TerraConnect Flow lab
Agenda
• Traditional Shaped Charges performance
evaluation
• New Shaped Charges Evaluation Standard
• PITC Section II baseline
• Optimized Shaped Charges
• Additional Testing and Development Capabilities
• Summary
Traditional Shaped Charges
Performance Evaluation
The API RP 19B Standard
API RP 19B adopted in 2000
∙ The industry accepted standard for evaluating perforating
guns
API RP 43 officially “obsolete” since 1997
· Fifth Edition, data sheet is still used, though
Section I Surface Conditions, Concrete Target
Section II Under Stress Conditions, Berea Target
(Optional)
Section III Elevated Temperature, Steel Target
(Optional)
Section IV Flow Performance Under Simulated
(Optional) Downhole Conditions
API RP19B Section I Target
Casing
Gun
Briquette Water
Test
28 Day
Specimen
Concrete
Target
Steel Form
API RP 19B, Form 19R
New Shaped Charges Evaluation
Standard
Evaluating Perforator Performance
Section I Section II Section III Section IV
Target Berea Steel Berea sandstone
Concrete
sandstone
Fluid Brine saturated Air or liquid Brine
No fluid
environment Odorless Mineral Spirits
Pressure Applied stress Atmospheric Applied stress
Atmospheric to simulate to simulate overburden,
overburden pore and wellbore pressures
Temperature Ambient Ambient Elevated Ambient
Fluid flow No flow No flow Axial/radial
No flow
Section II Test
Section II Test
1. Apply Pressures
2. Fire Shot
3. Acquire data
4. Equalize
5. Bleed Pressures
6. Remove target
7. Measure results
Perforation Flow Laboratory Testing
2818 Predator XS in Castlegate 2818 Predator XS in Berea Sandstone
2818 Predator XS in Berea Parallel to Bedding Planes
PITC Section II baseline
Testing Parameters
• Five Families of charges evaluated: DP Steel,
XS, XPE, ZX and DeepConnnect.
• Four Sizes Tested: 2 7/8, 3 1/8, 3 3/8 and 4 ½.
• All charges shot in Berea Sandstone cores.
• Average porosity of 19.6%
• 3 shots taken per data point.
• 213 total shots performed
Results 4 1/2
Results
• Best Charges in concrete are not always
the best ones in Berea
• Best design varies from size to size
• Pressure decreases performance faster
from one design to the other.
Optimized Shaped Charges
Typical Shaped Charge
Primer
Main Case
load
explosive
load
Liner Liner
Deep Penetrating Big Hole (Gravel Pack)
Approximate Jet Velocities and Pressures
Slug Target
Target
3,000 ft/sec V1
P2
P1 0.5 in.
1
JET 16 in.
V2
Pressure on target - P1 = 15 x 106 psi
Lateral pressure (at 0.50 in.) - P2 = 100,000 psi
Velocity forward jet - V1 = 30,000 ft/sec
Velocity rear jet - V2 = 15,000 ft/sec
Charge Performance Dependencies
Design Dependent Design Independent
Liner Material Formation Properties
Case Geometry Maximum gun size (completion ID)
Liner Geometry High Explosive Type
HE Liner Interface Casing and cement thickness
HE Pressing Parameters
Liner Pressing Parameters
Computer Simulation
DeepConnect Charges
• Last family of charges
developed by PITC.
• First developed On
Customer’s request.
• Avalable 2 7/8 and 3 1/8
sizes.
Additional Testing and
Development Capabilities
Perforation Flow Laboratory - Capabilities
Rock Sample Diameter: 7”
Rock Sample Length: 30”
Confining Pressure: 15,000 psi
Wellbore Pressure: 6,600 psi
(2011 upgrade to 10,000psi)
Pore Pressure: 6,600 psi
(2011 upgrade to 10,000psi)
Temperature: Ambient/ 350F
Data Acquisition:
Low Speed – 100/sec
High Speed – 100,000/sec
Core Perforation Flow Simulation
• Use 2D Finite Difference in-
house simulator for core flow
• Simulate axial flow
• Visualize pressure and
velocity distribution
• Calculate core flow efficiency
• CFD (Computational Fluid
Dynamics)
• Modelling for Tunnel shape
effects
• Invasion Profile testing.
• Shoots with different
wellbore fluids.
Customer Testing
• Use the Job design form
to collect data.
• Test Time (from request
submission to
completion): 4 to 8
weeks
Summary
- API 19B sheets are not an indicator of downhole
performance.
- Better concrete penetration does not always
translate into better rock performance.
- Section II tests are the best performance indicator.
Comparative tests are becoming common.
- Shaped charges can be optimized for downhole
conditions and rock type to offer the best
performance and production.
QUESTIONS?
