to data via data table
addresses. -> memory block used to store
data.
Data is referenced by data table addresses
and comes in four types:
• Discrete inputs : represent a single
(boolean) bit that can only be read. In
other words, the client can only perform
a read action on the discrete inputs.
• Coils : These are Boolean read and write
values. They are generally used to
represent binary outputs (actuators) or
internal bits that are read and written by
the user.
• Input registers : These are 16-bit read-
only integers. They are typically used to
represent analog input values and other
integer values that the user reads but
does not write.
• Holding registers : These are 16-bit read-
write integers. They are typically used to
represent analog outputs or internal
numbers that are read and written by the
user.

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 You can read the status of 1 to 2000 “
Modbus data formats _ coils ” on a remote device. The
Request PDU specifies the starting
address, that is, the address of the first
specified coil and the number of coils.
In the PDU, the coils are addressed
from zero. Therefore coils numbered 1-
This command requests the on/off status (0/1) of discrete coils #30 to 60 16 are addressed as 0-15.
of the slave device with address 11.
Request

Response

*N = Quantity of Inputs / 8 if the

remainder is different from 0 ⇨ N =
N+1
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Telegram

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 Telegram

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INTHESIS
KNX- Protocol
Translators
bacnet
 Intesis KNX Protocol Translators
BACnet IP & MS/TP Client to KNX TP Gateway
• UL &BTL certified
• KNX TP connection
• Up to 3000 KNX communication objects
• KNX standard Datapoint Types (DPT)
available
• Both BACnet IP and MS/TP supported
• Possibility to scan for BACnet devices with
BACnet explorer
• Easy integration & updates with Intesis
MAPS
 1995 - first version of BACnet ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135.
Currently ASHRAE-135 2016..

BACnet was created by the American Society of Heating and Air Conditioning
Engineers . (ASHRAE = American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning
HOW IT STARTED? Engineers)

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 BACnet is a communication protocol for “ Building Automation and Control ( BAC) net works”
according to ASHRAE, ANSI, and
BACnet is a standard that defines the following:
WHAT IS BANET? • Data model
• Define semantics: set of rules that define how data is structured and formatted.

• Communications Protocol
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 BACnet protocol types for communications.

• IP
HOW DOES • Ethernet
BACNET • Master Slave/Token Passing MS/TP
WORK? • Point-to-Point (PTP)

• ARCNET

BACNET COMMUNICATIONS
• 4 layers BACnet principals
according to the OSI model

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BACnet message

• A BACnet message consists of

a few key features:
• APDU network
• Network NPDUs
• BVLL
• BACnet/IP or MS/TP
messages

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BACnet message

Application Protocol Data Unit (APDU)

• APDU is the protocol data unit for data exchange
between applications
Network Protocol Data Unit (NPDU)
• The NDPU is what contains the version, priority and
other fields
• As the BACnet message goes from network to network
the BACnet device can look at the NPDU to determine
where to send the telegram.
BACnet Virtual Link Layer ( BVLL)

• BACnet Virtual Link Layer BVLL provides a way to

create virtual links between BACnet devices. The BVLL
also indicates whether BACnet messages are unicast
or broadcast. This layer will be of vital importance
when we talk about BACnet Broadcast Management
Devices (BBMD)

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BACNET/IP MESSAGES

UDP /IP protocol framework to send data to

BACnet devices over various subnets.
• UDP: Connectionless Protocol + Network
Small Packets.

• Communicate across multiple subnets

• Create multi-campus control systems

• Take advantage of the benefits of fiber and

giga-ethernet

• Assign IP addresses to our devices, making

the web accessible

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MS/TP MESSAGES

Master-Slave Token-Passing (MS/TP) to transmit data

through a bus network architecture.
Physical medium = cable
Devices that have addresses (Media Access Control)
They use tokens to pass data.
Only master devices can:
• pass the token
• Respond to the who-is request (to automatically
detect slave devices).

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 MS/TP MESSAGES

1. A controller first requests a token.

2. Upon receiving a token:
1. the controller can open an
application layer message via an
APDU.
2. This allows the device to
communicate with other controllers
or with the monitoring device.
3. Only the device that has a token can
communicate with other devices.

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MS/TP BEST PRACTICES

• Auto-baud is not recommended, where

possible manually set the baud rate
• Assigning addresses sequentially to controllers
(and not randomly) to keep RTT and TRT times
low ( TRT = Token Rotation Time, RTT = Round
Trip Time)
• Network instances must be arranged logically
and in order
• Use the same cable throughout the installation
and do not ground it.

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BACNET MESSAGE FLOW

Within a BACnet message, you will find information on:

1. BIBB (BACnet Interoperability Building Blocks) Object - To

build BACnet capabilities into a device. Eg "T" block = the
ability to receive and communicate trend objects.
2. BACnet services - Ensure that devices perform the same
communication tasks as other devices.
3. MAC Address - Media Access Control, or MAC, is the
method by which a device identifies itself to a specific
medium.
a. MS/TP -> 8 bit number
b. Ethernet -> series of hexadecimal numbers for the
NIC (Network Interface Card).

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 WHAT DOES IT MEAN WHEN A PRODUCT IS
BACNET COMPLIANT?

BIBB's Table (BACnet Interoperability Building Blocks)

BACnet Testing Laboratory (BTL)
The BTL created a series of BACnet lists that define
BIBB's

BIBB ( B
• the objects
• the properties and
• the funcionality
that a device (server or client) can support.

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BIBB (BACNET INTEROPERABILITY BUILDING
BLOCKS)
Example of the encoding of a BIBB

BIBBs are defined to:

• Interoperability Category
• Specific capacity.
• BIBB on side A vs. BIBB on side B
• Side A BIBB: Client Functionality
• B-side BIBB: server functionality

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 WHAT ARE BACNET DEVICE PROFILES?

There are many BIBBs, so they are organized on areas functional :

The “ BACnet Device Profiles ” are

device profiles that define the
minimum set of BIBBs supported by
any device depending on which profile
it purports to be.

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WHAT IS A “DEVICE PROFILE FAMILY”

Every device profile _ contains all the BIBB's you 're on below , so the
functionality increases as it passes from the smart sensor to the building
controller .

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BACNET DEVICE - DEFINITION

• Collection of objects that represent the

functions present in a real device.

• As well as the physical controllers.

• The device is defined by its objects (and

not its physical architecture).

• Virtual devices can be considered a

BACnet device

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BACNET DEVICE - OBJECTS AND PROPERTIES

• Objects are instances of a

class
• and the properties are
characteristics of the class

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BACNET DEVICE - OBJECTS

• Objects are, according to the

BACnet standard, "a collection of
information related to a given
function that can be uniquely
identified and accessed over a
network in a standardized way"

• An object will provide a set of

properties that contain data
related to that object.
• BACnet has a set of 23 standard
objects.

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 BACNET DEVICE -
PROPERTIES

• Each object has a list of properties.

And the properties are different
for each object.

• 123 different object properties

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 PROTOCOL INFORMATION COMPLIANCE
STATEMENT (PICS) "PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION CONFORMANCE STATEMENT"
All devices must have a public document called PICS that identifies the particular BACnet -specified options that are
implemented and must include this information:

(a) Basic info: vendor and device description (f) For each supported object type,
(b) BIBB's supported by the device 1. any optional property
(c) Profiles - The standardized 2. what properties can be written to using BACnet
(d) All non-standard application services services ,

(e) List of all standard and proprietary object types 3. if objects can be dynamically created or deleted
using BACnet services ,
(g) Real + virtual link layer supported options.
4. restrictions on the range of data values for
(h) Whether segment requests are allowed properties.
(i) Whether segment responses are allowed

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