• Sample results (3)

11

AE661: Applied
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Lecture 3: Non-dimensionalization

Rajesh Ranjan

January 16, 2023

 Table of Contents
1 CFD: Governing Equations

▶ CFD: Governing Equations

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N-S Equations (Compressible)
1 CFD: Governing Equations

∂ρ ∂
+ (ρui ) = 0 (1a)
∂t ∂xi
∂ρui ∂ ∂p ∂σij
+ (ρui uj ) = − + (1b)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj
∂ρE ∂ ∂ ∂qj
+ (ρuj H) = (ui σij ) − (1c)
∂t ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj
p = ρRT (1d)
 N-S Equations (Compressible)
1 CFD: Governing Equations

Where
1
E = e + k = cv T + uj uj
2
p
H = E+
ρ
2 ∂uk
!
∂ui ∂uj
σij = µ + − δij
∂xj ∂xi 3 ∂xk
∂T
qj = −k
∂xj
 N-S Equations (2D Compressible)
1 CFD: Governing Equations

x-Momentum (i=1)

2 ∂uk
!
∂u ∂uj
σ1j = µ + − δ1j
∂xj ∂x 3 ∂xk

∂σ1j ∂σ11 ∂σ12

= +
∂xj ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂u 2 ∂ ∂u ∂v
    
= 2µ − µ∇.u + µ +
∂x ∂x 3 ∂y ∂y ∂x
1
= µ∇2 u + µ∇.u [neglecting spatial µ variation]
3
 2D Momentum Equations (Compressible)
1 CFD: Governing Equations

∂ρui ∂ ∂p ∂σij
+ (ρui uj ) = − + (2)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj

∂ρu ∂ ∂ ∂p 1
+ (ρuu) + (ρuv) = − + µ∇2 u + µ∇.u (3a)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x 3
∂ρv ∂ ∂ ∂p 1
+ (ρuv) + (ρvv) = − + µ∇2 v + µ∇.u (3b)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y 3
For incompressible, ∇.u = 0
 2D Energy Equations
1 CFD: Governing Equations

∂ρE ∂ ∂ ∂qj
+ (ρuj H) = (ui σij ) −
∂t ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj

∂ρE ∂(ρuH) ∂(ρvH) ∂ ∂

=⇒ + + = (uσxx + vσxy − qx ) + (uσxy + vσyy − qy )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
(4)

For incompressible, energy equation is redundant.

2D N-S Equations (Compressible)
1 CFD: Governing Equations

∂U ∂(fi − fv ) ∂(gi − gv )
+ + =0 (5)
∂t ∂x ∂y
     
ρ ρu ρv
     
 ρu2 + p
     
 ρu    ρuv 
U=  , fi =   , gi = 
     

 ρv   ρuv  ρv 2 + p
     
 
     
ρE ρHu ρHv
2D N-S Equations (Compressible) - Continued
1 CFD: Governing Equations

   
0 0
   
   
 σxx   σxy 
fv =   , gv = 
   


 σxy 


 σyy 

   
σxx u + σxy v − qx σxy u + σyy v − qy
 Dynamical Similarity
1 CFD: Governing Equations

Think: Take Cm = 30cm and Cp = 100 cm, Vm = 100m/s and Vp = 30 m/s

 Dynamical Similarity
1 CFD: Governing Equations

Think: Take Cm = 30cm and Cp = 100 cm, Vm = 100m/s and Vp = 30 m/s

• Which airfoil will give higher cl ?
 Dynamical Similarity
1 CFD: Governing Equations

Think: Take Cm = 30cm and Cp = 100 cm, Vm = 100m/s and Vp = 30 m/s

• Which airfoil will give higher cl ?
• Which airfoil will give higher lift?
Non-dimensionalization of N-S Equations
1 CFD: Governing Equations

Variable Ref. scale

x, y, z (m) L
u, v, w (m) u∞
ρ (kg/m3 ) ρ∞
T (K) T∞
µ (kg/m-s) µ∞
t (s) L/u∞
p (N/m2 ) ρ∞ u2∞
Non-dimensionalization of N-S Equations
1 CFD: Governing Equations

Variable Value

x̂i xi /L
ûi ui /u∞
ρ̂ ρ/ρ∞
T̂ T /T∞
µ̂ µ/µ∞
t̂ tu∞ /L
p̂ p/ρ∞ u2∞
Mass conservation Equation
1 CFD: Governing Equations

∂ρ ∂
+ (ρui ) = 0
∂t ∂xi
∂(ρ̂ρ∞ ) ∂
=⇒ + (ρ̂ρ∞ ûi u∞ ) = 0
∂(t̂L/u∞ ) ∂(x̂i L)
u∞ ∂ ρ̂ ∂
  
=⇒ ρ∞ + (ρ̂ûi ) = 0
L ∂ t̂ ∂ x̂i

∂ ρ̂ ∂
+ (ρ̂ûi ) = 0
∂ t̂ ∂ x̂i
 Momentum Conservation
1 CFD: Governing Equations

2 ∂uk
!
∂ρui ∂ ∂p ∂ ∂ui ∂uj
+ (ρuj ui ) = − + µ + − δij
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj ∂xi 3 ∂xk
!"
ρ∞ u2∞ ∂ ρ̂ûi ∂
=⇒ + (ρûj ûi + p̂δij ) =
L ∂ t̂ ∂ x̂j
2 ∂ ûk
!#
L µ∞ u∞ ∂ ∂ ûi ∂ ûj
  
µ̂ + − δij
ρ∞ u2∞ L ∂ x̂j ∂ x̂j ∂ x̂i 3 ∂ x̂k

1 ∂ 2 ∂ ûk
!
∂ ρ̂ûi ∂ ∂ ûi ∂ ûj
+ (ρûj ûi + p̂δij ) = µ̂ + − δij
∂ t̂ ∂ x̂j Re ∂ x̂j ∂ x̂j ∂ x̂i 3 ∂ x̂k
 Energy Conservation
1 CFD: Governing Equations

!
∂ρE ∂ ∂ ∂ µCp ∂T
+ (ρuj H) = (uj σij ) −
∂t ∂xj ∂xj ∂xj P r ∂xj
1 ∂
!" !#
ρ∞ u3∞ ∂ ρ̂Ê ∂ ∂ ∂ T̂
=⇒ + (ρûj Ĥ) = (ûj σ̂ij ) − A µ̂
L ∂ t̂ ∂ x̂j Re ∂ x̂j ∂ x̂j ∂ x̂j

L µ∞ T∞ Cp
  
Here, A = 3
ρ∞ u∞ L2 P r
µ∞ γRT∞ 1
   
=
ρ∞ u∞ L u2∞ (γ − 1)P r
1
 
= 2 (γ − 1)
ReP rM∞
 Energy Conservation
1 CFD: Governing Equations

1 ∂ 1
!
∂ ρ̂Ê ∂ ∂ ∂ T̂
 
+ (ρûj Ĥ) = (ûj σ̂ij ) − 2 (γ − 1)
µ̂
∂ t̂ ∂ x̂ j Re ∂ x̂j ReP rM∞ ∂ x̂j ∂ x̂j
Equation of state
1 CFD: Governing Equations

p = ρRT
=⇒ p̂ρ∞ u2∞ = ρ̂ρ∞ RT̂ T∞
!
ρ̂T̂ γRT∞

p̂ =
γ u2∞

ρ̂T̂
p̂ = 2
γM∞
 Compressible N-S Equations - Non-dimensional
1 CFD: Governing Equations

Removing hat .̂ for convenience,

∂ρ ∂
+ (ρui ) = 0 (6)
∂t ∂xi
∂ρui ∂ ∂p 1 ∂σij
+ (ρui uj ) = − + (7)
∂t ∂xj ∂xi Re ∂xj
1 ∂ 1
!
∂ρE ∂ ∂ ∂T
 
+ (ρuj H) = (uj σij ) − 2 (γ − 1)
µ (8)
∂t ∂xj Re ∂xj ReP rM∞ ∂xj ∂xj
ρT
p = (9)
γM 2
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