XIX GEOMETRICAL OLYMPIAD IN HONOUR OF

I.F.SHARYGIN
The correspondence round. Solutions

1. (A.Mardanov) (8) Let L be the midpoint of the minor arc AC of the circumcircle of an
acute-angled triangle ABC . A point P is the projection of B to the tangent at L to the
circumcircle. Prove that P , L, and the midpoints of sides AB , BC are concyclic.
Solution. Let M , N , and K be the midpoints of AB , BC , and AC ; let H be the foot
of the altitude from B ; then H is also the common point of BP and AC . It is clear that
M N k AC k P L, thus M P LN is a trapezoid. It is known that M HKN is an isosceles
trapezoid, hence ∠M HP = ∠N KL, M H = KN . Also P H = KL. Therefore the triangles
M HP and N KL are congruent, i.e the trapezoid M P LN is isosceles (g.1), thus P , L,
and the midpoints of AB and BC are concyclic.

N M

K H
C A

L P

Fig. 1.

2. (N.Moskvitin) (8) The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD meet at point E . A circle centered
at E lies inside the rectangle. Let CF , DG, AH be the tangents to this circle from C , D,
A; let CF meet DG at point I , EI meet AD at point J , and AH meet CF at point L.
Prove that LJ is perpendicular to AD.
Solution. Since the lines DG and AH are symmetric with respect to the perpendicular
bisector to AD, and AH and CF are symmetric with respect to the perpendicular bisector
to AC , we obtain that ∠CID = 2∠EAD = ∠CED, i.e. C , D, I , E are concyclic. Hence
∠AEI = ∠CDI , and since ∠AEL = ∠ADC = 90◦ , we obtain that ∠JEL = ∠IDA =
∠JAL. Therefore A, J , E , L are concyclic and ∠AJL = 90◦ (g.2).

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 B C

L
I

A D
J

Fig. 2.

3. (D.Mukhin) (8) A circle touches the lateral sides of a trapezoid ABCD at points B and
C , and its center lies on AD. Prove that the diameter of the circle is less than the medial
line of the trapezoid.
Solution. Let O be the center of the circle; EF be its diameter lying on AD; G, H be
the projections of B and C to AD. Since the arcs BE and CF are equal, we obtain that
∠ABG = ∠DCH , i.e. AG = DH and the trapezoid is isosceles. Therefore its medial line
equals to AH = EH + AE = EH + OA − OB . But from the similarity of triangles OAB
and OBG we have OA − OB > OB − OG = GE = HF , thus AH > EH + HF = EF
(g.3).

B C

A D
E G O H F

Fig. 3.

4. (F.Ivlev, A.Mardanov) (8) Points D and E lie on the lateral sides AB and BC respectively
of an isosceles triangle ABC in such a way that ∠BED = 3∠BDE . Let D0 be the
reection of D about AC . Prove that the line D0 E passes through the incenter of ABC .
Solution.Let the bisectors AL and CH meet at point I . Since ∠BLA = ∠BAL +
∠ACL = 3∠BAL, we obtain that DE k AL. Also AD0 k BL. Since LE : AD0 = LE :
AD = BL : BA = IL : IA, we obtain that ED0 passes through I (g.4).

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 B

I
D

C A

D0

Fig. 4.

5. (I.Kukharchuk) (8) Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral. Points E and F lie on the sides
AD and CD in such a way that AE = BC and AB = CF . Let M be the midpoint of
EF . Prove that ∠AM C = 90◦ .
First solution. In the pentagon ABCF E we have ∠A + ∠C = 180◦ , thus ∠B + ∠E +
∠F = 360◦ . Draw from any point U segments U X = AB = CF , U Y = BC = AE ,
U Z = M E = M F in such a way that ∠XU Y = ∠B , ∠Y U Z = ∠E , ∠ZU X = ∠F . Then
the triangles U XY , U Y Z , U ZX , and XY Z are congruent to the triangles BAC , EM A,
F M C , and ACM respectively, therefore ∠AM C = ∠AM E + ∠CM F = 90◦ (g.5).

C=X

F
U
M =Z

D A=Y
E

Fig. 5.

Second solution. Construct the parallelogram ABCU . The point E , F are the reections
of U about the bisectors of angles BAD, BCD respectively. Since ∠AU C+∠ADC = 180◦ ,

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 these bisectors are perpendicular. Therefore the triangle U EF is right-angled, and the
bisectors meet at its orthocenter M .

6. (D.Shvetsov) (89) Let A1 , B1 , C1 be the feet of altitudes of an acute-angled triangle

ABC . The incicrle of triangle A1 B1 C1 touches A1 B1 , A1 C1 , B1 C1 at points C2 , B2 , A2
respectively. Prove that the lines AA2 , BB2 , CC2 concur at a point lying on the Euler line
of triangle ABC .
Solution. Since the altitudes of triangle ABC coincide with the bisectors of triangle
A1 B1 C1 which are perpendicular to the sidelines of triangle A2 B2 C2 , we obtain that the
triangles ABC and A2 B2 C2 are homothetic (g.6). Its homothety center lies on the line
passing through the circumcenters of these triangles, i.e. the Euler line of ABC .

B1

C2
A1

B2
A2

A B
C1

Fig. 6.

7. (D.Demin, I.Kukharchuk) (89) Let A be a xed point of a circle ω . Let BC be an

arbitrary chord of ω passing through a xed point P . Prove that the nine-points circles
of triangles ABC touch some xed circle not depending on BC .
Solution. The locus of the midpoints of chords BC is the circle with diameter OP , where
O is the center of ω . The homothety with center A and coecient 2/3 maps this circle to
the locus of the centroids of triangles ABC . Applying the homothety with center O and
coecient 3/2 to this circle, we obtain that the locus of the centers of the nine-points
circles is also a circle. Since the radii of all nine-point circles are equal, we obtain that all
these circles touch two xed circles.

8. (G.Filipovsky) (89) A triangle ABC (a > b > c) is given. Its incenter I and the touching
points K , N of the incircle with BC and AC respectively are marked. Construct a segment
with length a − c using only a ruler and drawing at most three lines.
Solution. It is known that the common point T of the line KN and the bisector BI
coincide with the projection of A to BI . Thus if AT meets BC at point P , then the
altitude BT of triangle BP T coincides with the bisector. Therefore BP = AB and CP
is the required segment (g.8).

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 C

K
T
N

B A

Fig. 8.

9. (S.Gubanov) (89) It is known that the reection of the orthocenter of a triangle ABC
about its circumcenter lies on BC . Let A1 be the foot of the altitude from A. Prove that
A1 lies on the circle passing through the midpoints of the altitudes of ABC .
Solution. The distance from the circumcenter to the line BC equals to a half of AH ,
where H is the orthocenter. On the other hand the assumption yields that this distance
equals to a half of HA1 . Therefore H is the midpoint of AA1 . Let A0 be the midpoint
of BC . Since the midpoints X , Y of altitudes BB1 , CC1 lie on the medial lines of the
triangle, we obtain that the angles A0 XH and A0 Y H are right, i.e. the points X and Y
lie on the circle with diameter A0 H . It is clear that A1 also lies on this circle (g.9).

C1

B1
H

B C
A0 A1

Fig. 9.

10. (G.Zabaznov) (89) Altitudes BE and CF of an acute-angled triangle ABC meet at point
H . The perpendicular from H to EF meets the line ` passing through A and parallel to
BC at point P . The bisectors of two angles between ` and HP meet BC at points S and
T . Prove that the circumcircles of triangles ABC and P ST are tangent.

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 Solution. Let P H meet BC at point M . Since ∠M P T = ∠AP T = ∠M T P , we have
M T = M P . Similarly M S = M P , i.e. M is the circumcenter of triangle P ST . Also since
AO ⊥ EF , we obtain that AO k M P , where O is the circumcenter of triangle ABC .
Since the reection H 0 of H about BC lies on the circumcircle of ABC , we obtain that
isosceles triangles HM H 0 and AOH 0 are similar, thus M lies on the segment OH 0 , and
the lines OM and M P form equal angles with BC . Then OM and ` meet at the common
point of circles ABC and P ST , which is the tangency point of these circles (g.10).

A P

F
H
O

T C M B S

H0

Fig. 10.

11. (M.Kursky) (810) Let H be the orthocenter of an acute-angled triangle ABC ; E , F

be points on AB , AC respectively, such that AEHF is a parallelogram; X , Y be the
common points of the line EF and the circumcircle ω of triangle ABC ; Z be the point
of ω opposite to A. Prove that H is the orthocenter of triangle XY Z .
Solution. The assumption yields that ∠BHE = ∠CHF = π/2, therefore the triangles
BHE and CHF are similar and AF : EB = EH : EB = HF : F C = AE : EC .
Hence AE · EB = AF · F C , i.e. the powers of E and F with respect to the circumcircle
are equal and the midpoint D of AH is also the midpoint of XY . Thus the medial line
OD of triangle AHZ is perpendicular to XY . Therefore ZH is the altitude of triangle
XY Z , and since the reection A of H with respect to the midpoint of XY lies on the
circumcircle, we obtain that H is the orthocenter (g.11).

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 X

H
O
Y

C
B

Fig. 11.

12. Let ABC be a triangle with obtuse angle B , and P , Q lie on AC in such a way that
AP = P B , BQ = QC . The circle BP Q meets the sides AB and BC at points N and M
respectively.
(a) (P.Ryabov, 89) Prove that the distances from the common point R of P M and N Q
to A and C are equal.
(b) (A.Zaslavsky, 1011) Let BR meet AC at point S . Prove that M N ⊥ OS , where O
is the circumcenter of ABC .
Solution. (a) Let O be the circumcenter of triangle ABC . Then OP ⊥ AB and OQ ⊥
BC . Also ∠N QA = ∠N BP = ∠A and similarly ∠M P C = ∠C . Hence ∠P RQ+∠P OQ =
π and OP RQ is a cyclic quadrilateral. Therefore ∠P RO = ∠P QO = π/2 − ∠C , i.e. the
diagonals of this quadrilateral are perpendicular and AR = AC (g.12).

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 B

A C
P Q

Fig. 12.

(b) By (a) the triangles QRP and ABC are orthologic with center O. Also they are
perspective with center S . By the Sondat theorem OS is perpendicular to the perspective
axis M N .

13. (A.Mardanov) (811) The base AD of a trapezoid ABCD is twice greater than the base
BC , and the angle C equals one and a half of the angle A. The diagonal AC divides angle
C into two angles. Which of them is greater?
Solution. Let the lateral sidelines meet at point P and the perpendicular bisector to
P D meet AP at point Q. Then ∠AQD = 2∠QP D = ∠QAD and AD = QD > CD (a
hypothenuse is greater than a cathetus). Thus ∠ACD > ∠CAD = ∠BCA (g.13).

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 P

B C

A D

Fig. 13.

14. (A.Skopenkov) (811) Suppose that a closed oriented polygonal line l in the plane does
not pass through a point O, and is symmetric with respect to O. Prove that the winding
number of l around O is odd.
The winding number of l around O is dened to be the following sum of the oriented
angles divided by 2π :
∠A1 OA2 + ∠A2 OA3 + . . . + ∠An−1 OAn + ∠An OA1
degO l := .
2π
Solution. It is clear that the number of links is even: n = 2k . Since A1 and Ak+1 are
symmetric with respect to O, we obtain that between A1 and Ak+1 the vector OAi rotates
by angle mπ , where m is odd. But it rotates by the same angle between Ak+1 and A1 .
Therefore the winding number equals 2πm.

15. (A.Matveev) (910) Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral. Points X and Y lie on the
extensions beyond D of the sides CD and AD respectively in such a way that DX = AB
and DY = BC . Similarly points Z and T lie on the extensions beyond B of the sides
CB and AB respectively in such a way that BZ = AD and BT = DC . Let M1 be the
midpoint of XY , and M2 be the midpoint of ZT . Prove that the lines DM1 , BM2 , and
AC concur.
Solution. Let DM1 meet AC at point P . Then sin ∠ADP : sin ∠CDP = sin ∠Y DM :
sin ∠XDM = XD : Y D = AB : BC . Therefore AP : CP = (AB · AD) : (CB · CD). We
obtain the same ratio for the meeting point of AC with the line BD2 .

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16. (P.Kozhevnikov) (911) Let AHA and BHB be the altitudes of a triangle ABC . The line
HA HB meets the circumcircle of ABC at points P and Q. Let A0 be the reection of A
about BC , and B 0 be the reection of B about CA. Prove that A0 , B 0 , P , Q are concyclic.
Solution. Since the reections of the orthocenter about the sidelines lie on the circumcircle,
we have HA H · HA A0 = HA B · HA C = HA P · HA Q, therefore P , Q, H , A0 are concyclic.
Similarly P , Q, H , B 0 are concyclic (g.16).

B0
C

Q A0

P
H

A B

Fig. 16.

17. (L.Shatunov) (911) A common external tangent to circles ω1 and ω2 touches them at
points T1 , T2 respectively. Let A be an arbitrary point on the extension of T1 T2 beyond
T1 , and B be a point on the extension of T1 T2 beyond T2 such that AT1 = BT2 . The
tangents from A to ω1 and from B to ω2 distinct from T1 T2 meet at point C . Prove that
all nagelians of triangles ABC from C have a common point.
Solution. Let us prove that all nagelians pass through the center of internal homothety
of the circles. Reformulate the problem: let a triangle ABC be given; T1 , T2 be two points
on the side AB , symmetric with respect to its midpoint; and two circles inscribed into
angles A, B touch AB at T1 , T2 respectively. Then the internal homothety center of these
circles lies on the nagelian CD.
When T1 , T2 move along AB , the centers of the circles move along the bisectors of angles
A and B respectively, and the ratio of their radii is constant and equals cot A2 : cot B2 =
AD : BD. Therefore the homothety center moves along some line passing through D. Also
since AC + AD = BC + BD, we obtain that the incircle of triangle ACD corresponds to
the incircle of triangle BCD (g.17). It is clear that the homothety center of these circles
lies on CD. Thus this is correct for any pair of corresponding circles.

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 C

A B
T1 D T2

Fig. 17.

18. (A.Zaslavsky) (911) Restore a bicentral quadrilateral ABCD if the midpoints of the arcs
AB , BC , CD of its circumcircle are given.
Solution. The circumcircle of the quadrilateral passes through given points, and its
chords joining the midpoints of the opposite arcs are perpendicular. Hence we can restore
the midpoint of the arc DA. The tangents to the circumcircle at the midpoints of arcs
are parallel to the sidelines of the required quadrilateral, and two quadrilaterals are
homothetic because they are circumscribed. Therefore we can draw the circumcircle of
the quadrilateral formed by the tangents, and applying the homothety mapping this circle
to the circumcircle we restore the quadrilateral.

19. (A.Zaslavsky) (1011) A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is given. An arbitrary circle passing
through C and D meets AC , BC at points X , Y respectively. Find the locus of common
points of circles CAY and CBX .
Answer. The line CE , where AEBD is a harmonic quadrilateral.
Solution. Consider a composition of an inversion centered at C and the reection about
the bisector of angle BCA, swapping A and B . It swaps also the line AB and the
circumcircle of ABCD, i.e. maps D to some point D0 on AB ; the image of any circle
passing through C and D is a line passing through D0 and meeting AC , BC at points
Y 0 , X 0 respectively. The circles CAY and CBX are transformed to the lines AX 0 , BY 0 ,
and the common point of these lines lies on the line passing through C and meeting AB
at point E 0 such that A, B , D0 , E 0 is a harmonic quadruple. Repeated applying of the
inversion and the reection maps this line to CE (g.19).

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 D
C

A B

Fig. 19.

20. (A.Shevtsov) (1011) Let a point D lie on the median AM of a triangle ABC . The
tangents to the circumcircle of triangle BDC at points B and C meet at point K . Prove
that DD0 is parallel to AK , where D0 is isogonally conjugated to D with respect to ABC .
First solution. If D moves along AM , then D0 and K move along a symedian and the
perpendicular bisector to BC . The correspondence between D0 and D is projective, and
K depend on D quadratically (it is the pole of xed line BC with respect to the circle
BDC , and the coecients of equation of this circle are quadratic functions of D). Hence
we have to prove the assertion for ve positions of D. If D coincides with A, then D0
is the foot of the symedian, and K is the common point of tangents to the circumcircle
of ABC , i.e., all three points are collinear. If D is the second common point of AM
with the circumircle, then K also lies on the symedian, and D0 is its innite point. If D
coincides with M , then K also coincides with M , and D0 coincides with A. If ABDC is a
parallelogram, then D0 is the common point of the tangents to the circumcircle at B and
C , and K is the reection of D0 about M . Finally if D is innite, then K coincides with
M . The required assertion is correct for all cases.
Second solution

(N. Beluhov, https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c6h3025566p27515578)

Denote the circle BDC by Γ and let AB and AC meet Γ again at B 0 and C 0 . Also let M 0
be the midpoint of B 0 C 0 and let the tangents to Γ at B 0 and C 0 meet at K 0 .
Notice that A, K , and K 0 are collinear. (All three lie on the polar of BC ∩ B 0 C 0 with
respect to Γ.) So what we want becomes DD0 k KK 0 . We will show that both of DD0
and KK 0 are antiparallel to M M 0 within ∠BAC .
We begin with DD0 . Let AD meet Γ again at E . Then ABD0 ∼ AEC , and so AD0 · AE =
AB · AC . Hence, AD : AD0 = (AD · AE) : (AD0 · AE) = (AB · AB 0 ) : (AB · AC) = AB 0 :
AC .
On the other hand, ABCM ∼ AC 0 B 0 M 0 , and so AM : AM 0 = AC : AB 0 = AD0 : AD.
Furthermore, A, D, and M are collinear, and the same similarity yields also ∠BAM =
∠C 0 AM 0 , so that A, D0 , and M 0 are collinear as well. Thus D, D0 , M , and M 0 are

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 concyclic. From here, a straightforward angle chase shows that DD0 and M M 0 are indeed
antiparallel within ∠BAC , as claimed.
We continue with KK 0 . Let O and R be the center and radius of Γ. Then O, M , and
K are collinear, O, M 0 , and K 0 are collinear as well, and OM · OK = R2 = OM 0 · OK 0 .
Consequently, K , K 0 , M , and M 0 are concyclic. From here, a straightforward angle chase
shows that KK 0 and M M 0 are indeed antiparallel within ∠BAC , as claimed. The solution
is complete.

21. (I.Mikhaylov) (1011) Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral; Mac be the midpoint of AC ;
Hd , Hb be the orthocenters of 4ABC, 4ADC respectively; Pd , Pb be the projections of
Hd and Hb to BMac and DMac respectively. Dene similarly Pa , Pc for the diagonal BD.
Prove that Pa , Pb , Pc , Pd are concyclic.
Solution. It is known that A, C , Pd , Hd lie on the circle symmetric to the circumcircle
of ABC with respect to Mac . Hence M A · M C = M Pd · M B 0 = M Pd · M B , where B 0
is the vertex of a parallelogram ABCB 0 . Similarly M A · M C = M D · M Pb , thus B , D,
Pb , Pd are concyclic. Also since A, C , Pb , Pd are concyclic, we obtain that BD, AC ,
and Pb Pd concur at the radical center L (g.21). Similarly Pa Pc passes through L, and
LPa · LPc = LA · LC = LB · LD = LPb · LPd which yields the required assertion.

Pd

M L
A C

Pb

Fig. 21.

22. (A.Mudgal, P.Srivastava) (1011) Let ABC be a scalene triangle, M be the midpoint of
BC , P be the common point of AM and the incircle of ABC closest to A, and Q be
the common point of the ray AM and the excircle farthest from A. The tangent to the

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 incircle at P meets BC at point X , and the tangent to the excircle at Q meets BC at Y .
Prove that M X = M Y .
Solution. Consider the homothety centered at A and mapping the excircle to the incircle.
Let B 0 , C 0 , M 0 , Q0 , Y 0 be the images of B , C , M , Q, Y respectively. Then BB 0 C 0 C is a
trapezoid circumscribed around the incircle of ABC , denote the touching points of BC ,
B 0 C 0 , BB 0 , CC 0 as K , L, U , V respectively. By the Brianchon theorem the common
point J of segments KL and U V coincides with the common point of the diagonals of
the trapezoid, therefore J lies on AM (g.22). Also JK : JL = BC : B 0 C 0 . The lines
P X , BC , Q0 Y 0 , and B 0 C 0 form a quadrilateral circumscribed around the same circle, thus
its diagonal XY 0 also passes through J and XM : Y 0 M 0 = JK : JL. Using the inverse
homothety we obtain the required equality.

C0 L M0 B0
V P

Q0

C B
M K

Fig. 22.

23. (A.Mardanov) (1011) An ellipse Γ1 with foci at the midpoints of sides AB and AC of a
triangle ABC passes through A, and an ellipse Γ2 with foci at the midpoints of AC and
BC passes through C . Prove that the common points of these ellipses and the orthocenter
of triangle ABC are collinear.
Solution. Let B0 be the midpoint of AC . The directrices d1 , d2 of ellipses Γ1 , Γ2
corresponding to the focus B0 are parallel to the altitudes AH , CH , therefore the distances
from H to d1 and d2 are equal to the distances from A and C respectively to these lines.
Since AB0 = CB0 , the ratio of these distances is inverse to the ratio of the excentricities.
Since this ratio is the same for the common points of the ellipses, these three points are
collinear.

24. (Tran Quang Hung) (11) A tetrahedron ABCD is given. A line ` meets the planes ABC ,
BCD, CDA, DAB at points D0 , A0 , B0 , C0 respectively. Let P be an arbitrary point
not lying on ` and the planes of the faces, and A1 , B1 , C1 , D1 be the second common
points of lines P A0 , P B0 , P C0 , P D0 with the spheres P BCD, P CDA, P DAB , P ABC
respectively. Prove that P , A1 , B1 , C1 , D1 lie on a circle.

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Solution. Let S be the circumsphere of ABCD, and ω be the circumcircle of triangle
P A1 B1 . Then BCD is the radical plane of S and the circumsphere of P BCD; since A0
lies on the plane BCD, the powers of A0 with respect to S and the sphere P BCD are
equal, i.e. A0 P · A0 A1 . This product equals also to the power of A0 with respect to the
circumcircle ω of triangle P A1 B1 . Thus A0 lies on the radical axis of S and ω . Similarly
we obtain that B0 lies on the radical axis of S and ω . Therefore this radical axis coincides
with `.
Since C0 lies on the radical plane DAB of S and the circumsphere of P DAB , the powers
of C0 with respect to these spheres are equal. Hence P C0 is the radical axis of ω and the
sphere P DAB , but P C0 meets this sphere at C1 , therefore C1 lies on ω . Similarly D1 lies
on ω . Thus P , A1 , B1 , C1 , D1 are concyclic.

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