Here are my notes on the key points from the lecture notes PDF:

Introduction to CMOS Inverter Analysis

- DC analysis: Determine steady-state output voltage Vout as a function of input voltage Vin

- Transient analysis: Determine Vout(t) as a function of time-varying Vin(t)

- Important parameters: noise margins, switching threshold VM, rise/fall times, propagation delays

CMOS Inverter DC Analysis

- Output high voltage VOH = VDD when Vin = 0V

- Output low voltage VOL = 0V when Vin = VDD

- Logic swing VL = VOH - VOL = VDD

- Transition region behavior and VM calculation based on transistor saturation regions

- Effect of transistor sizing (W/L ratio) on VM and noise margins

CMOS Inverter Transient Analysis

- RC model with transistor on-resistances and capacitances

- Definitions and calculations for rise time tr, fall time tf, propagation delays

- Sizing transistors (increasing W) decreases resistance but increases capacitance

- Reducing transistor length L is most effective way to improve speed

Power Consumption

- Static power from leakage current

- Dynamic power from charging/discharging capacitances

- Total power increases with capacitance, frequency, and VDD squared

Analysis of NAND, NOR gates

- Multiple input transistors in series/parallel affect resistance and VM

- Worst-case transition for delay analysis

- Effect of transistor sizing for balancing performance

Timing Analysis
- Critical path delays in complex logic gates

- Transistor sizing approaches for local speed optimization

- Calculating activity factor for dynamic power

Transmission Gates and Pass Transistors

- Resistance and capacitance models

- Pros/cons of using transmission gates vs. pass transistors

The key points cover DC, transient, power, and timing analysis for basic CMOS gates, with a focus on
inverters but extending to multi-input gates as well. Transistor sizing is discussed for optimizing
parameters like VM, delays, and power. Modeling transistor resistances and capacitances is critical
for analysis.

2…

Here are my notes on the key concepts from the logical effort PDF:

Introduction

- Logical effort is a method for quickly estimating delays and sizing gates in digital circuits

- Useful for comparing circuit topologies, selecting transistor sizes, and optimizing speed

Delay Model

- Delay has effort delay (topology) and parasitic delay (diffusion capacitance) components

- Effort delay = logical effort * electrical effort

- Logical effort characterizes topology's ability to deliver current (1 for inverter)

- Electrical effort = output capacitance / input capacitance

Gate Delay Calculation

- Delay increases with electrical effort and logical effort

- Tables provided for logical efforts and parasitics of common gates

Multi-Stage Logic Networks

- Branching effort accounts for signal forking

- Delay minimized when each stage has same effort ~4 (called best stage effort)

Choosing Number of Stages

- Minimum delay path uses ~ ln(path effort)/ln(4) stages

- Not always best to use minimum number of stages

Transistor Sizing

- Start at output and work backward using capacitance transformation

- Size inverters to balance betas for symmetric Vm

- Size complex gates for balanced stage efforts

Examples

- Ring oscillator frequency, FO4 inverter delay

- Optimizing paths with branching

- Register file decoder design optimization

Key Principles

- Estimate delays from path effort and optimal stage effort

- Size gates for balanced stage efforts ~4

- Don't always minimize number of stages

- Account for branching effort in forking paths

The logical effort method provides a simple yet powerful approach for quickly optimizing gate delays
and sizes in digital circuit design.

Formulas

Here are the key formulas from the logical effort PDF:

Delay Model:
d = f + p (Delay = effort delay + parasitic delay)

f = gh (Effort delay = logical effort * electrical effort)

g = (Logical effort, Tables 1 and 9 give values for common gates)

h = Cout/Cin (Electrical effort = output capacitance / input capacitance)

p = (Parasitic delay, Table 2 gives values for common gates)

Multi-Stage Logic Networks:

G = Πgi (Path logical effort = product of stage logical efforts)

H = Cout(path) / Cin(path) (Path electrical effort)

B = Πbi (Path branching effort = product of branch efforts)

F = GHB (Path effort = logical * electrical * branching efforts)

Optimizing Number of Stages:

fˆ = F(1/N) (Best stage effort, minimizes delay when ~4)

Nˆ ≈ log4(F) (Best number of stages)

D = NˆF(1/Nˆ) + P (Minimum path delay)

Transistor Sizing:

Cin(i) = Cout(i) / (gi * fˆ) (Capacitance transformation to size gates)

The key formulas allow computing path effort from gate efforts, optimizing number of stages, finding
minimum delay, and sizing transistors for that delay. The logical and electrical efforts characterize
gate topologies and sizes.
3

Here are the key points and notes from the lecture slides on Logical Effort:

1. Delay Components:

- Parasitic Delay: Independent of load, about 6-7 RC units

- Effort Delay: Proportional to load capacitance, 4h RC units (h = electrical effort)

2. Logical Effort (g):

- Ratio of input capacitance of a gate to that of an inverter delivering the same output current

- Provides a way to estimate the relative current driving ability of different gates

3. Path Effort:

- Path Logical Effort (G) = Product of individual gate logical efforts

- Path Electrical Effort (H) = Ratio of output to input capacitance along the path

- Path Branching Effort (B) = Accounts for branching capacitances

- Path Effort (F) = G * B * H

4. Delay Minimization:

- Minimum delay achieved when each stage has equal effort (f = F^(1/N))

- Minimum path delay = N * f + P (P = sum of parasitic delays)

5. Gate Sizing:

- For minimum delay, input capacitance of each gate = (gi * Cout) / f

6. Number of Stages:

- Optimal number of stages ~ log4(F)

- But delay is not too sensitive to the number of stages (within 2.4 < ρ < 6 of optimal)

7. Logical Effort Method:

- Compute path effort F

- Find minimum delay D and stage effort f

- Determine gate sizes from gi and f

8. Limitations:

- Simplistic delay model, neglects input rise time effects

- Iterative process required when interconnect is significant

- Provides maximum speed solution, not minimum area/power for constrained delay

In summary, Logical Effort provides a structured way to reason about delay in CMOS circuits, choose
the right number of stages, and size gates for optimum speed performance. However, it has some
limitations and is an iterative process, especially when interconnect effects are significant.

Formula

Here is a formula sheet summarizing the key equations from the lecture slides on Logical Effort:

Delay Components:

d=f+p

f = gh (Effort Delay)

p (Parasitic Delay)

Path Efforts:

G = Π gi (Path Logical Effort)

H = Cout-path / Cin-path (Path Electrical Effort)

B = Π bi (Path Branching Effort)

where bi = (Con-path + Coff-path) / Con-path

F = GBH (Path Effort)

Path Delays:

DF = Σ fi (Path Effort Delay)

P = Σ pi (Path Parasitic Delay)

D = DF + P (Path Delay)
Minimum Path Delay:

f̂ = F(1/N) (Best Stage Effort)

Dmin = N * f̂ + P

Gate Sizing:

Cin = (gi * Cout) / f̂

Optimal Number of Stages:

N ≈ log4(F)

Key Definitions:

g (Logical Effort) = Cin,gate / Cin,inv (for same output current)

h (Electrical Effort) = Cout / Cin

f = gh (Stage Effort)

b (Branching Effort) = (Con-path + Coff-path) / Con-path

This covers the essential equations and definitions related to logical effort, path efforts, delays, gate
sizing, and choosing the optimal number of stages for minimum delay. The logical effort method
provides a way to estimate delays and size gates for maximum speed performance in CMOS circuits.
4

Here are the key notes from the lecture slides on the Design of Adders:

1. Single-Bit Addition:

- Half Adder: S = A ⊕ B, Cout = A·B

- Full Adder: S = A ⊕ B ⊕ C, Cout = MAJ(A, B, C)

2. Full Adder Designs:

- Brute force implementation from Boolean equations

- Factored design: S = A·B·C + (A+B+C)·Cout

- Complementary Pass Transistor Logic (CPL) design

3. Ripple Carry Adder:

- Cascade of full adders, critical path from Cin to Cout

- Use inverting full adders to speed up carry path

4. Carry Propagate Adders:

- Based on Propagate (P), Generate (G), Kill (K) signals

- Recursive definitions for multi-bit P and G

- Sum bit: Si = Pi ⊕ Gi-1:0

5. Carry-Skip Adder:

- Allows carry to skip over groups of n bits

- Carry decision based on n-bit propagate signal

6. Carry-Lookahead Adder (CLA):

- Computes Gi:0 for many bits in parallel

- Uses higher-valency cells with more than two inputs

- Precomputes n-bit sums for both possible carries

- Selects proper sum when actual carry arrives

8. Tree Adders:

- Use tree structures to speed up computations

- Examples: Brent-Kung, Sklansky, Kogge-Stone

- Taxonomy: (l, f, t) - logic levels, fanout, wiring tracks

9. Adder Architecture Comparison:

- Ripple Carry: N-1 levels, fanout 1, 1 track

- Carry-Skip (n=4): N/4 + 5 levels, fanout 2, 1 track

- Carry-Increment (n=4): N/4 + 2 levels, fanout 4, 1 track

- Brent-Kung: 2log2N - 1 levels, fanout 2, 1 track

- Sklansky: log2N levels, fanout N/2+1, 1 track

- Kogge-Stone: log2N levels, fanout 2, N/2 tracks

The notes cover the various adder designs, from basic ripple carry to more advanced tree adders,
along with their key characteristics, advantages, and architectural trade-offs in terms of logic levels,
fanout, and wiring tracks.

Formula

Here is a formula sheet summarizing the key equations and definitions from the lecture slides on the
Design of Adders:

Single-Bit Addition:

Half Adder:

S=A⊕B

Cout = A · B

Full Adder:
S=A⊕B⊕C

Cout = MAJ(A, B, C)

Carry Propagate, Generate, Kill (P, G, K):

Gi = Ai · Bi (Generate)

Pi = Ai ⊕ Bi (Propagate)

Ki = Ai' · Bi' (Kill)

Multi-Bit Propagate and Generate:

Gi:j = Gi:k + Pi:k · Gk-1:j

Pi:j = Pi:k · Pk-1:j

Base Case:

Gi:i ≡ Gi = Ai · Bi

Pi:i ≡ Pi = Ai ⊕ Bi

G0:0 = G0 = Cin

P0:0 = P0 = 0

Sum Bit:

Si = Pi ⊕ Gi-1:0

Ripple Carry Adder Delay:

tripple = tpg + (N - 1)tAO + txor

Carry-Skip Adder Delay (N = nk, n-bit groups):

tskip = tpg + [2(n - 1) + (k - 1)]tAO + txor

Tree Adder Taxonomy:

(l, f, t)

l: Extra logic levels

f: Maximum fanout = 2f + 1
t: Wiring tracks = 2t

l + f + t = L - 1 (L = log2N for N-bit adder)

This covers the key equations for single-bit and multi-bit addition, carry propagate/generate/kill
signals, sum bit calculation, delays for ripple carry and carry-skip adders, as well as the taxonomy for
describing tree adders in terms of logic levels, fanout, and wiring tracks.