d and f block Elements

Give Reasons
1. The enthalpies of atomisation of the transition metals are high.
They have high enthalpies of atomisation due to unpaired electron in d orbital and due to the
involvement of greater number of electrons from (n-1)d in addition to the ns electrons in the
interatomic metallic bonding.

2. Transition elements have high boiling points and melting points.

Their melting and boiling points are high due to the involvement of greater number of electrons
from (n-1)d in addition to the ns electrons in the interatomic metallic bonding.

3. Transition elements show variable oxidation states.

Because of comparable energies of 3d and 4s electrons the removal of electrons from 4s and
then 3d leads to unpaired electrons and to variable oxidation states.

4. The Transition elements form coloured compounds.

Due to unpaired electron in d orbital. when an electron from a lower energy d orbital is excited
to a higher energy d orbital, the energy of excitation corresponds to the frequency of light
absorbed in the visible region. The colour observed corresponds to the complementary colour of
the light absorbed.

5. Transition metals and their many compounds act as good catalyst.

The transition metals have catalytic activity due to their ability to adopt multiple oxidation states
and to form complexes.

6. Transition elements form interstitial compounds.

Interstitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H, C or N are
trapped inside interstitial spaces of the crystal lattices of metals. These spaces are present
because of defects in their structures and variable oxidation states.

7. Transition elements form complexes.

They form a number of complex compounds due to comparatively smaller sizes of the metal
ions, high ionic charges and availability of d orbitals for bond formation.

8. Transition elements form alloys.

Transition elements are similar in size and their atomic radii are 15 % of each other . Thus the
atoms of one metal can substitute the atoms of another metal in its crystal lattice.

9. Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as transition elements.

The electronic configurations of Zn, Cd and Hg are represented by the general formula
(n-1)d10ns2. The orbitals in these elements are completely filled in the ground state as well as in
their common oxidation states. Therefore, they are not regarded as transition elements.

10. Transition elements are paramagnetic in nature.

Many of the transition metal ions are paramagnetic due to the presence of unpaired electrons in d
orbitals.

11. Copper is regarded as a transitional metal though it has completely filled d orbitals.
It has incompletely filled d orbital in its oxidized state.
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 Cu2+ = 4s0,3d9

12. Ionisation energies of 5 d elements are greater than 3d elements.

Due to poor shielding effect of 5 d orbitals compared to 3 d orbitals

13. Melting and boiling points of Zn, Cd and Hg are low.

The electronic configurations of Zn, Cd and Hg are represented by the general formula (n-
1)d10ns2. The orbitals in these elements are completely filled in the ground state as well as in
their common oxidation states. There are no unpaired electrons and enthalpy of atomization is
low.

14. Mn2+ compounds are more stable than Fe 2+ towards oxidation to their +3 state.
Mn2+ = 4s0, 3d5
Fe 2+ = 4s0, 3d6
Mn2+ has half filled electronic configuration and are stble to their +3 oxidation state. Fe 2+
easily
loses an electron to give Fe 3+ with stable 3d5 configuration.

15. Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+.

Fe 2+ = 4s0, 3d6 Fe 3+ = 4s0, 3d5
Fe 2+ easily loses an electron to give Fe 3+ with stable 3d5 configuration.

16. Chemistry of all lanthanoids so identical.

Due to lanthanoid contraction, the radii of the members of the third transition series to be very
similar to those of the corresponding members of the second series resulting in similar
chemical properties.

17. Ag has a completely filled d orbital in ground state but it is still a transition metal.
It has incompletely filled d orbital in its oxidized state.
Ag+ = 5s0,4d9

18. Why is europium (II) more stable than cerium (II)?

Europium (II) has 4f7 configuration

19. Cr3+ is more stable in aq. solutions.

Cr3+ = 4s0, 3d3 Cr2+ = 4s0, 3d4
Cr3+ has half filled t2g level and is more stable according to crystal field splitting theory.

20. Cu+ is colourless while Cu2+ is coloured. Or Cu+ is diamagnetic whereas Cu2+ is paramagnetic.
Cu2+ = 4s0,3d9 Cu+ = 4s0,3d10
Cu+ has no unpaired electrons and is therefore colourless ( diamagnetic).

21. Sc s regarded as a transition element but not zinc.

It has incompletely filled d orbital in its ground state. 4s2, 3d1.

22. Co (II) is stable in aq. solution but in presence of strong ligands and air it is oxidized into
Co(III).
Co (II) is stable in aq. solution but in presence of strong ligands and air it is oxidized into
Co(III) because Co(III) has more tendency to form complexes than Co (II).

23. Ce (III) is easily oxidized to Ce(IV).

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 Because Ce(IV) has stable 4f0 configuration.

24. Of the d4 species Cr(II) is strongly reducing while Mn(III) is strongly oxidizing.
Cr3+ = 4s0, 3d3 Cr2+ = 4s0, 3d4
Mn3+ = 4s0, 3d4 Mn2+ = 4s0, 3d5
Cr easily loses an electron to get half filled stable d3 configuration ( crystal field splitting
2+

theory) and is therefore reducing.

Mn3+ easily gains an to get half filled stable d5 configuration and is therefore oxidsing.

25. In series Sc to Zn, enthalpy of atomisation of Zn is the lowest.

Zn = 4s2, 3d10
Zn has no unpaired electrons and has lowest enthalpy of atomization.

26. The E° M2+/M value for copper is positive.

Cu has high enthalpy of atomization and low enthalpy of hydration. High energy required to
transform Cu to Cu2+ is not balanced by its hydration enthalpy.

27.Oxidising power increases from VO2+ <Cr2O72-<MnO4-

Due to to the stability of the lower species to which they are reduced.
V4+ < Cr3+ < Mn2+

27. Irregular variation of first and second ionization enthalpies in the first transition series of
transition elements have been observed.
Due to variation in the stabilities of different oxidation states. d0, d5 and d10 are exceptionally
stable.

28. Highest oxidation state of metal is exhibited in oxides and fluorides only.
Oxygen and fluorine have small size, high electronegativity and less negative electron gain
enthalpy.

29. Cr2+ is stronger reducing agent than Fe2+.

Cr2+ = 4s0, 3d4 Fe2+= 4s0, 3d6
Cr2+ easily loses an electron to get half filled stable d3 configuration. E◦ (Cr3+/ Cr2+ =-0.41V)
Fe2+ loses an electron an to get half filled stable d5 E◦ (Fe3+/ Fe 2+ =0.77 V)

30. Cu+ is not stable in aq. Solutions.

Cu2+ has more negative hydration enthalpy which compensates for the II ionization enthalpy.
Cu+ is not stable in aq. solutions and undergoes disproportionation
2Cu+ → Cu2+ + Cu

31. +2 oxidation state becomes more stable in first half of first row of transition elements with
increasing Z.
In the first half row with the removal of valence 4s electrons, (+2 oxidtion state), 3 d orbitals get
gradually occupied. Since the number of empty d orbitals decreases, stability of +2 oxidation
state increases from Sc2+ to Mn2+

32. The lowest oxide of a metal is basic the highest is amphoteric/ acidic.
The acidic strength increases with increase in oxidation state as the metal can accept
electrons. The basic strength increases with decrease in oxidation state as the metal can
donate electrons.

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33. E° value for Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is more than Cr3+/Cr2+ or Fe3+/Fe2+
Mn3+ = 4s0, 3d4 Mn2+ = 4s0, 3d5
Mn has stable half filled 3d5 configuration and the third ionization energy of Mn is very high.
2+

34. Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction.
Due to poor shielding effect of 5 f orbitals in comparison to 4f orbitals in lanthanoids.

35. The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.

They easily lose 1 elecron to gain stable d0 configuration

36. Melting points of transition metals increase up to the middle of the series and then decrease.
Or The magnetic moments of the transition metals increase up to the middle of the series
and then decrease.
Number of umnpaired electrons rises to a maximum at d5 in the middle of the series and then
decrease.

37. Zn, Cd and Hg are softer and volatile metals.

The orbitals in these elements are completely filled in the ground state as well as in their
common oxidation states. They do not have any unpaired electrons.

38. Cr and Cu exhibit exceptional electronic configurations.

Cr = 4s2, 3d4 Cr = 4s1, 3d5 Cu= 4s2, 3d9 Cu= 4s1, 3d10
Cr and Cu transfer 1 electron from s orbital to d orbital in order to attain stable d5 and d10
configuration respectively.

39. Sc3+ and Zn2+ are colourless in aqueous solutions.

Sc3+ = 4s0, 3d0 Zn2+= 4s0, 3d10
They do not have any unpaired electrons.

40. Transition metal series exhibit fewer oxidation states at their extreme ends. (Sc, Ti, Cu)
- too few electrons to lose or share (Sc, Ti) or
- too many d electrons (hence fewer orbitals available in which to share electrons with
others) for higher valence (Cu, Zn).

41. Hydrated copper sulphate is blue where as anhydrous copper sulphate is white.
In anhydrous copper sulphate there is no splitting up of d orbitals and no d-d transitions.
Hydrated copper sulphate is a complex salt d orbits split resulting in d-d transitions and light d
absorption.

42. The third ionisation enthalpies of Mn & Zn are quite high in comparison to Fe.
Mn2+ = 4s0, 3d5
Mn2+ has stable half filled 3d5 configuration and the third ionization energy of Mn is very high.

43. Zn has little tendency to form complexes.

Zn = 4s2, 3d10
Zn has no unpaired electrons
44. [Ti(H2O)6]+3+ is coloured while [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is colourless.
Ti 3+ = 4s0, 3d1 Sc3+ = 4s0, 3d0
Ti has an unpaired electron responsible for colour .
3+

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45. Scandium(II) is virtually unknown.
Sc2+ = 4s0, 3d1 Sc3+ = 4s0, 3d1
The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.They easily lose 1 elecron to gain stable d0
configuration

46. The magnetic moment of Co3+ is higher than that of Co2+.

Co3+ = 4s0, 3d6 Co2+ = 4s0, 3d7
Co3+ has 4 unpaired electrons and has higher magnetic moment than Co2+.

47. The atomic sizes of corresponding elements of 4d and 5d series are almost the same.
Or The first-ionisation enthalpies of the 5-d transition elements are higher than those of
the 4-d metals. Or The ionisation enthalpy of Hf (6th period) is higher than that of Zr (5th
period
Due to poor shielding effect of 5d orbitals compared to 4dorbitals.

48. La3+ and Lu3+ are colourless while rest of lanthanoids are coloured in the solid
as well as in aqueous state.
La3+ and Lu3+ have 4f0 and 4f14 configuration respectively and have no unpaired electrons.

49. The most common oxidation state of lanthanoids is +3. However cerium and europium form
additional oxidation states of +4 and +2 respectively.
Noble gas configuration Ce4+ (4f0)
Half filled f shell Eu2+, Tb4+ (4f7)

50. Ce4+ is a good oxidant.

+4 oxidation state revert to stable +3 state by gain of electron. So Ce 4+ is a good oxidising
agent.

51. Eu2+ is a good reducing agent.

+2 oxidation states revert to stable +3 state by gain of electron. So , Eu 2+, is a good reducing
agents.

NCERT Exercise
1. Write down the electronic configuration of
(i) Cr3+ - 4s03d3
(ii) Cu+ - 4s03d10
(iii) Co2+ - 4s03d7
(iv) Mn2+ - 4s03d5
(v) Pm3+ - 4f55d5
(vi) Ce4+ - 4f0
(vii) Lu2+ - 4f145d1
(viii)Th4+ - [Rd]

2. Explain briefly how +2 oxidation state becomes more and more stable in the first half of first row
transition elements with increasing atomic number?
In the first half row with the removal of valence 4s electrons, (+2 oxidtion state), 3 d orbitals
get gradually occupied. Since the number of empty d orbitals decreases, stability of +2
oxidation state increases from Sc2+ to Mn2+.

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3. To what extent does the electronic configuration decide the stability of oxidation states in the
first series of the transition element? Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.
Half filled or completely filled d orbitals have extra stability.
Manganese 25 Mn [Ar] 3d5 4s2
For Mn, +2 is the most stable oxidation state because configuration of Mn 2+ is symmetrical
more stable.

4. What may be the stable oxidation state of the transition element with the following d electron
configuration in the ground state of their atoms? 3d3, 3d5, 3d8, 3d4.
3d3 - +3, +5
3d5 - +2, +7
3d8 - +2
3d4- There is no 3d4configuration in the ground state.

5. Name the oxometal in the first series of transition metals in which the metal exhibits oxidation
state equal to group number.
VO3- - Group V
CrO42- - Group VI
MnO4- - Group VII

6. What is lanthanoid contraction? What atre the consequences of it ?

• There is regular decrease in the atomic andionic radii with increasing atomic number from Ce
to Lu.
• This contraction is due to, the imperfect shielding by the 4 f electrons.
• The cumulative effect of the contraction of the lanthanoid series, known as lanthanoid
contraction.
Consequences
• This causes the radii of the members of the third transition series to be very similar to those
of the corresponding members of the second series. - The almost identical radii of Zr (160
pm) and Hf (159 pm).
• The elements have similar properties and it is difficult to separate them.
• Covalent character increases from La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3 and basicity decreases.

7. What are the characteristics of transition elements? Why are they called transition elements?
Which of the d block elements may not be considered as transition elements/
• Characterised by the filling of inner d orbitals.
• These elements have the general outer electronic configuration (n-1)d1-10ns1-2 .
• They represent transition in properties midway between s (most electropositive ) and p
block (most electrnegative ) elements.
General Characteristics
• Hard, malleable and ductile with high BP and MP.
• Good conductors of heat and electricity.
• IE between s and p block elements.
• Forms ionic and covalent compounds
• Coloured and paramagnetic
• Act as catalyst
• Forms alloys and interstial compounds
• Have multiple oxidation states

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 Zn, Cd and Hg with electronic configuration, (n-1) d10ns2 do not show most of the properties of
transition elements. The orbitals in these elements are completely filled in the ground state as
well as in their common oxidation states.

8. In what way is the electronic configuration of transition elements different from that of
non transition elements?
Transition elements Transition elements
General electronic configuration General electronic configuration
(n-1)d1-10ns1-2 ns1-2 ( s block elements) ns2 np6( p block
elements)
Outermost and penultimate shells are Only outermost shells are incomplete
incomplete.

9. What are the different oxidation states exhibited by lanthanoids?

• In the lanthanoids, +3 oxidation state is predominant .
• +2 and +4 are also exhibited by some elements.
• Noble gas configuration Ce4+ (4f0)
• Half filled f shell Eu2+, Tb4+ (4f7)
• Completely filled f level Yb2+(4f14)

10. How is the variability in oxidation state of transition elements different from that of non transition
elements?

Transition elements Transition elements

Because of comparable energies of 3d and 4s Variable oxidation state differs by 2
electrons the removal of electrons from 4s and units due to inert pair effect.
then 3d leads to variable oxidation states differing Sn - +2, +4
by unity.
Cr - +2 to +7

For heavier elements, higher oxidation state is more For heavier elements, lower oxidation
stable. state is more stable due to inert pair
effect.

11. Describe the large scale preparation of Potassium dichromate from chromite ore(FeCr 2O4).
What is the effect of increasing pH on a solution of potassium dichromate?
• Chromite ore is finely powdered and is heated with sodium carbonate in the presence of air.

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 • The sodium chromate is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid to form sodium dichromate
(orange).

• The sodium dichromate formed above is treated with KCl to form potassium dichromate
(orange).

Effect of pH

12. Write the chemical reactions involved.

Acidified potassium dichromate with (a) iodide (b) iron (III) solution. (c) H 2`S

13. Describe the large scale preparation of: KMnO4 manufactured from pyrolusite.
Commercially it is prepared by the alkaline oxidative fusion of MnO2 followed by the
electrolytic oxidation of manganate (Vl).

14. Write the reactions of Acidified potassium permanganate with (a) iron (II) ions (b) SO 2 (c)
oxalic acid

15. For M2+/M and M3+/M2+ systems, the values for some metals are as follows:
Cr2+/Cr −0.9V Cr3/Cr2+ −0.4 V
Mn2+/Mn −1.2V Mn3+ /Mn2+ +1.5 V
Fe2+ /Fe −0.4V Fe3+/Fe2+ +0.8 V

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 Use this data to comment upon:
(i) The stability of Fe3+ in acid solution as compared to that of Cr3+ or Mn3+ and
(ii) The ease with which iron can be oxidised as compared to a similar process for either
chromium or manganese metal
(i) In acidic solution Fe3+ is more stable than Mn3+ and less stable than Cr3+ because E° for
Fe3+/Fe2+ is greater than Cr3/Cr2+ but less than that of Mn3+ /Mn2+ +1.5 V
(ii) According to E° value, the tendency to get oxidized is
Mn > Cr > Fe.

16. Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution? Ti3+, V3+, Cu+, Sc3+, Mn2+,
Fe3+ and Co2+. Give reasons for each.
Ti3+ - 4s03d1
V3+ - 4s03d2
Cu+- 4s03d10
Sc3+ - 4s03d0
Mn2+ - 4s03d5
Fe3+ - 4s03d5
Co2+ - 4s03d7
Cu+ and Sc3+ are colourless to to presence of unpaired electrons.

17. Compare the stability of +2 oxidation state for the elements of the first transition series.

+2 is the most stable oxidation state for Mn, Ni, Cu and Zn.

18. Compare the chemistry of actinoids with that of the lanthanoids with special reference to:
(i) electronic configuration (iii) oxidation state
(ii) atomic and ionic sizes and (iv) chemical reactivity.

Lanthanoids Actinoids
Electronic 4f1-145d0-16s2 5f1-146d0-1 7s2
configuration
Oxidation states Most common oxidation state is +3 Most common oxidation state is +3
Also shows +2 and +4. Also show +4, +5, +6 and +7
Due to large energy gap between Due to large energy gap between 5f,
4f, 5d and 6s 6d and 7s

atomic and ionic Decreases from La to Lu- Decreases from Ac to Lr - actinoid

sizes lanthanoid contraction contraction

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 chemical reactivity Less reactive Highly reactive

19. What is meant by ‘disproportionation’? Give two examples of disproportionation reaction in

aqueous solution.
When a particular oxidation state becomes less stable relative to the otheroxidation states, one
higher and one lower, it is said to undergo disproportionation.
2Cu+ → Cu2+ + Cu
MnO42- +4H+ → MnO4- + MnO2 + 2H2O

20. Which metal in the first series of transition metals exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently
and why?
Cu because +1 oxidation state results in stable d10 configuration.

21. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in the following gaseous ions: Mn3+, Cr3+, V3+ and
Ti3+. Which one of these is the most stable in aqueous solution?
Mn3+- 4s03d4
Cr3+- 4s03d3
V3+ - 4s03d2
Ti3+- 4s03d1
Cr3+ has half filled t2g level and is more stable according to crystal field splitting theory.

22. What are alloys? Name an important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid metals. Mention its
uses. 0r What is misch-metal?
Alloys may be homogeneous solid solutions in which the atoms of one metal are distributed randomly
among the atoms of the other
Mischmetall consists of lanthanoid metal and iron along with traces of C, S, Ca, Al. Itis used in
Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shell and lighter flint.
Mixed oxides of lanthanoids are used as catalysts in petroleum cracking.
Ln oxides are used as phosphors in television screens and fluorescing surfaces.

23. What are inner transition elements? Decide which of the following atomic numbers are the
atomic numbers of the inner transition elements: 29, 59, 74, 95, 102, 104.
Inner transition metals have incomplete 4f or 5f orbitals. 59, 95, 102 are inner transition elements.

24. The chemistry of the actinoid elements is not so smooth as that of the Lanthanoids. Justify this
statement by giving some examples from the oxidation state of these elements.

Lanthanoids Actinoids
Oxidation states Most common oxidation state is +3 Most common oxidation state is +3
Also shows +2 and +4. Also show +4, +5, +6 and +7
Due to large energy gap between Due to large energy gap between 5f,
4f, 5d and 6s orbitals 6d and 7s orbitals

10
25. Which is the last element in the series of the actinoids? Write the electronic configuration of this
element. Comment on the possible oxidation state of this element.
Lawrencium - 5f14 6d1 and 7s2 Most common oxidation state is +3.

26. Use Hund’s rule to derive the electronic configuration of Ce3+ ion and calculate its magnetic
moment on the basis of ‘spin-only’ formula.
Ce3+ - 4f1 5d06s2
n=1

μ = √ n (n+2) = √1 (1+2) = 1.732 BM

27. The electronic configurations of the elements with the atomic numbers 61, 91, 101, and 109
61 - 4f5, 6s2
91 - 5f2,6d1, 7s2
101- 5f13, 7s2
109 - 5f14, 6d7, 7s2

28. Write Ti2+ 3d2 t22g down the number of 3d electrons in each of the following
ions: V2+ 3d3 t32g
Ti2+ Cr3+ 3d3 t32g V2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, CO2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+. Indicate how
would Mn2+ 3d5 t32ge2g you expect the five 3d orbitals to be occupied for these
hydrated ions (octahedral).
Fe2+ 3d6 t42ge2g
Fe3+ 3d5 t32ge2g
CO2+, 3d7 t52ge2g
Ni2+ 3d8 t62ge2g
Cu2+ 3d9 T62ge3g

29. Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series possess many
properties different from those of heavier transition elements. Or
Compare the general characteristics of the first series of the transition metals with those of the
second and third series metals in the respective vertical columns. Give special emphasis on
the following points:
(i) electronic configurations,
(ii) oxidation states,
(iii) ionisation enthalpies, and
(iv) atomic sizes.

 Elements in the same vertical column have same electronic configuration.

First series show 2 exceptions – Cu and Cr

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 Second series shows exceptions in Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd,Ag
Third series show exception in W, Pt and Au.
 The no. of oxidation states in the middle of each series is maximum and minimum at the
extremes. The stability of higher oxidation state increases down the group
 The first ionization enthalpies of some elements in 4d series are greater than that of 3d
series while some are lower. The IE of 5d series is greater than that of 3d and 4d series.
 Atomic radii of 4d and 5d series are greater than those of 3d series. But the atomic radii
of 4d and 5d series are very close to each other due to lanthanoid contraction.

30. What can be inferred from the magnetic moment values of the following complex species?
Example Magnetic Moment (BM)
K4[Mn(CN)6] 2.2
2+
[Fe(H2O)6] 5.3
K2[MnCl4] 5.9
(i) K4[Mn(CN)6
Mn is in +2 oxidation state Mn2+ = 3d5
μ = 2.2 mean it has 1 unpaired electron
CN- ligand causes pairing of 3d electron and it is a strong ligand
3d 4s 4p

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

The hybridization is d2sp3

(ii) [Fe(H2O)6]2+
Fe is in +2 oxidation state Fe2+ = 3d6
μ = 5.3 mean it has 4 unpaired electron
H2O ligand does not cause pairing of 3d electron and it is a weak ligand
3d 4s 4p 4d

↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

The hybridization is sp3 d2

(iii) K2[MnCl4]
Mn is in +2 oxidation state Mn2+ = 3d5
μ = 5.9 mean it has 5 unpaired electron
Cl- ligand does not cause pairing of 3d electron and it is a weak ligand
3d 4s 4p

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

The hybridization isp3

31. Name a transition element that does not exhibit variable oxidation state.
Sc

32. Which of the 3d transition metal exhibits the largest no. of oxidation states?
Mn as it has maximum no. of unpaired electrons.

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33. For the first row of transition elements the E° values are
E° V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
2+
(M /M) -1.18 -0.91 -1.18 -0.44 -0.28 -0.25 0.34

Explain irregularity in above values.

Due to irregular variation in the ionization enthalpies (∆fH1 + ∆fH2) and sublimation enthalpies
which is much less for Mn and V.

34. Calculate the magnetic moment of divalent cation in aq. solution if its Z = 25.
M2+ = 3d5 n = 5

μ=

= 5.92BM

35. Calculate the magnetic moment of divalent cation in aq. solution if its Z = 27
M2+ = 3d7 n = 3

μ=

= 3.87 BM

36. Name a member of lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
Cerium

37. What are coinage metals?

The elements of Group 11 are the coinage metals, Ag, Au, Cu, Cu/Ni alloy. Used in making coins.

38. Name the metal with the highest melting point.

Samarium

39. Name the actinoid with no 5f electron.

Thorium

40. Name the lanthanoid with the maximum paramagnetism.

Neodymium.

41. What are transuranic elements?

In actinoid 11 elements after uranium Np - Lr are radioactive called transuranium elements.

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