AEEP2102-Power Systems -I

LECTURE -4
Power Transmission Systems

Raqib Hussain Anwarruddin

Transmission of Electrical Energy
• Electrical energy is carried by conductors such as overhead
transmission lines and underground cable.
• Although these conductors appear very ordinary, they possess
important electrical properties that greatly affect the transmission of
electrical energy
• Transmission lines can be categorized into following types based on
the installation:
• Aerial lines or Over Head lines, and
• Underground lines.
Design of power lines
The design of a power line depends upon the following criteria:
1 . The amount of active power it has to transmit
2. The distance over which the power must be carried
3. The cost of the power line
4. Esthetic considerations, urban congestion, ease of installation, and
expected load growth
Types of Power Lines
• Low-voltage (LV) lines provide power to buildings, factories, and
houses to drive motors, electric stoves, lamps, heaters, and air
conditioners. The lines are insulated conductors, usually made of
aluminum, often extending from a local pole-mounted distribution
transformer to the service entrance of the consumer. The lines may
be overhead or under- ground, and the transformer behaves like a
miniature substation.
• Medium-voltage (MV) lines tie the load centers to one of the many
substations of the utility company. The voltage is usually between 2.4
kVand 69 kV. Such medium-voltage radial distribution systems are
preferred in the larger cities.
Types of Power Lines
• High-voltage (HV) lines connect the main substations to the
generating stations. The lines are composed of aerial conductors or
under- ground cables operating at voltages below 230 kV. In this
category we also find lines that transmit energy between two power
systems, to increase the stability of the network.
• Extra-high-voltage (EHV) lines are used when generating stations are
very far from the load centers. We put these lines in a separate class
because of their special electrical properties. Such lines operate at
voltages up to 800 kV and may be as long as 1000 km.
Objective of transmission line
• The fundamental purpose of a transmission or dis- tribution line is to carry
active power (kilowatts) from one point to another.
• If it also has to carry re-active power, the latter should be kept as small as
possible.
• In addition, a transmission line should possess the following basic
characteristics:
• The voltage should remain as constant as possible over the entire length of the line,
from source to load, and for all loads between zero and rated load
• The line losses must be small so as to attain a high transmission efficiency
• The I2R losses must not overheat the conductors.
If the line alone cannot satisfy the above requirements, supplementary equipment,
such as capacitors and inductors, must be added until the require- ments are met.
Major components of a High Voltage
Transmission Line
• High-voltage and Extra high-voltage (EHV) transmission lines interconnect power plants
and loads, and form an electric network. The major components are
1. Tower (The supporting structure)
2. Insulator (To insulate the live conductor from the tower)
3. Conductor (Each conductor is stranded, steel-reinforced aluminum cable)
4. Foundation and grounding (Steel-reinforced concrete foundation & grounding electrodes placed
in ground)
5. Shield conductors: (Two grounded shield conductors protect the phase conductors from lightning)
Overhead lines Versus Underground cables:

Sl. Overhead lines Underground cables

No
1 The inductance is more predominant. The capacitance is more predominant.
2 Used for long distance transmission. Large charging current on very high voltage
cables limits the cables to use for long length.
3 Conductors used are less expensive. Conductors used are more expensive.
4 The size of the conductor is small because The size of the conductor for the same power is
of the better heat dissipation. large.
5 The insulation cost is less. The insulation cost is more.
6 The erection cost is less. The erection cost is more.
7 Less safety and more interference. Underground cables give greater safety to the
public, less interference with amenities and better
outlook to the city.
Transmission line Performance parameters: The performance parameters of transmission line
are determination of efficiency and regulation of lines.

for 1-phase, Loss = I2R

for 3-phase phase, Loss = 3I2R
Regulation:

When a transmission line is carrying current, there is a voltage drop in the line due to resistance
and inductance of the line. The result is that receiving end voltage (VR) of the line is generally
less than the sending end voltage (VS). This voltage drop (VS - VR) in the line is expressed as a
percentage of receiving end voltage VR and is called voltage regulation.

% regulation =
 Types of transmission Circuits:
1. Short transmission line:

When the length of the line is less than 80KM or voltage level is less than 66KV, it is usually
considered as short transmission line. Capacitance may be ignored without much error. The current
entering the line at the sending end of the line is equal to the current leaving at the receiving end.

Figure 3.8 Short transmission line (a) Equivalent circuit, (b) Phasor diagram
2. Medium transmission line:
When the length of the line is more than 80 KM and below 250 KM, it is usually considered as medium
transmission line. Line charging currents becomes appreciable and shunt capacitance must be considered. For
medium transmission line, half of the shunt capacitance may be considered to be lumped at each end of the line.
This is referred to as nominal Π network as shown.

Medium transmission line nominal Π network

3. Long transmission line:
When the length of the line is more than 250 KM, it is usually considered as
long transmission line. The parameters of long transmission line is considered to be
distributed over the entire line length.