Classification of Burns Based on Depth Characteristics
Classification Superficial burn
Cause Ultraviolet light,very short flash (flame exposure)
Appearance
Sensation
Healing time
Scarring
Dry and red; blanches Painful with pressure
3 to 6 days
None
Blisters; Scald (spill or moist,red and splash),short weeping; flash blanches with pressure Blisters (easily unroofed); wet or waxy dry; Deep partial Scald (spill), variable color thickness flame, oil, (patchy to burn grease cheesy white to red); does not blanch with pressure Scald Waxy white to (immersion), leathery gray flame, steam, to charred and Full thickness oil, grease, black; dry and chemical, inelastic;does high-voltage not blanch electricity with pressure Superficial partial thickness burn
First-degree burn The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is burned, but not all the way through. The skin is usually red, with swelling, and pain sometimes is present. Treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint, which requires emergency medical attention. Second-degree burn When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is called a second-degree burn. Blisters
Painful to air and temperature
7 to 20 days
Unusual; potential pigmentary changes
Severe Perceptive of More than 21 (hypertrophic) pressure only days risk of contracture
Never (if the burn affects more than 2 Very severe Deep pressure percent of the risk of only total surface contrac ture area of the body)
develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Seconddegree burns produce severe pain and swelling. If the second-degree burn is no larger than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint, treat it as a major burn and get medical help immediately. For minor burns, including first-degree burns and second-degree burns limited to an area no larger than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter, take the following action:
Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the pain subsides. If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cool water or cool it with cold compresses. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Don't put ice on the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton, or other material that may get lint in the wound. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the burn, reduces pain and protects blistered skin. Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers. Though aspirin is approved for use in children older than age 2, children and teenagers recovering from chickenpox or flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin. Talk to your doctor if you have concerns. Minor burns usually heal without further treatment. They may heal with pigment changes, meaning the healed area may be a different color from the surrounding skin. Watch for signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, fever, swelling or oozing. If infection develops, seek medical help. Avoid re-injuring or tanning if the burns are less than a year old doing so may cause more extensive pigmentation changes. Use sunscreen on the area for at least a year. Caution
Don't break blisters. Broken blisters are more vulnerable to infection. Third-degree burn The most serious burns involve all layers of the skin and cause permanent tissue damage. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning, or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn. For major burns, call 911 or emergency medical help. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps: 1. Don't remove burned clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat. 2. Don't immerse large severe burns in cold water. Doing so could cause a drop in body temperature (hypothermia) and deterioration of blood pressure and circulation (shock). 3. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin CPR. 4. Elevate the burned body part or parts. Raise above heart level, when possible. 5. Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels. Get a tetanus shot. Burns are susceptible to tetanus. Doctors recommend you get a tetanus shot every 10 years. If your last shot was more than five years ago, your doctor may recommend a tetanus shot booster.
Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause a burn victim's body to become too cold and cause further damage to the wound. Don't apply butter or ointments to the burn. This could cause infection.
