To chimney

Hue gaes
AT
Dus/Flyash
collector Coal and Ash

F.D. Fan Steam

Coal
Air In - - - Feed water
unloadin -
Preheated air Air preheater -
Superheated Steam Cooling water
Coal
Pre-heated Economizer
preparation
water i Steam
turbine Cenerator Air out
Coal Superheater
Steam
storagee Steam Exhaust
iFeed steam Cooling
water tower
Coal Hot water
- - - - - - - - - - -

handling Boiler Flue gases

plant Condenser

Ash Condensate Condensate Cold

water Air in
(extraction
Deaerator pump Water A
Ash
Ash handling LP Feed
storage plant HP Feed +E circulatingi o- Make up waier
water heater| water heater| pump
Feed
water Water
treatment +O--- River
pump
plant Make up
water punp

'I3]
May '13
steam
IMay
May '17, Dec. '16,
power plant
Fig. 1.3 General layout of a
 Main components of thermal power plant and their function: Dec. |Dec. '13.
'13, May
May '13
'13
(1) BoilerIis a closed pressure vessel in which the water is converted into steam withthe
help of heat produced by the burning of [Link] moderm high pressure boilers are all wate
tube boilers in which water flows through the tubes and the combustion gases flow acrossth
tubes. The high pressure boilers contains separate set of tubes which constitute heat
exchang
asfollows:
(a) Super heater : Il is used to raise the
temperature of steam above its saturat
temperaturc)The superheater is located at hottest part of the boiler (in the furn:
 ThermalPower Plant

that heat is transfemed to steam by

so
superheater from the hot gascs
b Reheater u s used to rase the temperature of steam after it has expanded in the
hh esSUTe urbne) Alter reheating the steam supplied to the low pressure steam
turdne

cEconomizer:he luncion of economizer Isto increase temperature of lecd

wate
using waste heat of lue gases leaving the boiler through chimney) It is located before

ueheater and after superheater and reheater in the path of the tlue gases
d)Air preheater:The function of air preheater is to increase the temperature ot air
l e il supply to the fumace usingheat from flue
gases passing through chimney
2 Steam turbine tThe function of steam turbine is toconvert the heat energy of steam io
Tlatonal poer at turbine shatidn modem thermal powerplant steam turbine generally has a
three cy linder tendum compound machine consisting high pressure stage cylinder (HP).
intermediate pesure stage (\.P)) and low pressure stage cylinder (L.P.).
(3) Generator {The function of electric generator is to convert mechanical (rotational) power
of turbine shatt into elecinc energUhe generator shaft is coupled to the turbine shaft.)
4Condenser A condenser is a heat exchanger, consists of large cylindrical vessel containing
large numberof brass tubes through which cooling water circulated and steamflowing outside
the surtface oftubesThe function of condenser is to condense the steam which coming form
the low pressure turbine)
Cooling tower:The function ofcooling tower is to cool the hot watercoming from the
condener. In the cooling tower the hot water is cooled with the help of the atmospheric air )
to the
(6) Feed water pump tis used to supply feed water (coming from the condenser)
hoiler at a desired high pressure
(7) Circulating water pump :t is used to circulate cooling water in the condenser and
coolingtowerclosed circuit.)
8) Coal handing plant
Wagon trippler: It is used to unload the coal when coal transported to the plant site by rail
wagon.
Crusher house: It is used to crush coal to a size of 10 mm. Then coal is supplied boiler raw
to

coal bunkers.
in the boiler
Coal mill:Itis used to pulverise the raw coal into a fine powder before it is burmt
fumace.
create pressure difference which
) Draught system:the function of draught system is to furnace and to the
to the boiler carry away
S required to introduce desired quantity of air
umed product of combustion and discharge to atmosphere. )
it is used to push the air
orced fraught (F.D) fan F.D. fan is placed in front of boiler and
Ough the air preheater and then the furnace boiler.)
of
and it draws flue gases
uCed drught (I.D.) fan:D. fan is placed nearthe base ofchimney
and forces the flue gases to
ughthe interior of the boiler and dust extracting equipment
hoNe throueh the chimney.)
 42
Power Plant Engineering
Iinon
COmpactness: In high pressure boiler, large number of small size tubes and number of
puss irC uscd which inereases the heat
transferarca, hence size and weight oI DOITCT I1s
T'Cdured.
Advantages of high pressure boiler conventional boiler:
over
()Due forcedcirculation of water, evaporativecapacity of boiler is increased and size
to
of drum is reduced. )
(2) Smaller diameter tubes are used, which increases heat transfer rate and reduces fuel
consumption
(3) Pressurnzed combustion is used which increases rate of
firing of fuel thus increasing
the rate of heat release.
(4) These boilers are compact and hence less floor
space is required.
(5) Due to high velocity of water
through tubes, the scale formation tendency is eliminated.
(6) Due to uniform heating of all parts, there is less chances of
overheating.
(7) High pressure and temperature of steam lead to increase the plant efficiency.
(8) The steam can be raised quickly to meet the variable load.
(9) A very rapid start from cold is possible.
Comparison between high pressure and conventional boiler:
 water. Iheretore it is necessary to treat waterthoroughly befone supply to the oile
2.4 Benson boiler Dec. '13. June '111
IMay '17,
The Benson boiler is introduced by Benson and he argued that i f the boiler pressure is

raised above the eritical pressure (225 atm.). the steam and waterh:ave the s:ame density
theretore bubbles would not be formed. Henee. the difficulty experienced in eIseof La-mont
boiler as danger of bubbles fornmation can be easily eliminated. This boileralso known once
through boiler as in this case water is fed to the boiler at one end and superheated steam
discharged through the otherend. [Link] operition of feed waterheating, steam fomation
(evaporation) and supertheating are taken place in a single tube without use ot drum.
Incase ot
non-once through boilers only fraction
of water
flowing in the steam generating ubes is
evaporated and remains water is recirculated through the drum & evaporalling tube.
Type of boiler: High pressure, forced circulation, once through boiler and water tube
boiler.
Working:
supplied by feed pump at a pressure higher than 225 atm. This water
The feed water is
Dasses through economizer and then
raaiantevapor:ior Where most of water is evaporatedas
shown in Fig. 2.5. The remaining Witer is evaporned in convectiVe
evaporator andconveted
into steam. The steam is passed tnrougn ne superneater and finally supplied to the
Dme
mover.
 Ehaust gases to chimIey

Ar preheater

Ombustion Cold air from

hamber atmosphere
Feed water
trom hot Well
-O
Feed pump| Econoniser

Convective evaporator

Superheated Superheater
steam to
prime mover
-0-
Radiant evaporator

IE
Fig. 2.5 Benson boiler

Advantages of Benson boiler:

critical pressure
(1) The generation of steam in evaporating tubes at pressure higher than
(225 atm). Therefore, do not require any evaporatordrum.
2) There is no drum; total weight of boiler is 20% less than other boiler. It reduces the
cost of boiler.
it does not require in Benson
(3) Natural circulation boiler requires expansion joints but
boiler. Hence Benson boiler can be started very quickly because of welded joints.
as all the parts are welded at
(4) The erection of the Benson boiler is easier andquicker
site.
circulation and hence no
(5) The superheaterof Benson boiler is integral part of the forced
is
special starting arrangement for superheater required.
(6) At part and overload the Benson boiler can be operated economically by varying
of steam can be maintained constant
temperature and pressure. The desired temperature
al any pressure.
 P o w e r P l a n t E n g i n e e r i n g

f o r m a t i o n

for
46 is no any
there
because
emand
Benson boiler is VeN Suitable for fluctuating
o bubbles w hen demand (load) is suddenly dccreasca gencriilion
pi*
Sitable for powcr
rate of [Link] veTV
lOn
(9) Itrequines less spice.
Disadvantages:
)Salt deposition and secdiment on the inncrsurfacc of waler tuD
2) Dangerof overheating. June 12]
[Nov. '17,
2.5 Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) system
Why FBC system ? ade. In
since last de
AS we know price of oil and gas is continuously increasing available 1or Po
the
u r e . the loW sulphur fuel oil and natural gas are
not going to
oil to old faithrul uc
Therefore, the world power industry is trving to shift from
canon. coal has some proDic
coal Is abundant compared with [Link], buning of pulverised
cs 70-100 microns and pulvensc
Sucn us particle size ofcoal used in pulverised firing is limited to wilhn Saimc
iedurmaces designed to burm a particularcan not be used other type of coal
e (about
eificiency. Also, the pulverised fuel fired furnace requires high generation temperature
like sIng
the fumace. This high temperature offumace creates number of problems
00in
formation on superheater, evaporation ofalkali metals in ash and its deposition on heat transter

surfaces, formation of SO, and NO, in large amount.

bed combustion rapidly viable option to pulverized coal and
Fluidized
stoker fired units for the
emerged as a
combustion of solid fuels(FBC has a capability of firing a wide range
of solid fuels like low grade coal (even
containing 70% ash), biomass, or municipal waste with
varying heating value, ash content and moisture content. And hence, FBCis called fuel flexible
system. SO, emission could be controlled from FBC units without the use of costly external
Scrubbers. In the FBC, coal can be burned effectively and
efficiently at a temperature below
I100C, therefore, SO, emission is very low. Als0,
due to low temperature of furnace, the
slagging and fouling tendencies can be minimized. The FBC
presents a economical and
way to bum low quality coal with minimum practical
SO, and NO, enmission.
Principle of FBC System
fluidized bed is composed of fuel and inert maternial
A
or oressurised vessel. When air contained with an
or other gas Ilows upward atmospheric
are disturbed. If
velocity increased furthera stage is thrOugh bed, the bed solid
in the gus
gas stream and the composed reached when the particles are n:rtices
Su (packed) bed becomes siCa
Darticles occurs. The hehavior of this mixture of solid turbulent
lent and
and rani.
Burning of a fuel in such a stage is knOwn particles and air or
rapid mixing o
asjludized bed combustion gas is like a flui
on.
 High Pressure Boilers 47
Flue gases

Steam oul Ash over flow

Evaporator tubes

Coul+Dolomite 0:D
Coal +Dolomite

Oo.
o0
Feed water in

Distributor plate

Air in

Fig. 2.6 Basic FBC system

coal) and inert
Fig. 2.6 shows principle of FBC system, the mixture of fuel (crushed
material (crushed dolomite or limestone) are fed on a distribution plate and air is supplied
so that solid particles
from the bottom of distribution plate. The airis supplied at high velocity
The velocity of air causing
of feed material remains in suspension condition during burning.
The heat produced is
fluidization is dependent on a given solid particle size, range and density.
used to heat water flowing through evaporator tube
and convert water into steam. The
immersed in the fluidized bed and direct contact
between the
evaporator tubes are directly
heat transfer rates. This reduces the size of
burning coal particles and tubes produce very high
the unit.
is to control bed temperature. The heat
The main function of inert material (dolonmite)
the temperature of the inert material and the
released by combustion is first used in keeping up
Hence bed operates at much lower temperature
balance is absorbed by the evaporator tubes.
material (dolomite) is to absorb the SO, and
about 800-900'C. Another function of inert
in conventional firing methods. The amount of
bring down SO, emmision level to 15% of that
of low temperature of bed and low excess air as
NO produced is also reduced because
matenal should be resistant to heal and disintegration
Compared to pulverized fuel firing. The inert
Lime stone, dolomite. fused alumia, sintered
ünd should have similar density aas that of coal.
sn are commonly used as inert materials.
 LJan. -

diantages of FBC System: wasi***

d
sSiem can use any tvpe of low grade fuel
including municipal
5
theretore it is a cheaper method of powergeneration.
C O m b u s t i o n temperature can be control accurately
and it can low enou o
O C)to minimize volatization
otherwise
of ash constituents like alkali
metals. aia
arnd c o i r o s i o n
and furnace, and cause fouling
may deposited on heating surfaces
metals

problems as in conventional boilers. oxides like

allow the formation of nitrogen
P)
LoW combustion temperature does not

nitricoxide and nitrogen dioxide. (calcium

(calcium-magnesium carbonate) or limestone
(4) The addition of either dolomite react
calcium or magnesium sulphites
and sulphates, as these
Curbonate) produces
combustion of sulphur
with sulphur dioxide that normally results from the
chemically don't
and remain in the combustion chamber and they
in coul. These salts are solids
the chimney. Thus pollution is controlled and
go into the atmosphere through
combustion of high sulphur coal is possible. )
on the operation and performanceof FBC
system.
(5) The size of coaldoes not effect also be used
13 mm buteven 50 mm size coal can
The particle size preferable is 6 to

in of
this system. Hence the cost coal crushing is reduced.
(6) FBC system can respond rapidlyto changesin loud
demand sinee thermalequilibriu
between air and coal paiticles in the bed is quickly established.
th
thermal efficiencies, the unit size and hence
(7) Due to better heat transfer, higher
systen
capital costs are reduced. No moving parts, simple ash and coal handling cOSt
maintenance
less excess airrequired (smaller fan size), hence less operating and
 2.7Stcanm temperature or superheat control
[Dec. 16, May '13, Dec. '11, June '11]
that a reduction in steam temperature results in loss in plant cfficiency. On
AY As know
we
other hand. a rise in steam temperature above design valuc may result in overheating and
failure of superheater and reheater tubes and turbinc blades. Hence an accurate control of
superheat temperature is important for efficient powerplant operation/The main variables
affecting superheat temperaturc are as furnacc temperaturc, mass flow rate of flue gases,
cleanliness of heating surfaces (superheaters) and variation of loud on the plant. Out of these
etfect of load variation on superheat temperature is most importane The superheat of steam
can be controllcd by following mcthods.)
(1Combined radiant convectivesuperheaters:As we know load increases, the heat
-
transfer in the radiant superhcater decreases and heat transfer in convective superheater
increascT heconvective supcrheater has temperalurerising characteristics with increase in
steam output (Load), bccause with increase the steam output both gas flow oversuperheater
tubes and stcam flow inside the tubes increase which causes increase in heat transfer rate.)
 54 Power Plant Englnoerin

I c m p e r a l u i r e
The radiant
n steamoutput, the
superfeater obserbs heat fom bumung fuel through radialo
ofsuperheat talls with the increase in steam output because witlh increase put, ihe
liant
Turnace
temperature rises at much less rate than stcam output. IIence heat tii n the
superheater inereases slowly with steam flow compare toconvective superhealer. shown inin
series as
temperature constant, radiant andconvective superheater are arranged n
Fig. 2.11
Superheatcd stea

Convective
superheater

Radiant
superheater

superheater in series
Fig. 2.11 Radiant and convective
The is reduced
temperature of steam
PDesuperheating and attemperation [June 11]:
as A type attemperator
byremoving energy from the steam and is known attemperation. spray water feed
(from
as shown in Fig. 2.12 is called desuperheater in which low temperature
steam. This causes to vaporise water, absorbs heat from
water) is injected into pipe camrying
the steam and reduces temperature of steam.

Desuperheater
Superheated
Steam

Boiler
drum Super
-heater
sections

Fig. 2.12 Desuperheating

n in Fig, 2.13, a shell and tube type ntemperalor (heat
hailed water from boiler drum is uiized to reduced the temperature of sunerh exchanger) in 1ulhiich
froma point between
portion of steam (1,) taken outvalve
through tubes
di verted to
the
an automatic heat eveh primary and
superheaters by
Superheaters where boiled secondary
drumis circulated. The
hailed irom drumabsorh
watercoming from
boiled Waler arunm absorbs
heat
water from
from sunetheto l boiler
High Pressure Bollers 55
and tinally. bojled waler remixes with the primary steam before entering the secondary
supeihealcr

lcat cxehanpei
(attcmperalo

Valve ww Valve
Superheated
Steam

Boiler
dum

Primary Secondary
superheater superheater
Fig. 2.13 Attemperation
3) Pre-condensing the steam : The temperature of the steam can be controlled by
condensing the stcam coming out of boiler with a small condenser with the help of feed water
as shown in Fig. 2.14. Automatic control regulates the amount of feed water by-passed.
Condenser

w-
Boiler
drum

Superheater

Feed water

Fig. 2.14 Pre-condensing the steam

(4) By-passing the furnace gas around the superheater: Ifthe low of flue gases through
convective superheater is reduced without changing the steam llow then the final steam
temperature will be reduccd. AS shown in Fig. 2.15 at lower load on the plant, the part of
gases by pass without passing around convective superheater with help of damper, the
Temperature of steam is reduced.
High Pressure Boilers 57
Auxiliary burners: The temperature of stcam can be controlled by using addiuonai
huneras shown iunl'ig. 2.18,cifect of this similar to tilting burner.

Fig. 2.19 Twin furnace

(8))Twin furnace: The twin furmace arrangement as shown in Fig. 2.19 is an extension of
the separately fired superheater. The superheat temperature can be control by changing rate of
finng
 Power Piant Engirneering

of coal handling [Nov. T7,Jan. *

34In-plant handling ofcoal or Stages to t e
but the cul has to e taken
Whatever may be the methNof coal r a n s n t n g
In [Link]
i e r stokers or the conul preparation plant in case ot
pulvenzcd fuel tinng xh
n t t u e d to the [Link] for [Link] ands
[Link] [Link] handlhng sistem
must
handling are shown Fig.-
in

etter [Link] vanous stiges ncoal

peration ind
u l Deiv nloading equipments:
[Link] dampeT cashakeis, [Link]
Rud R.l Ship self-unleadng huir,
itt
t o n c i and bndgcs.
tucks. nes and burheis

nlaviding Preparng cquipnmenis

Cushe. sizen. dners

Prparatim Transferring cquiypments:

clev.l.
Beit coneor, sreW conveyor, buckel
sip hoist. tlight connesox.
Transter

Out door storage

Covered storage equipments:
Bins. bunkers. silos. ete.
Covered storage

In-plant handling Weighing cquipments:

Seales. coal meters, and sanmplers.
Weighing

|Furnace firing
Fig. 3.2 Various stages in coal handling
Requirement of good coal handling plant
The following are the requirements of the good coal handling sy stem:
() lt should be simple and require minimumoperationsandtransport.
(2) lu should be able to handle sutficient armount of cOil durnng peak hours. Generall
the capacity of coal handling plant is twO to three limes of its nomal
equirement.
(3) There should not be double handling of coal in the plant.
4) The handling system should requine minimum naintenance andrepair.
(5) The working parts should be enclosed to avoid corosion and abrasion.
The various steps involved in coal handling are discussed as follows,
1 CcaLdeliverv
Advantages of pulverized coalfiring: [Dec. 13, June '11, Dec. '10]|
) Large increuse in surface area ofcoal per unit mass allows faster and efficient
 Coal and Ash Handling Systems
combustion as moe coal surtace 81
2)Less CxCess air is required for is exposed to heat and oxygen
areaof fuucelexposed. complete combustion because of greater suraC
Any type ot coal right from
BetteT respoonse to anthracite to peat can be
(
vanation in load successfully burmt
due to better combustion
5 arge aount of heat
where the
relcase makes it verv
rate of steam
control
suitable for super thermal power statiOns
linkenng and slaggmg problems generation is as
high as 2000 Uh
Camy ovcrof are low
unbumt fucl to ash is practically
(8) uhas low ash
handling problenm. nil.
It can operate
successfully in combination with gas and oil fired
T0 Cold start-up of boilers is system
(I) Less fumace volume is very rapid and efficient.
required.
12 It has smokeless operation.
(13) It can use highly preheated air for
combustion which helps for rapid tlame
propagation.
(14) There are no moving
parts in the furnace
the life of system is more and the subjected to high temperature, therefore
operation is troubleless.
Disadvantages Dec. '13, Dec. '10]
(1) The capital cost is high as it requires
many additional equipments compared to
stoker firing.
Its operation cost is high
compared to stoker firing.
(3) Lot of fly ash in the exhaust which makes the
(4)
removing of fine dust uneconomical.
Since coal will bum like a
gas, there will always be danger of explosions.
(5) Special equipment is required for starting.
(0) The maintenance of furnace brick work is
costly because of higher working
temperature.
(7) The skilled operators are required.
(8) High air pollution due to the emission of very fine particles of grit and dirt.
(Comparision between pulverized coal firing and stoker firing:
Pulverized coal firing Stoker firing
Coal is to be supplied in powder form . Coal is to be supplied in solid form
to furnace. to fumace.
2. Powder form ofcoal burns like a gas 2. Coal burns on grate.
3 lt can be used for large capacity 3. It can be used for low to medium
(more than 100 MW) power plant capacity power plant.
4 Less amount of excess air is required for 4. More excessar is required for
complete combustion complete combustion.
5 More building space is required. 5. Less building space is required.
 3,10.3 Bowl mil
[Nov. '17, Dec. '16]
Raw coal

Coal feeder

Pulverized-
coal Classifier
O

Fine coal
to burner .
Stationary
spring loade
roller

Spring

Rotating bowl
Motor

777777
I. D. Fan
Hot air from
air preheater

Fig. 3.22 Bowl mill

The bowl mill is widely used for pulverizing the coal. The line diagram of bowl mill is
shown in Fig. 3.22. It consists of stationary rollers mounted on an
electrically driven rotating
 88
Power Plant Engine
bowl. Coal fed
through the hopper gcts pulverized by attrition aS p the side
of the rollers and bowl.
tiot
pnnmary
coal dust into
air introduced into the pulverizer through the Do owl carrie
of the centrally located
into the bOwl through the centre
classifier fitted at the top. Coarse
cone of the classificr while the fine coar d
dropback
piruciesdrop bac
ixture is le
away to the burner.

Advantages:
) Ithas lower energy
consumption (12-15kWh/).
(2) Less over all
dimensions. while the mill is on
n adjusted to alter thedegree of coalfineness
Cassifier can be
4) Leakage of coal from the millcasing is practically nil because it operates atnegati
pressure.
(S) It produces less noise.
Disadvantages :
() tis sensitive to metallic objects enter along with coal.
(2) Uneven wear of the grinding parts presents repairing complexities.
 Dec. '11]
3.17 Pneumatic ash handling system [May '17, May '13,
3.34. A high
of pneumaticash handling system is shown Fig.
in
The arangement
The ash from
velocity air stream is directed to collect ash and dust from all discharge points.
into the stream of air.
oiler units falls through the hopper, passes through crushers and drops
ash
The ash carried by the air is separated in cyclone type separators and is collected in
opper. The clean air is discharged from the top of the secondary air-separator into the
tmosphere through exhauster. The ash collected in the ash hopper is trucked away for disposal.

heash carryingcapacity of this system varies from 5 to 30 t/h.

CoalandAshHandling Systems
99

Fumace Cyclone separators

Slag
(or

Airfrom
almosphere
Crusher Fiter
Fluidized
slag Air to
atmosphere
Exhaust
Ash fan
hopper

Fig. 3.34 Pneumatic ash

handling system
Abrasive ash as well as finely divided ash and soot can be handled by this method
Advantages
(1) Itis dust free operation because of all flyash and dust is eliminated.
(2) There is no rehandling trouble.
(3) Dry ash handling eliminates the chances of ash freezing, picking or sticking in the
storage bin.
(4) Flexibility in application to suit various plant conditions.
(5) Installation cost per ton of ash handled is less than other systems.
Disadvantages:
(1) It is noisy in operation.
2) Wearing of the crusher as well as the pipeline by the abrasive ash inflicts high
maintenance charge.
3.18 Steam jet ash handling system [Dec. '10
In this method of ash handling. high velocity steam instiead of air is passed througha
pipe to cary off dust and ash particles of consilerable size. The ash is separated in the cyclone
type separator and deposited in the ash hopper. The ash collected in the ash hopper is trucked
away for disposal.
Advantages
() lt does not require any auxiliary drive.
(2) Less capital cost in comparison to other systems.
3.21 Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) [Dec.'13, Jan. '13, June 11]
Itis an electrical device to precipitate suspended flyash and dust
particles from the flue
gas by ionizing the parnicles in an electric field and collecting themsubsequently onoppositely
charged electric plates. It was first introduced by Dr. F. G. Cottel in 1906 and was first
economically used in 1937 for the removal of dust and ash particles carried with the exhaust
gases of the thermal power plant.
 Power Plant Engineering
104

Pstvely charprd

mundcd plate
nder

_Clean fhue
gases out

harged
w ire

--Collecting section
Charging section
Rectilier
A.C
supply

Transformer
Fig. 3.38 Principle of electrostatic precipitator

30-100 kV DC

Insulators
440 V. High voltage
50 Hz transtomer Clean
gas out
Control Emitting
cabinet Rectifier electrode
30 Supply

Dust laden
gas

Collecting
electrode
Collected
duet
Fig. 3.39 General arrangement of electrostatic
precipitator
The working principle of electrostatic
precipitator is illustrated in Fig. 3.38 and general
arrangement of all components is Shown in Fig. 3.39. The basic
components of the electrostatic
precipitator are
(1) High voltage source (440V, 50Hz, 36 supply)
 105
oal
Handling Systems
and Ash

)lonizingand collectingelectoles
3 ghvoliageransfomer
) Rectliertocoveit ACinto DO
The two sets ot electrodes (ionizing and collccting) are insulated from cach other Tnc

set consistsol ows of clectically grounded called the collechon

vctical nauallel olates,
o

lectrodes. The second set of electrodes is composed of wircs.

ele.
called the discharge
a
(wires) carry
miting clectrodes that are centrally located. The emitting clectrodes
miting el
ndntiil posnively chirged high-voltage (hetwccn 30 to 100kV) curTent from an cxiena

DCsounce.

When the dust laden gas is passed between charged wires and groundcd cylinders
to
ionised as the voltage applied between the electrodes is as high as 30,00O
this gas beromes
As the dust
10000 \. The mignitude ofapplied voltage is dependent on electrodespacing.
and posit1ve 10ons
laden gas is pIssed through these highly charged electrodes, both negative
are formed. the latter being as high as 80%. When the charged dust particles are passed
hetween the plates (collecting electrodes), the clectrostatic field exerts a force on positively
electrodes).
[Link] dust particles and drives them towards the grounded plates (collecting
Neguatively charged dust purticles attract towards the positively charged plate. The deposited
with the
dust particles are removed from the plates by giving the vibration knocks to the plates
collected in the
help ofcams driven by external means. The removed dust from the plates is
dust hoppers.
I the size of dust purticles is high. ESP is used in combination with cyclone separator.
Ihe ESP has a high collection efliciency of the order of 90% and above.
The electrostatie precipitators are extensively used for removing flyash from flue gas in

coul fired thermal power plants.

Advantages
() ltis the most effective methodto remove very fine particulates, as fine as 0.01 u,
which escape removal by mechanical separators.
(2)Iis very useful for high dust loaded gas. Flue gas containing dust particles as high as
l00 g/m' can be effectively cleaned.
(3) Dust removal efficiency is as high as 99.5%.
(4) Its operation is easy and smooth.
() The draught loss (pressure loss) is minimum.
(6) It can remove both wet and dry dust.

Disadvantages:
) Is capital cost is high.
(2) The running charges are high as the amount of power required for charging is

considerably large.
3) is removal eflicieney drops with the increase of gas velocity.
(4Irequiresmore floor spaCe.
DrughtSystem
Classiticatton ofdraught 1
IMay '18. May '17]
The detanl classification of
draught is as follows

Draught

atural draught
Pnaln ed by chimnev Artificial draught

Steam jet draught Mechanical draught

(Produced by jet of steam) (Produced by fans)

Forced Induced Forced Induced

draught draught draughtfan draughtfan

4.4 Natural draught

The natural draught is obtained by the use of chimney. The chimney in the power plant

performs the following two functions. and

which required to force air
() lt produces draught (create pressure difference)
boiler accessaries and settings.
gases through the furmace, be
to such a height that they will not
(11) It caries the product of combustion
objectionable or injurious to surrounding. concrete or steel.
structure build either of masonary,
The chimney is vertical tabular
between the column of hot
the chimney is due to density difference
The draught produces by also on the height of the chimney
and cold air outside the chimney and
gases inside the chimney difference depends on the temperature
of flue
above the level of the furmace grate. The density
and temperature of atmospheric air.
gases passing chimney
in as shown in Fig. 4.1.
height H above grate level
Consider, a chimney base)
at grate level (chimney
pressure
Let.
Let. P
top of chimney
at
the pressure at grate
is filled by atmosphenic air,
Ppressure

not lighted,
the chimney
When fire is
level is given by H
air column of height
due to atmospheric
+ pressure
P P .(4.1)

P Pa tPagH =
density of atmospheric air
= atmospheric
airpressure, Pa
where p.,
 Borker

hune
Grate level

A t m o s p h e r i c

Air Preheater
Eco air n

Base as ell as
well.

chimney

draugh
the
Natural
fill up
4.1 will
Fig. gases
thehor by
the grate. given
upon level is
is hghied
chimney

hen the fire at the grate height

or
the p r e s s u r e column

the fluc gases passage.

hor flue gases 4
due tothe
pressure
P
1 *
PPatP,gH
where. P, =density ofhotfluegases
level
difference at the grate
Now, net pressure

4pP-P
8H)
(PaP, gH)-(Pa +P; 4
Ap=(Pa P, )gH air. hence Ap posit
of atmospheric
is less than the density
The densityof hot flue gases
difference Ap,causing the tlow of gasess
whichcausestheflowof gases. The pressure
called as static draught.
44.1 Estimation of Height of Chimney [Nov. '17, Dec. '13. Jan. '13, June "1l
The amount of natural draught produced by a chimney mainly depends on height of chimne
temperature of hot gases and atmospheric air.
Let
Let.
T=absolute temperature corespondingto 0C
T= absolute temperature of atmosphenic air. K.
absolute temperature of flue gases inside the chimney. K
H=height of chimney. m