Prepare detailed design of urban roads

RIICWD509E

FEBRUARY 27, 2024

Name: Md Robiul Islam nahid
Student id: AIP14028458
Group Members Name: Muhammad Hamza Ameer, Md Robiul Islam
Nahid, Ahmed Saeed
2. Table of Contents
1. Cover Page --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0
2. Table of Contents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
3. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

4. Design Documents --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-7

4.1 Legislation and standards ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
4.2 Policy and Guidelines -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-4
4.3 Technical specifications --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-5
4.4 Risk assessment and management -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
4.5 Interpretation and Analysis of data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-6
4.6 Environmental and Cultural Data -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
4.7 Design Plan and Drawing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
5. Detailed Design ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8-12
5.1 Occasion 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8-9
5.2 Occasion 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-12
6. Software and Technology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
7. Records Management -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
8. Performance Review -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
9. AutoCAD -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
10. Cost Estimation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15
11. Verification and quality check ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
12. Design Approval -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
13. Client Feedback -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
14. System Closeout ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19

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3. Introduction to the project
Urban roads are essential to the socio-economic development of urban areas and are often referred to as
the lifelines of cities. They connect various regions of the city and improve accessibility to a range of
services and amenities by facilitating the movement of people and products. The objective of this project
is to examine the condition of urban roads as they stand and suggest ways to improve their sustainability
and efficiency.

Importance of Urban Roads:

Urban roads are essential to a city's operation and are more than just its physical infrastructure. They
improve the general standard of living in metropolitan areas by facilitating trade, business, and social
engagement. Furthermore, well planned and maintained urban roadways can greatly cut down on travel
time, increase security, and support environmentally friendly practices.

Current Challenges:
Urban roads are important, yet they frequently confront many difficulties. These include environmental
concerns, limited pedestrian amenities, bad maintenance, and traffic jams. These issues influence city
dwellers' quality of life in addition to the effectiveness of urban transportation.

Project Objectives:
To solve these issues, this project will offer creative and long-lasting solutions for the development of
urban roads. The initiative aims to promote pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, improve maintenance
methods, build roads more effectively, and incorporate environmental factors into road construction.

Methodology:
The project will combine environmental science, urban planning, and engineering in a multidisciplinary
manner. To comprehend the current condition of urban roads and pinpoint areas for improvement, data
gathering, analysis, and modelling will be required. The initiative aims to involve many stakeholders such
as the public, transportation organisations, and city officials to guarantee that the suggested solutions are
feasible and align with community requirements.

Expected Outcomes:
It is our goal to support the creation of effective and sustainable urban roads through this project. In
addition to providing better transportation options for city people, the project's results will further urban
development's overarching objectives of increasing economic growth, preserving the environment, and
enabling more liability.

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4. Design Documents

Documentation for urban road design is essential to urban growth and planning. To build and maintain
metropolitan highways, it entails creating intricate designs and blueprints. Engineers, planners, and
construction workers can use the documentation as a reference to make sure the roads are constructed
safely and in accordance with standard requirements. Ensuring that roads are planned and constructed in
a way that is safe, effective, and sustainable is the aim of urban road design documentation. It's a difficult
procedure that calls for a thorough comprehension of legal requirements, urban planning theories, and
engineering principles. Input from a variety of stakeholders, including engineers, city planners,
construction workers, and the public, is also a joint endeavour. The criteria could change based on the
project's location and specifics. When creating urban road design paperwork, always refer to the national
and municipal regulations.

The process of designing urban roads is extensive and necessitates compliance with several laws, rules,
regulations, guidelines, and practices. Here are a few crucial elements:

4.1 Legislation and standards:

Many laws and guidelines control the design of urban roads. I used the following documents to finish and
comply with my project:

 Design Standards for urban Infrastructure:

The specifications for the design of rural, arterial, and subdivision roads are outlined in this document. It provides
comprehensive explanations of the following topics: typical cross section design, sight distance, horizontal and
vertical alignment, traffic speed, auxiliary lanes, grade-crossing crossings, and road safety audits.
 Design Regulations 2004:
This law offers thorough guidelines for designs, particularly those for roads. It covers a variety of topics, such as
ownership, registrable designs, petitions for registration or publishing, examination of designs, court jurisdiction
and powers, the crown, the register, administration, and miscellaneous.
 MIS01 street planning and design:
With roads that are lower in hierarchy than arterial routes, this document is meant to be used for street planning
and design within residential, commercial, industrial, and mixed-use projects.
 Australian Road Rules:
Australia's road user behaviour is governed by these national regulations. They address a broad range of topics,
including heavy vehicle drivers' guidelines and fundamental traffic laws.

 AUSTROADS Guides:
These standards offer policies and recommendations on a range of topics related to road design, such as major
urban and rural roads' geometric designs, traffic engineering techniques, local area traffic management, and road
safety audits.
 Industry Standards:
Road design criteria are provided by standards such as 1348:1 Road and Traffic Engineering - Glossary of
Terms, Road Design and Construction, Standards Australia.
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Remembering that the laws and regulations may change based on the area and kind of road. For the most precise and
current information, it is usually advisable to consult the local government or the appropriate department of the
government.

4.2 Policy and Guidelines:

"Policy" and "guidelines" relate to a set of rules, principles, or protocols created by regulatory authorities or
organisations in the context of designing, especially urban road design. They act as a framework to guarantee that the
design process is methodical, effective, and compliant with requirements. Policies may specify how roads should be
laid out to handle various traffic patterns, how to take the environment into account, or how to guarantee the safety of
all users of the road. Recommendations that point actions in a certain direction to accomplish a particular goal are
called guidelines. Specific dimensions (such as road width or sidewalk height), acceptable materials, and techniques
for adding features like bike lanes and pedestrian crossings are all examples of guidelines in urban road design. These
rules and regulations play a critical role in guaranteeing that the design procedure is uniform, satisfies specifications,
and produces urban roads that are sustainable, safe, and effective. Usually, they are founded on in-depth analysis and
industry best practices.
The following are some important factors that we considered when creating this project:

 Road planning:
Residential and arterial road planning are the two main categories of road planning. Networks that address
environmental sustainability, demographic trends, neighbourhood identity, integration of movement modes,
recreational and community needs, strategic residential planning, public transportation issues, pedestrian and
cyclist requirements, and whole-life costs must be identified by designers and planners during the planning
process.
 Movement Network:
This is referring to the general design and configuration of public roadways, walkways, and streets.
 Public spaces:
Furthermore, essential are the concepts of urban design for parks, streets, plazas, and public open spaces.
 Related Codes of Practice and Guidelines:
Among the relevant codes of practice and guidelines are legislation, industry standards, policy and guidelines,
and geometric design of key metropolitan highways.

4.3 Technical specifications:

Technical specifications, also called "specs," are precise lists of requirements that a material, product, or design must
meet. When it comes to designing urban roads, these consist of:
 Dimensions:
The necessary dimensions in the design, such as widths, lengths, and heights. For instance, the roundabout's
radius, the walkways' breadth, or other physical characteristics.
 Materials:
the kinds of materials that should be used, their characteristics, and the best way to use them. For instance,
the kind of concrete used for sidewalks, or the kind of asphalt used for the road surface.

 Performance Requirements:
The anticipated functionality of the design in different scenarios. For instance, the sewer system's
drainage capacity or the road's ability to support a load.
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  Safety Standards:
The design's obligation to incorporate safety measures and adhere to safety regulations. Take the positioning
and layout of pedestrian crossings or the highway safety barriers, for instance.
 Environmental Considerations:
The design's effect on the environment and the steps taken to lessen it. For instance, the road's
runoff management system or the landscaping specifications for reducing noise and visual impact.

To guarantee the security, use, and sustainability of urban roadways, these requirements—which are usually
stated in design manuals or recommendations given by city planning departments or transportation agencies
—must be scrupulously adhered to. They also provide a foundation for assessing the suitability and
excellence of the design.

Urban road design technical specifications can change depending on the project's unique needs and the
area. The following are the factors that we took into account for this project to ensure that the design is
compliant:

 Geometric Road Design:

Road networks, road hierarchy, design speed, longitudinal gradient, carriageway width, crossfalls, footway
spaces, intersections, roundabouts, traffic calming, parking, and bus routes are some examples of these
factors.
 Design Standards:
This design complies with certain measures and specifications, such as those related to open channels, culverts,
floodway crossings, networks, basins and subsurface, and road surfaces.
 Design Parameters:
These comprise longitudinal gradients, network utilities, visibility for safety, design speed, design vehicles, and
alignment of the horizontal and vertical axes.

 Context-Sensitive Design:
The idea of "context-sensitive design," which is supported by the Austroads Guide to Road Design, gave us the
freedom to use critical engineering judgement. For instance, selecting design values when current constraints
demand that they be outside of generally recognised bounds.

4.4 Risk assessment and management:

Using risk assessment and management procedures is crucial when creating comprehensive urban road designs.
Anything that puts a person, piece of property, business, or the environment at danger of loss or other harm is
considered a "risk." Identifying, evaluating, and managing (treating and controlling) risk are typically steps in the risk
assessment and management process.
First, we identify the risk. After that, it's critical to develop an assessment of the risks that have been discovered. We
used a risk assessment matrix to do this; this is a technique that evaluates risks based on their likelihood and potential
effects. There were three risk categories: low, medium, and high. Handle (manage and regulate) hazards. We created
treatments or controls to lower the risk to a manageable level after it was detected. The organization's policies and
procedures gave us choices on how to react to different dangers.
The following are some of the materials made available to us so that we could design urban highways with a thorough
approach to risk assessment and management:

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  Roadside Design:
Roadside Design, safety and barriers include a new process to evaluate roadsides and the relative safety
benefits and risk associated with the different road environments, different speeds, and the spacing and offset
of hazards. This guide enabled us to assess the risk posed by roadside hazards, establish the need for
treatment, and determine the most appropriate treatment.

 Urban Road Risk Assessment Framework:

This paper examines a methodology for estimating the chance of an urban road collapsing. This framework
created a system of risk indicators that incorporates several indicators together with anthropogenic and
environmental elements including pipeline, construction, and soil type. It built and trained a risk assessment
model based on convolutional neural networks.

 Road Safety Strategy Development:

This manual outlines the steps involved in developing, managing, assessing, and evaluating a road safety
strategy. It assisted us in outlining potential strategies and outlined the values of a vision that underpins
effective risk assessment procedures and a clear vision.

4.5 Interpretation and Analysis of data:

The process of reviewing data and drawing pertinent conclusions by applying a variety of analytical techniques is
known as data interpretation. It entails collecting unprocessed data and turning it into a meaningful form that aids in
decision-making, offers insights, and permits efficient information sharing.
Examining, purifying, converting, and modelling data to find relevant information, draw conclusions, and aid in
decision-making is the process of data analysis.

These particulars depend on the laws and circumstances in the area. When planning urban highways, it's crucial to
engage with specialists and local government representatives. In order to construct urban highways, it was crucial to
interpret and analyse data, which required multiple steps:

 Data Collection:
This include compiling information on pedestrian counts, traffic volume, speed, accidents, and other topics.
We were able to forecast future situations and comprehend the existing situation thanks to this data.
 Data Interpretation and Analysis:
Urban road capacity requirements, areas, volumes, flow rates, capacities, densities, mass, percentages, and
gradients must all be calculated.
 Evaluating Design Options:
Several urban road design choices were assessed in light of the data analysis. evaluating the effects of
various road widths, bike lanes, sidewalk lengths, and other features.
 Recommendation of Preferred Option:
A preferred alternative that best suited the project's requirements was selected after all choices were carefully
considered.
 Preparation of Detailed Design Plan:
Based on the selected best choice, comprehensive design plans were created, together with cost estimates
and design approval.
 Compliance with Design Standards:
ensuring that the design conforms to all applicable norms and regulations.
 Conducting Safety Audits:

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 Finally, to make sure the design complies with safety requirements, road safety audits were carried out.

4.6 Environmental and Cultural Data

Design, building, and upkeep of urban roadways heavily rely on environmental data, including hydrological,
meteorological, and geotechnical data. These data kinds offer insightful information on the external factors that may
affect the lifespan and functionality of road infrastructure.

 Hydrological Data:
knowing the drainage systems, flood prevention techniques, and the distribution, movement, and qualities of
the local hydrology. It aided in the efficient design of the road, lowering the possibility of waterlogging and
damage from flooding.
 Meteorological Data:
In order to make the design more robust and long-lasting, the weather and climate conditions were taken into
account. helping the design resist extreme weather conditions and not bleed or flush in sprayed seals or
permanent deformation.
 Geotechnical Data:
The suitability of the site for building a road, the selection of building materials, and the foundation design
were all investigated. The ground's ability to support weight can be impacted by the composition of the soil,
and the selection of drainage system can be influenced by the existence of groundwater.

Urban road design takes cultural and historical factors into consideration. The communities these data serve have
cultural and heritage assets, which are respected and preserved in road design and building projects. By taking these
things into account, road infrastructure design not only satisfies transportation requirements but also honours and
strengthens the community's cultural and heritage values. The significance of utilising cultural and heritage data in
urban road planning will only increase as our cities continue to expand and change.

 Cultural Data:
Traditions, conventions, values, and social behaviour are taken into consideration when designing a design.
 Heritage Data:
In order to prevent unintentionally damaging or destroying the priceless resources, information regarding
historically, or culturally significant locations, buildings, or landscapes is kept in mind during the project.

4.7 Design Plan and Drawing

An essential part of designing an urban road are the design plans and drawings. They offer a graphic depiction of the
suggested road design, complete with information on the width, alignment, crossings, pedestrian routes, and other
specifics.
This document's goal is to standardise the presentation and information provided in designs for road building projects.
This includes shared and major paths, signs, pavement markings, on- and off-road drainage, road design, and road
safety obstacles.

Plan to include Profile to include

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  Proposed design  Main reference line string
 Existing survey, topography, or mapping  Edge of seal strings (where applicable)
background information  Existing ground string
 Existing services  Ground water level (where applicable)
 Cadastral and MRS boundaries  String labels for reference line, edge lines and
 Proposed land requirements existing ground strings.
 Existing contours  Labels for side roads, driveways, and culverts
 Culverts, on-road, and off-road drainage  Levels on reference line
 Floodway locations  Levels on existing ground string
 Road reference marks  Chainage and horizontal change points
 Reference line and chainage  Superelevation
 String labels for reference line and edge  Horizontal and vertical geometry for reference
strings. line
 Road names  Pavement type locations
 North point  Road safety barrier locations (where
 Carriageway and shoulder widths applicable)
 Road safety barriers (where applicable)  Culvert locations
 Legend  Side road locations
 Services  Driveway locations

The As Constructed drawings will show any changes made to the designs throughout the building phase. When all
projects reach the document handover phase, finished drawings must be sent electronically. Included are the CAD
plan model space drawing files.

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Action Plan:

Resource
Action Timeline Requirements Responsibilities

Project brief,
Review project requirements Project Manager,
requirements Week 1 documentation Design Team

Meeting room,
Week 2- project brief, Project Manager,
Client meetings 3 stakeholder analysis Design Team, Client

Meeting room,
Week 2- project brief, design Project Manager,
Team meetings 6 software Design Team

Design Team,
Existing road plans, Environmental
Gather and environmental Specialist,
review project Week 2- reports, Geotechnical
documentation 3 geotechnical data Engineer

Design software,
Develop design Week 4- site survey data, Design Team, Project

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5. Detailed Design
Guide to route create Part 3: Austroads' Geometric Design is utilised in Cases 1 and 2 to create a large access local
urban route at a reduced speed.

5.1 Occasion 1
Cross section:
Numerous factors influence the type of cross-section to be utilised while building a road project. The formation of a
cross-section will be influenced by community values, road plans, transportation patterns, planning policies, and, to
some extent, the suggested treatment for a new or existing road.
The pavement crossfall for various pavement types on straights is given in Table 4.2. According to the design guide's
guideline, asphalt pavement has a 2.5–3% crossfall. We can assume a 2.5% road crossfall in this configuration. The
road's design allows both cars and bicycles to use the same lane. We may determine the road width to be 3.5 metres
based on table 4.3 of urban arterial road sizes.
Road shoulders are present for both structural and traffic reasons. When kerb and channel have been constructed on
urban local roads or arterials, a shoulder is usually not provided. Shoulders may be present on major urban highways
to fulfil the same function as on rural ones. In order to keep the road from coming to a complete stop in the event of a
breakdown, this also involves drainage, safeguarding on-road bicycles, and temporarily keeping a broken-down
automobile. A passenger car can stop outside of the traffic lanes with this design's 2.0 m shoulder width on both sides
of the street.
Shoulders may be partially or completely sealed. Shoulder sealing is a standard technique to improve the moisture
conditions under pavements, especially under the outside wheel path, and reduce maintenance expenses. Sealing
shoulders' main benefit is that they can reduce crash rates, particularly in run-off-road collisions. This benefit is mostly
realised at shoulder seal widths of 0.5 to 1.5 m, according to the design guide. The shoulder seal width in this road
design is 1.5 metres.
The verge is the section of the road formation that joins the batter and shoulder. Furthermore, the 1.0 m verge width is
intended to enhance the operation of the urban road and show the commitment to constructing a road infrastructure
that goes beyond the recommended limits for urban growth.
In summary, when designing a local urban road, the following cross sectional measurements are used.
1) Urban Road Width = 3.5m
2) Road Crossfall (Asphalt) =2.5%
3) Shoulder Width = 2.0m
4) Shoulder Seal Width = 1.5m
5) Verge Width = 1.0m
Horizontal Alignment:

 Maximum Friction Factor (f): The friction factor for vehicles and trucks is given in Table 7.5 of the design
guide. The maximum friction factor is determined based on the operating speed (km/h). The maximum friction
factor for vehicles is 0.24 and for trucks it is 0.17 at 60 km/h.
 Minimum Radius (r): Based on superelevation and side friction at maximum values, Table 7.6 gives the
minimum radius of horizontal curves. For the urban roadways, the minimum radius is 98 metres, the emax is
5%, and the operating speed is 60 km/h.
 Maximum Superelevation Rate (emax): emax = 5% based on design guide figures 7.9 and 7.6.
Stopping Sight Distance (SSD):

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 RT V V
2
SSD= +
3.6 254 (d +0.01 a)
Where,
RT = reaction time (sec)
V = operating speed (km/h)
d = coefficient of deceleration (longitudinal friction factor)
a = longitudinal grade (%, + for upgrades and – for downgrades)
In this design,
RT= From the table 5.2 of design guide, it is shown that reaction time of 1.5s cannot be used in Western Australia. So,
reaction time is assumed as 2s.
V= 60km/h
d= From table 5.3, coefficient of deceleration is assumed as 0.36.
a= From table 8.3, longitudinal grade is taken as 6% for 60 km/h flat surfaces.
Now putting all the values in the equation:
2
2∗60 60
SSD= +
3.6 254(0.36+0.01∗0.06)

120 3600
SSD= +
3.6 91.59

SSD=33.33+39.30

SSD=72.64 m

Grades:
Table 8.3 of the design guide informs us that low- to moderate-speed roads are graded between 6 and 8% (we always
chose the lower figure).
Intermediate Sight Distance:
Intermediate Sight Distance = 2 * Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
= 2 * 72.64m
= 145.27m

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Occasion 2
Horizontal Curve Radius:
2
V
R=
127 (e+ f )
Where,
V= Operating speed (km/h)
e= Superelevation Rate
f= friction factor
In this design we have;
V= 60km/h
e= From the figure 7.9 or table 7.6 of the design guide, emax= 5%
f= Table 7.5 from the design guide provides the friction factor for cars and trucks. Based on the operating speed
(km/h), the maximum friction factor is identified. For the speed of 60km/h, the maximum friction factor for the cars is
0.24 and for the trucks is 0.17.
Putting all the values in the equation:
2
60
R=
5
127 ( +0.3)
100
3600
R=
127 (0.05+0.3)
3600
R=
44.45
R=80.98 m
Roadside Design:
Roadside design includes the installation of open drains, which are commonly used with uncurbed roadways to collect
and carry runoff from the road surface and from locations (including culverts) that drain towards or away from the road
in order to preserve the strength and traffic safety of the pavement. Various kinds of drains are frequently used for
road drainage. The drain type that is chosen should not only be functionally sound hydraulically, but also cost-effective
to build and require minimal upkeep.
The table drain in this design is built in accordance with the following standards.
Width of table drain: 2-5m
Invert Level: Below the level of pavement subgrade (typically 300mm below)
Freeboard: 0.15m

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The V drain is not used in this design instead flat bottom is used to reduce scour.
Base of flat bottom table drain: Sloped -0.5 to 1.5% away from carriageway.
Side slopes: not steeper than 4:1, so 6:1 is preferred.
Traffic Barriers:
A traffic barrier is a physical object that is positioned besides roadways or highways to divide or restrict traffic.
Concrete, metal guardrails, cable barriers, and other materials can be used to create these obstacles.
In road design, traffic barriers are crucial for several reasons:
1. Safety: One of the primary objectives of traffic barriers is to increase the safety of vehicles and pedestrians.
Barriers prevent cars from veering off the road or into oncoming traffic, reducing the likelihood of crashes,
injuries, and fatalities.
2. Traffic Management: Barriers aid in the management and control of traffic flow by steering vehicles along
designated routes and preventing unauthorised manoeuvres. They can also be used to indicate lanes, merge
points, and exit ramps, which will improve traffic flow and reduce congestion.
3. Compliance: Traffic barriers are typically required by safety regulations and design requirements established
by transportation authorities. By building roads with appropriate barriers, it is ensured that these standards
are met and the liability of road agencies and authorities is diminished.
4. Mitigation of Hazards: It is possible to reduce the risks associated with landslides, rockfalls, and flooding by
erecting barriers. They can also be used to shield drivers from external dangers like noise pollution and wind
gusts.
Some of the common types of traffic barriers are:

 Bollards: These are strong, short posts for the purpose of controlling traffic and keeping cars out of
buildings and pedestrian zones. Particularly in urban settings, they are regularly seen in parking lots and
the vicinity of pedestrian zones.
 Concrete Barriers: These robust concrete barriers are commonly encountered along road borders and in
medians. They are a useful deterrent against car invasions and are frequently used on highways and
roads.
 Metal guardrails: Metal guardrails are often made of steel or aluminium and are designed to safely
reroute automobiles back onto the road in the event of an accident. Collisions are less severe because
they are flexible and absorb impact energy.
 To reduce the force of collisions, energy-absorbing devices known as crash cushions can be fastened to
the end of concrete guardrails or barriers. By bending during a collision, they are meant to absorb kinetic
energy and reduce damage to cars and their occupants.
 Wire Rope Barriers: With the exception of using steel wires in place of cables, wire rope barriers are
similar to cable barriers. They are designed to provide vehicle containment and redirection, thereby
reducing the severity of crashes.
 Solar Lighting: Solar illumination is commonly used to illuminate highways, signage, and other roadside
objects. In low light or at night, solar-powered lights increase visibility without posing any new hazards,
so improving road safety for vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists.
 Jersey Barriers: Jersey barriers are modular concrete barriers that have an inverted "T"-like shape. They
are widely used to create work zones, separate traffic lanes, and protect pedestrians and structures from
oncoming vehicles. You can also add sand or water to jersey barriers for additional stability.

Other Design Features:

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A comprehensive approach that takes into account multiple factors is required while constructing a road in order to
guarantee its utility, safety, and effectiveness. Other common and significant design elements in road design are as
follows:
1. Road Classification: When classifying roads, factors including speed restrictions, traffic volume, and road
function are taken into account. Typical classes include collectors, local streets, highways, and arterials, each
with distinct design requirements.
2. Alignment: An alignment is the arrangement of a road's vertical and horizontal axes. Sight distances,
gradients, and curves are examples of topographical considerations in design that offer safe driving
conditions and lessen environmental impact.
3. Medians: The central areas that separate opposing lanes of traffic are known as medians. They can be flush
or elevated with the road, and they can also contain turning lanes, traffic barriers, and planting. By separating
traffic lanes and providing a hiding area for pedestrians, medians increase safety.
4. Intersections: Intersection design includes features like traffic signals, yield signs, stop signs, and
roundabouts to allow for the safe movement of automobiles, pedestrians, and bikes. Sight distances, lane
configurations, and geometric layout are design elements that help prevent conflicts and crashes.
5. Pedestrian Facilities: These include crosswalks, pedestrian signals, sidewalks, and kerb ramps. Accessibility,
visibility, and safety features are design concerns that promote walkability and accommodate people of all
abilities.
6. Bicycle Facilities: Bicycle facilities offer riders quick and secure paths to go. Design elements include things
like bike trails, shared lanes (sharrows), and dedicated bike lanes. Signs, buffer zones, and lane width are
among the elements taken into consideration to increase the comfort and safety of cyclists.
7. Roadside elements: Roadside features including guardrails, traffic barriers, signage, and plantings improve
safety, aesthetics, and environmental sustainability. Longevity, visibility, and harmony with other land uses
are all factors in design.
8. Street Lighting: Adequate lighting enhances visibility on the road during inclement weather and at night,
hence reducing the likelihood of accidents and promoting public safety.
9. 9. Devices for managing traffic flow and improving safety include signs, speed restrictions, pavement
markings, and signals. An key consideration in design include visibility, placement, and compliance with traffic
laws.
10. Accessibility: To ensure accessibility for people with impairments, kerb ramps, audio signalling, and tactile
pavement are added to roads. Design aspects include adherence to accessibility guidelines and inclusive
design principles.

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 5. Software and technology

With the use of these tools, we were able to better visualise urban settings and our plan. While working on
this design, we employed the following software and technologies:

 Microsoft word/office/excel:
To write, manage and store documents related to the project.
 AutoCAD:
To draw the design
 3D City Planner:
To help urban planners develop a more accurate and realistic view of existing cities, towns, and areas.
 LotWorks:
Used to organise, manage, and share large amounts of spatial data.
 Sketchup:
Used for conceptualization and visualization of the design.
 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide:
Used to assess site specifications such as traffic, weather, subbase, and current pavement conditions.

7.Records Management

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8. Performance Review

A performance review is an assessment of the efficacy and efficiency of a design in the context of urban road design.
It entails evaluating the design's compliance with accepted standards and best practices, as well as how well it
achieves its stated objectives and performs in the intended environment. The following elements could be taken into
account in a design performance review:

 Functionality:
We ensured that the design fulfils the demands and expectations of the client and functions as planned.

 Usability:
ensuring that the design is functional and easy to utilise.
 Efficiency:
using ideas and resources wisely to boost output and cut down on waste.
 Compliance:
that the design complies with all applicable laws, rules, and standards.
 Innovation:
used innovative concepts and methods, stretched limits, and questioned norms

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 The particular metrics and techniques employed in a performance review can change based on the kind of design and
the review's objectives. A variety of techniques, including as expert evaluation, usage data analysis, and user testing,
may be used in the review. Subsequent design endeavours might be directed and problem-solved in light of the
review's outcomes.

9. AutoCAD

10. Cost Estimate

ITEM COSTBREAKDOWN DESCRIPTION UNIT QUANTITY UNIT RATE AMOUNT
A.1 Manpower Project Manager Man Days 1 $2,400 $2,400
A.2 Manpower Project Engineer Man Days 1 $2,400 $2,400
A.3 Manpower Civil Designer Man Days 1 $1,200 $1,200
A.4 Manpower Drafts Person Man Days 2 $700 $1,400
A.5 Manpower Construction Labour Man Days 5 $800 $4,000
A.6 Manpower Surveyor Man Days 2 $1,200 $2,400
A.7 Manpower Equipment operators Man Days 3 $1,000 $3,000
A.8 Manpower Electrician Man Days 2 $1,100 $2,200
B.1 Equipment Excavator Day 5 $70 * 8hrs $2,800
B.2 Equipment Loader Day 35 $65 * 6hrs $13,650

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B.3 Equipment Motor Grader Day 21 $55 * 7hrs $8,085
B.4 Equipment Bulldozer Day 12 $60 * 6hrs $4,320
B.5 Equipment Backhoe Day 8 $50 * 7hrs $2,800
B.6 Equipment Computer and Printers Day 10 $1,500 $15,000
2
C.1 Materials Soil m 3,000 $15 $45,000
2
C.2 Materials Aggregate m 1,200 $17 $20,400
2
C.3 Materials Asphalt and Bitumen m 2,000 $22 $44,000
C.4 Materials Cement Concrete m2 800 $18 $14,400
2
C.5 Materials Composite Pavement m 1,900 $24 $45,600
D.1 Testing California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test Item 4 $600 $2,400
D.2 Testing Bitumen Penetration Test Item 4 $550 $2,200
D.3 Testing Moisture Condition Value (MCV) Test Item 4 $600 $2,400
D.4 Testing Viscosity of Bitumen Item 3 $650 $1,950
E.1 Admin Insurance and Miscellaneous Item Item 1 $25,000 $25,000
E.2 Admin Site Works Item 1 $20,000 $20,000
E.3 Admin Management Plan Item 1 $18,000 $18,000
E.4 Admin Office Overhead Item 1 $10,000 $10,000
E.5 Admin Direct and Indirect Cost Item 1 $15,000 $15,000

11. Verification and Quality Check

Verification is the process of confirming that certain standards have been met by offering unbiased proof.to use
objective evidence to confirm that the design satisfies the required design and specification specifications. After
evaluating the design in light of particular demands and guidelines testing, document reviews, inspections, and
alternative computations. Quality assurance teams, engineers, and testers will verify that the product satisfies the
criteria after the development phase is over and before validation.
A quality check verifies that the design specifications for the intended usage and application have been met by offering
unbiased proof. to verify, via objective evidence, that the product functions satisfactorily in the intended use context.
Once the product's intended usage in actual or virtual environments is confirmed, it fits the needs of the user. Testing,
carrying out substitute computations, document reviews, and scenario-based evaluations. before the product is
released, towards the end of the development process. Proof that the design can function as intended under given
circumstances. involves clients, end users, and occasionally impartial validators.The process of verification and quality
check in urban road designing involves several steps:

 Planning and Preparation:

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 Access, interpret, and use documentation related to urban road design to make sure the construction activity
complies with regulations. Determine and verify the data and needs for the urban roadways project. Create a
design strategy that satisfies the design criteria while making the most use of the resources at hand.
 Detailed Design:
Interpret and analyse data to identify suitable options. Make use of the recommended choice. finished the
urban roads' intricate design. Create a budget to implement the planned urban highways. Take part in the
peer and stakeholder review of the urban road design. Finalise the documents related to the design of urban
roads. Observe and manage the work of other team members who are contributing to the design process.
Obtain approval for the design.
 Finalizing Design Processes:
Ensure filing of design records is completed. finished and turned in reports on design costs and other matters.
took part in evaluating the design process' performance. Get input from the client and help to confirm the
design. Shut down every system..
 Support and Review: Provided clarity and guidance to those applying the design. Examine how the design is
being applied and suggest modifications for ongoing development. helped to validate the design in some
way.These steps ensure that the design is accurate, efficient, and meets the project requirements.

12. Design Approval Request

Design Approval Request (DAR) for Urban Roads

Project Name: Design of Urban Roads (RIICWD509E)

Project Location: Perth, Western Australia
Project Number:1
Date: 27/02/24

To: xxx

Subject: Design Approval Request for Urban Roads

Project Description: In this project, the team will calculate twice based on the questions provided by the project
teacher. The team has provided a brief explanation of their work, which I have attached.

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 Design Team:
Lead Designer: Hamza
Structural Engineer: Ahmed
Architect: Nahid

Objective: This request for design approval is meant to ask for your blessing on the urban road layout.
Structure associated with the above-mentioned project.

Design Approval Request:

We humbly ask for your blessing on the urban road's above-mentioned design.
After carefully reviewing and analysing the design, we are certain that it satisfies all standards and requirements.
We will move forward with the detailed engineering and construction stages of the project after getting your
approval.
We'll also see to it that any changes or additions to the design are shared.
quickly.

Contact Information: Please do not hesitate to contact if you need more information or if you have any
questions.

Project Manager:
Contact Information: AMRITA
We value your quick consideration of our request for design approval and eagerly await your
affirmative answer.

Thanks, and Kind regards.

Md Robiul Islam Nahid

13. Client Feedback

Dear Client,
Hopefully, you are doing well as I write this email. We would like to thank you for your continued relationship and for
entrusting us with your urban roads project. We prioritise your satisfaction above all else, and we promise to provide a
project that both meets and surpasses your expectations.
Throughout the course of the project, we respect your involvement and comments to make sure that we are
coordinating our efforts with your vision and requirements. We would highly appreciate your thoughts and feedback
after reviewing the project's progress recently. Your input will be very helpful to us as we solve issues and apply
pertinent suggestions to the design.
We respectfully ask that you please take a moment to comment on the following:
Design and Aesthetics: Are the project's overall design and aesthetics to your satisfaction? Do you have any particular
design components in mind that we should concentrate on or change?
Work Quality: What is your opinion on the current state of the work's quality? Do you have any reservations regarding
the workmanship, building materials, or other aspects of the product's quality?
Schedules and Due Dates: Do the project schedules and due dates meet your expectations? If not, kindly outline any
worries or limitations you anticipate.

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Budget and Cost Management: Is the project adhering to the predetermined spending plan? Do you have any
reservations about suggested cost-cutting methods or expense management?
Communication: What is your opinion of our team's communication with yours? Is there anything we can do to
enhance the way we communicate?
Any Additional Issues or Suggestions: We welcome you to voice any additional issues, recommendations, or
comments that you think might improve the project.
We value your input and promise to immediately address any issues and take your suggestions into consideration.
You can provide your input immediately to this email to help the process along, or if you'd rather, we can arrange a
meeting time that works for you to go over everything in more detail.
We appreciate your cooperation and your vital role in our effort. We're eager to hear your thoughts and collaborate
with you to make sure your urban road project is completed successfully.
Please do not hesitate to contact us if you need assistance or if you have any urgent questions.

Thanks, and kind regards,

Md Robiul Islam Nahid

14. System Closeout

Conclusion:
Respecting guidelines, rules, and industry best practices is crucial for this endeavour. Construction projects that are
safe, effective, and sustainable are built upon these criteria. Building industry experts can guarantee the health and
safety of labourers, the longevity of structures, and the project's overall success by adhering to this protocol.

Safety:
Maintaining the safety of employees, residents, and the general public during construction requires strict adherence to
rules and regulations. These rules specify safety precautions that must be taken in order to avoid mishaps and injuries,
including appropriate scaffolding, fall protection, and hazard mitigation.
Structural Integrity:
It is ensured that structures are designed and built to endure a variety of environmental and load situations by
adhering to best practices in civil engineering and designing.

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