Power Quality
EE 433
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Definition
Constitution of DG
Why DG is important
Perspectives on DG Benefits
Impact of DG on Power Quality
Power Quality issues
Operating Conflicts
DG-Related Power Quality Standards
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Definition
Distributed generation (DG) are the electric
generation facilities connected to an area electric
power system (AEPS) through a point of common
coupling (PCC).
Distributed Resources (DR) are the sources of electric
power that are not directly connected to a bulk power
transmission system. DR includes both generators
and energy storage systems
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Constitution of Distributed Generation
Reciprocating Engine Genset
Combustion Turbine
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Fuel Cell
Wind Generation
Photovoltaic
Carbon Nanotube
Mini and micro hydro systems
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Constitution of Distributed Generation
Connected to the
Wind farms transmission level Gas turbines
Subtransmission level
Batteries, flywheels, superconducting
magnetic energy storage, hydrogen
storage, ultra capacitors
Fuel cells Micro turbines
Distribution level
Combined heat and Gas turbines Reciprocating Photovoltaics Mini and micro hydro
power (CHP) engine systems
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Advantages of DG
DG units (renewable energy sources) help combat
global warming by greenhouse gas reduction.
DG systems can also improve PQ by effectively
increasing the network short circuit capacity
Distribution system reliability will be improved
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Perspectives on DG Benefits
End-User Perspective
Back Generation to Provide Improved Reliability
Reduce Energy Bill
Participation in the Competitive Power Market
Distribution Utility Perspective
Transmission & Distribution Relief
Hedge Against of Uncertain Load Growth
Hedge Against Price Spike
Commercial Power Producer Perspective
Selling Power or Ancillary Service in the Deregulated Market
Integrated Resource Planning
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Impact of DG on Power Quality
1. Photovoltaic systems can increase the level of
harmonic distortion in the system
2. Wind turbine systems can increase the voltage
fluctuations and hence the flicker.
3. Capacitors used with induction generators can rise
harmonic resonances
4. Unbalanced loading of the low voltage distribution
network is due to use of single-phase DG units
5. DG can cause disturbance to voltage stability because
of the reversal of power flow
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Power Quality Issues
Helping on Voltage Sags
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Operating Conflicts
Utility fault-clearing requirements
Reclosing
Interference with relaying
Voltage regulation issues
Harmonics
Islanding
Ferroresonance
Shunt capacitor interaction
Transformer connections
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Utility Fault-Clearing Requirements
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Reclosing
DG Must Disconnect Early in the Reclose Interval to
Allow Time for the Arc to Dissipate.
Reclosing on DG, Particularly Those System Using
Rotating Machine Technologies, Can Cause Damage to
the Generator or Prime Mover.
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Interference With Relay
Reduction of Reach
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Interference With Relay
Sympathetic Tripping of Feeder Breaker
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Interference With Relay
Defeat of Fuse Saving
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Voltage Regulation Issues
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DG-Related Power Quality Standards
IEEE Standards:
•IEEE1547-2003: Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources
with Electric Power Systems
Electricity Association – UK:
•UK technical guidelines for inverter single-phase photovoltaic (PV)
generators up to 5kVA, Engineering Recommendation G77, 2000
•Recommendation for the connection of embedded generation plant
to public electricity suppliers’ distribution system, Engineering
Recommendation G59/1, Amendment 2, 1994
•Recommendation for the connection of embedded generation plant
to public electricity suppliers’ systems above 20kV, or with outputs
over 5MW, Engineering Recommendation G75, 1994
Australian standards - AS:
•AS 4777.2-2005: Grid connection of energy systems via inverters -
Inverter requirements
•AS 61400.21-2006: Wind turbines - Measurement and assessment
of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines 18
+61451622684
Ali.asheibi@uob.edu.ly
0926759384
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