HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION(HCI)
HISTORY
HUMAN COMPUTER
INTERACTION
• Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is the study of interaction
between people (users) and computers. Because human-
computer interaction studies a human and a machine in
communication, it draws from supporting knowledge on both
the machine and the human side. On the machine side,
techniques in computer graphics, operating systems,
programming languages, and development environments are
relevant.
• On the human side, communication theory, graphic and
industrial design disciplines, linguistics, social sciences,
cognitive psychology, and human performance are relevant.
And, of course, engineering and design methods are relevant.
Introduction
• Humans are the users of the computers. HCI should
always consider about what users expect and need, what
physical abilities and limitations they may have, how
their perceptual systems work, and what they find
attractive and enjoyable when they use computers.
• When humans interact with computers, they bring to the
encounter a lifetime of experience. Designers must decide
how to make products attractive without distracting users
from their tasks.
Human
• A computer carries on its business in a much less obvious
way.
• The information a computer contains and the operations it
performs are represented inside the computer in a form
that we can’t directly observe- binary digits encoded as
two levels of electrical charge.
• What a computer displays does not arise naturally from
what it is doing inside.
• Any feedback the user might need must be explicitly
planned out and programmed.
Computer
• Interaction between users and computers occurs at the
user interface which includes both software and
hardware.
• People have to use the computers or different embedded
devices for different purposes.
• For this they have to interact with these machines.
• Researchers have built different interfaces and methods
for those.
• The designers and programmers look for a reasonable
balance between what can be programmed within the
necessary schedule and budget, and what would be ideal
for the users.
Interaction
• Human Computer Interaction(HCI) is an area of
research and practice that emerged in the late 1970s and
early 1980s, initially as an area in Computer Science.
• HCI has expanded rapidly and steadily for three decades,
attracting professionals from many other disciplines and
incorporating diverse concepts and approaches.
History
• Calculating Devices in Antiquity
History
• Kondrad Zuse (1910-1995)
• Invented the world’s first programmable computer (in 1941)
This remained the only working computer in Europe up to
1951
History
• ENIAC (~ 1946)
• First electronic numerical integrator and computer in the US
Construction contract was signed in 1943
• The first programmers of the ENIAC were six women
(“Refrigerator Ladies”)
History
• Memex (1945)
History
• Sketch Pad by Ivan Sutherland at MIT
(1963)
History
• First mouse by Engelhard and Stanford
(1963)
History
• 1970s- The rise of the Personal Computer.
• The broad project of cognitive science, which incorporated
cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, linguistics,
cognitive anthropology, and the philosophy of mind, had
formed at the end of the 1970s.
History
• Xerox Alto (1973)
History
• Xerox Alto (1973)
History
• VisiCalc (1979)
History
• 1980s- Graphical User Interface (GUI).
• Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the interface that is
designed for the easier understanding of the users of the
computers. Before GUI, there was a command prompt by
which command was given to the computers.
• GUI started the graphical interface which is easy to use,
understand, visualize, and it improved the working
environment.
History
• Xerox Star (1981)
History
• Xerox Star (1981)
History
• Apple Lisa (1981)
History
• Apple Lisa (1981)
History
• Apple Mac (1984)
History
• Windows 1.0 (1985)
History
• Windows 1.0 (1985)
History
• Windows 1.0 (1985)
History
• Windows 2.0 (1987)
History
• Windows 2.0 (1987)
History
• 1990s- The Internet and Collaborative works.
• The Internet started journey in 1990s. So, communications
among people became easier. In the consequence of this,
many new technologies arrived for better communication.
History
• Windows 3.0 (1990)
History
• Windows 3.0 (1990)
History
• World Wide Web (1990)
History
• 2000s- Mobile Computing and Beyond.
• Mobile phones, PDA (Personal Development Assistance),
and Smart Phones are ruling the present world. They offer a
wide range of services to the people such as sms, mms,
multimedia, games, email, internet, chatting, video
conference, GPS etc.
• Now a days the HCI is used in the area of Cognitive
Science. With the help of the Internet, medical facilities can
be provided remotely. Different interactive interfaces are
designed those can be used for the cognitive rehabilitations.
History
• World Wide Web (1990)
History
• HCI
Research Trends
• HCI
"HCI is concerned with understanding the influence
technology has on how people think, value, feel, and relate and
using this understanding to inform technology design." Wright
& McCarthy (2008)
Research Fields in HCI:
• 1. Ubiquitous Communication:
• People have to communicate through high speed local
networks, nationally over wide-area networks, and portably via
infrared, ultrasonic, cellular, and other technologies. Data and
computational services need to be portably accessible from
many if not most locations to which a user travels. It’s a
challenging area of research.
• 2. High Functionality Systems:
• Systems have large numbers of functions associated with them.
The main objective of HCI research is to make systems more
usable, more useful, and to provide users with experiences
fitting their specific background knowledge and objectives. So,
it is a challenging area for researchers to develop the High
Functionality Systems.
Research Trends
Research Fields in HCI:
• 3. Mass availability of computer graphics:
• Computer graphics capabilities such as image processing,
graphics transformations, rendering, and interactive animations
etc. are the areas of research.
• 4. Mixed Media:
• Different HCI systems need to handle images, voice, sounds,
video, text, and formatted data.
• These should be exchangeable over communication links
among users. This is an important area for research.
Research Trends
Research Fields in HCI:
• 5. High-bandwidth interaction:
• The rate at which humans and machines interact is increasing
substantially due to the changes in speed, computer graphics, new
media, and new input/output devices.
• This will lead to some qualitatively different interfaces, such as
virtual reality or computational video. It also requires a good
research.
• 6. Large and thin displays:
• New display technologies are becoming matured by enabling very
large displays and also displays that are thin, light- weight, and
have low power consumption.
• This has large effects on portability and enabled the development
of paper-like, pen-based computer interaction systems very
different in feel from desktop workstations of the present. It’s a
great area of research.
Research Trends
Research Fields in HCI:
• 7. Embedded computation:
• The environment of computations has changed to embedded
computation.
• New embedded devices created the demand for the embedded
computation and it is increasing day-by-day .
• 8. Group Interfaces:
• At present, different interfaces are needed for meetings, for
engineering projects, for authoring joint documents.
• That is called group interfaces.
• Modeling of such kind of interfaces needs good research.
Research Trends
• HCI
Research Trends
What now….
HCI’s impact on society
HCI’s impact on society
HCI’s impact on culture
HCI’s impact on society
HCI’s impact on culture
HCI’s impact on economy
Fabrication (3D Printing) in HCI
1987
The first commercial 3D printer
SLA-1 printer by 3D Systems Inc.
Invented by Charles Hull
Fabrication (3D Printing) in HCI
1992
The first commercial FDM printer
3D1992
Modeler by Stratasys, Inc.
Invented bycommercial
The first Scott & LisaFDM
Crump
printer
3D Modeler by Stratasys, Inc.
Invented by Scott & Lisa Crump
*It is an “Adaptive Systems and Interaction” by Microsoft
Corporation.
* The construction of Bayesian models for reasoning about
the time-varying goals of computer users from their
observed actions and queries.
* The development of an overall architecture for an
intelligent user interface.
# Lumiere Project
*People with light or severe motor disabilities.
* Blind people.
* Aim of the AVANTI Project is to provide interactive
views of adaptive multimedia, Web document.
# AVANTI Project
• An experimental research facility called the iRoom,
located in the Gates Information Sciences Building at
Stanford.
• Three touch sensitive white-board sized displays along
the side wall.
• A display with pen interaction called the interactive mural
built into the front wall.
• A table with a built in display that was custom designed
to look like a standard conference room table.
• The room has camaras, microphones, wireless LAN
support, and a variety of wireless buttons and other
interaction devices.
# Interactive Workspace
• *Bringing abundant computation and communication, as
pervasive and free as air, naturally into people’s lives.
# Oxygen Project
• HCI largely depends on researches on other disciplines of
computer science.
• Other researches in Computer Science directly or
indirectly consider some HCI issues.
• HCI researches are not trying to make humans the
servants of machine, rather we are trying to make the
machines more suitable for our use so that the power of
computation spread over all the corners of the society.
• HCI can be largly used in the cognitive science as well. It
can design many useful interfaces in the area of cognitive
rehabilitations.
Conclusion
• How would you change this thing?
Make sure your idea is innovative!
• Sketch out your design on a piece of
short Bond paper and write your names
on it
Assignment
• 1. Horovitz, E. et. al., Microsoft Research, “The Lumiere Project:
Bayesian User Modeling for Inferring the Goals and Needs of
Software Users”.
• 2. Stephanidis, C. et. al., Institute of Computer Science, Foundation
for Research and Technology -Hellas, Science and Technology Park
of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece “Adaptable and Adaptive User
Interfaces for Disabled Users in the AVANTI Project”.
• 3. Johanson Brad, Fox Armando, Winograd Terry , Stanford
University, Stanford, CA “The Interactive Workspaces Project:
Experiences with Ubiquitous Computing Rooms”.
• 4. Johanson Brad, Fox Armando, Winograd Terry , Stanford
University, Stanford, CA “The Event Heap: An Enabling
Infrastructure for Interactive Workspaces”.
• 5. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project Oxygen, available at
“http://oxygen.lcs.mit.edu/
• Overview.html”.
• 6. Human Computer Interaction (HCI) by John M. Carroll
References
