Reinforced concrete-2
Design of footings
ACI 318-11 code edition
Dr. Ansam Qsymah
Al-al Bayt University
Introduction
Foundation is the part of a structure that support columns and walls and
transmits their loads to the underlying soil or rock.
The proper design of footings requires that:
The load capacity of soil is not exceeded
The total settlement of the structure is limited to a tolerably small amount
The differential settlement of the various parts of the structure be eliminated as
nearly as possible.
The elimination of differential settlement is more important than limitations
on uniform overall settlement.
The amount of settlement depends on many factors such as:
Type of soil
The load intensity
The depth below ground level
Type of footing
The most common types of footings used in buildings are the single footings
and wall footings.
2
Introduction
To limit settlements, it is necessary (1) to transmit the load of the
structure to a soil stratum of sufficient strength and (2) to spread the
load over a sufficiently large area of that stratum to minimize bearing
pressure.
If adequate soil is not found immediately below the structure, we must
use deep foundations such as piles or caissons to transmit the load to
deeper, firmer layers.
If satisfactory soil directly underlies the structure, it is merely
necessary to spread the load by footings (known as spread foundation).
The depth of the footing below the ground level should be determined
from soil tests providing information on safe bearing capacity at
different layers below ground level.
3
Types of footings
Wall footings are used to support structural walls that carry loads from other
floors or to support nonstructural walls. It may have one thickness, be stepped or
have a sloped top.
Isolated or spread or single footings are used to support single column. They
may be square, rectangular or circular. It may have one thickness, be stepped or
have a sloped top. This is one of the most economical types of footings and it is
used when columns are spaced at relatively long distances.
4
Types of footings
Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely spaced,
heavily loaded columns.
The shape of the footing in plan may be rectangular or trapezoidal, depending on
the column loads. Combined footings are used when two columns are so close that
single footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or near a property
line.
5
Types of footings
Cantilever, or strap footings consist of two single footings connected with a
beam or a strap and support two single columns. They are used when one footing
supports an eccentric column and the nearest adjacent footing lies at quite a
distance from it. This type replaces a combined footing and is sometimes more
economical.
6
Types of footings
Continuous footings support a row of three or more columns. They have
limited width and continue under all columns.
Raft or mat foundations consist of one footing, usually placed under the entire
building area and support the column of the building. They are used when: a) the
soil bearing capacity is low , b) column loads are heavy, c) single footings cannot be
used and d) differential settlement must be reduced through the entire footing
system.
7
Types of footings
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together and support and
transmit column loads to the piles.
8
Distribution of soil pressure
When the column load is applied on the centroid of the footing, a uniform
pressure is assumed to develop on the soil surface below the footing area. This is
only approximately true.
Footing resting on coarse grained soils, the pressure is larger at the center of the
footing and decreases toward the perimeter. This is because individual grains at the
perimeter can shift very slightly outward in the direction of lower soil stresses.
In clay soils pressures are higher near the edge since the load produces shear
resistance around the perimeter that adds to the upward pressure.
These non-uniformaties are disregarded because: 1) their numerical amount is
uncertain and highly variable and 2)their influences on the magnitude of M and V
in the footing is reactively small.
9
Eccentrically loaded column:
A footing is eccentrically loaded if the supported column is not concentric with
the footing area or if the column transmits at its juncture with the footing not only
a vertical load but also a bending moment. In these cases, the load effects at the
footing base can be represented by the vertical load P and a bending moment M.
In this case, the pressure on one side of the footing will be greater than the
pressure on the other side. For a square footing with width=length=L, the total
soil pressure is given by:
𝑃 𝑀𝑐 𝑃 𝑃.e∗𝐿/2 𝑃 6e
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± = ± = (1± )
𝐴 𝐼 𝐿2 𝐿4 /12 𝐿2 𝐿
where e is the eccentricity: e =M/P
To avoid tension in the soil the equivalent eccentric load must
𝐿
be applied within the kern 𝑘 e ≤ 𝑘 where 𝑘=
6
10
Eccentrically loaded column:
The footing area is founded by trail and error from the condition 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑞𝑎 .
If the eccentricity falls outside the kern, a negative value for 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 (tension) is
𝑃 𝑀𝑐
obtained along one edge of the footing. The equation 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± is
𝐴 𝐼
no longer valid and bearing pressure are distributed as shown in the figure. For
rectangular footings of size 𝑙 x b, the maximum pressure can be found from:
2𝑃
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = which must be no larger than the allowable pressure 𝑞𝑎
3𝑏𝑚
11
Column footings:
Single column footings are usually square. Rectangular footing are
used if space restrictions dictate this choice or if the supported
columns have strongly elongated rectangular cross section.
Footing may consist of a single slab. Another types of footings are
stepped footing and sloped footing. A pedestal or cap is imposed
between the column and the footing slab. It provides for a more
favorable transfer of load and in many cases is required to provide the
necessary development length for dowels.
In general, single-slab footing are most economical for thickness up to
0.9m.
12
Design of footings:
Single column footings can be represented as a cantilevers projecting out
from the column in both directions and loaded upward by the soil pressure.
Tension stresses are caused in both of these directions at the bottom surface.
Single column footings are reinforced by two layers of steel, perpendicular to each
other and parallel to the edges.
On compressible soils, footings should be loaded concentrically to avoid tilting,
which result if bearing pressures are significantly larger under one side of the
footing than under the opposite side.
For combined footings the centroid of the footing area should coincide with the
resultant of the column loads. Eccentrically loaded footings can be used on highly
compacted soils and on rock.
One should count on rotational restraint of the column by a single footing only
when soil is compacted and when the footing is designed for both the column load
and the restraining moment. Less than full fixity should be assumed, except for
footings on rock.
13
Single footing under compression force ddddd
A footings usually carry : 1) column load, 2) its self weight 3) the weight of the soil
above and 4) any top surcharge such as ground slab and its load.
Apart from column load, P, these loads are assumed to distribute uniformly as
shown in the figure. surcharge
Soil weight
ℎ𝑠 :Soil thickness
Footing self weight
ℎ :footing thickness
Total Soil pressure
𝑃
The total soil pressure is 𝑞 = + (𝛾ℎ + 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑠 + 𝑞0 )
𝐴
The only pressure causing bending in the footing is cased by concentrated force P only.
𝑃
The net soil pressure is: 𝑞𝑛 = 𝑞 − (𝛾ℎ + 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑠 + 𝑞0 ) =
𝐴
14
Single footing under compression force
A footings usually carry : 1) column load, 2) its self weight 3) the weight of the soil
above and 4) any top surcharge such as ground slab and its load.
Weights of footings is estimated and usually amount of 4 to 8 percent of the
column [Link] former value applying for stronger soils.
Apart from column load, P, these
loads are assumed to distribute
uniformly as shown in the figure.
𝑃
The total soil pressure is 𝑞𝑇 =
𝐴
+ (𝛾ℎ + 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑠 + 𝑞0 )
The only pressure causing bending in the footing is caused by concentrated
force P only.
Footing sizes are determined for unfactored service loads and allowable soil
pressures. This is because for footing design, safety is provided by overall
safety factors, in contrast to the separate load and strength reduction factors
used to dimension members.
15
Size of footings:
The net soil pressure is: 𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞 − (𝛾ℎ + 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑠 + 𝑞0 )
The net soil pressure must not exceed the net allowable soil pressure:
𝑃
≤ 𝑞𝑒
𝐴
𝑃𝐷 +𝑃𝐿
The minimum area is: 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑞𝑒
The loads used in these equations must be calculated at the level of the base
of the footing. This means that the weight of the footing and surcharge must
be included.
Most building codes permit a 33 percent increase in the allowable pressure when
the effects of wind W or earthquake E are included, if specific loading
combinations are used for foundation design.
𝑃𝐷 +𝑃𝐿 +𝜔𝑊 𝑃𝐷 +𝑃𝐿 +𝑆+𝐸/1.4
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 = or 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
1.33∗𝑞𝑒 1.33∗𝑞𝑒
where 𝜔=1.33 if the wind load is calculated based on ASCE/SEI 7 and 1.0
otherwise.
16
The required footing area is the larger of those determined by these equations.
Strength requirements
Net ultimate soil pressure (or factored soil pressure) is used for strength
requirements (shear and bending).
Once the area is determined, a factored soil pressure is obtained by dividing the
factored load, 𝑃𝑢 = 1.2D + 1.6L, by the actual adopted footing area.
𝑃𝑢
𝑞𝑢 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
These are fictitious pressures that are needed only to determine the factored loads
for use in design.
The spread footing supporting a single column acts like a two-way slab panel (flat
plate) for an interior column
Both one-way and two –way shear must be checked. We must check in both cases
that𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜑𝑉𝑐
17
Load factors :
Once the required footing area has been determined, the footing must then be
designed to develop the necessary strength to resist all moments, shears and other
internal actions caused by the applied loads.
The load factors apply to footings as to all other structural components.
18
Two way Shear
In single footings, the effective depth is mostly governed by shear.
The performance of these types of footings is much like that of flat slabs in the
vicinity of columns.
It is not economical in footing to use shear reinforcement.
Two different types of shear strength are distinguished in footings: two-way or
punching shear and one-way or beam shear.
A column supported by a slab, tends to punch through that slab because of the
shear stresses that act in the footing around the perimeter of the column.
19
Two-way Shear
If failure occurs, the fracture takes the form of the truncated pyramid,
with sides sloped outward at an angle approaching 45o.
The average shear stress can be taken as that acting on vertical planes laid
through the footing around the column on the perimeter a distance d/2
from the faces of the column.
ACI Code section 11.11.2 presented these equations for the nominal punching
shear strength on the critical perimeter:
2
0.17(1 + )𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏0 𝑑
𝛽𝑐
𝑉𝑐 = min 𝛼𝑠 𝑑
0.083(2 + )𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏0 𝑑
𝑏0
0.33𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏0 𝑑
where 𝑏0 is the perimeter abcd. 𝛽𝑐 is column aspect ratio (long side /short
side) and 𝛼𝑠 is 40 for interior loading , 30 for edge loading and 20 for
corner loading of a footing.
The design strength is φ𝑉𝑐 , as usual, where φ = 0.75 for shear.
20
Two-way shear
Assume a value for average steel depth d. ACI code 7.7.1
calls minimum clear cover on bars of 75mm d=h-
75-db.
Determine critical perimeter length 𝑏0
For rectangular columns of sides 𝑐1 and 𝑐2
𝑏0 = 2 𝑐1 + 𝑑 + 2 𝑐2 + 𝑑 = 2(𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 2𝑑)
For square columns where one side = 𝑐
𝑏0 = 4 𝑐 + 𝑑 𝑐1
𝑐2
The ultimate shear is computed over the loaded area b
defined as the total footing area minus the critical
area:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑐
= 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿𝑏 − 𝑐1 + 𝑑 𝑐2 + 𝑑 )
For rectangular column: 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢 − 𝑞𝑢 𝑐1 + 𝑑 𝑐2 + 𝑑 )
For square column: 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑃𝑢 − 𝑞𝑢 𝑐 + 𝑑 2
21
One-way shear
Shear failure can also occur, as in beams or one-way slabs, at a section a distance
d from the face of the column. The nominal shear strength is given by:
Or in a simpler form: 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏0 𝑑
Ultimate shear force at section m-m:
𝐿 𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏 − −𝑑
2 2
22
Shear:
The required depth of footing d is then
calculated from the usual equation: 𝑉𝑢
≤ φ𝑉𝑐 applied separately for one-way
shear and two-way shear. The larger depth
is then the larger of those calculated from
equations of 𝑉𝑐 .
Bending moments:
The footing is modelled as a double
cantilever beam subjected to uniform load
as shown. The maximum ultimate moment
is located at the column face section nn.
𝐿−𝑐 2
2 𝐿−𝑐 2
𝑀𝑢 =𝑤𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏
2 8
23
Footing with pedestals
In footings with pedestals, the width resisting compression in
sections cd and ef is that of the pedestal; the corresponding depth is
the sum of the thickness of pedestal and footing.
Further sections parallel to cd and ef are passed at the edge of the
pedestal, and the moments are determined in the same manner, to
check the strength at locations in which the depth is that of the
footing only.
24
Reinforcement in square and rectangular footings
In square footings, 𝐴𝑠 is determined based on average depth of the two
layers and the same arrangement of reinforcement for both layer are used.
i.e., the spacing of the bars is constant.
In rectangular footings:
The reinforcement in the long direction is uniformly distributed over the
shorter width.
The support provided to the footing by the column is concentrated near the
middle. Consequently, the curvature of the footing is sharpest, i.e., the moment
per meter largest, immediately under the column, and it decreases in the long
direction with increasing distance from the column. For this reason, a larger
steel area per longitudinal meter is needed in the central potion than near the
far ends of the footing.
The ACI code section 15.4.4 provides the following:
For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total reinforcement 𝛾𝑠 𝐴𝑠 shall
be distributed uniformly over a band width (centered on the centerline of the column or
pedestal) equal to the length of the short side of the footing. The remained of the
reinforcement required in the short direction (1-𝛾𝑠 ) 𝐴𝑠 shall be distributed uniformly
outside the center band width of the footing:
𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 2
𝛾𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝛽+1
where 𝛽 is the ratio of the long side to the short side of the footing.
25
26
Minimum reinforcement in footings
The minimum steel requirement for shrinkage and temperature crack
need to imposed to footing (Table 13.2). The maximum spacing bars
in the direction of the span is lesser of 3 times the footing thickness h
and 450mm.
Because of the importance of a footing to the safety of the structure,
many engineers apply the minimum flexural reinforcement ratio
equations to footings as well as beams.
27
Bearing: transfer of forces at base of column
When a column rests on a footing, it transfers its load to only a part of the total
area of the supporting member.
A triaxial compressive stresses develop at the directly loaded part of the footing
concrete, that increases the strength of the concrete that is loaded directly under
the column.
ACI code 10.14.1 provides that when the supporting area is wider than the
loaded area on all sides, the design bearing strength is:
where :φ=0.65
𝑓𝑐′ is the specified compressive strength of footing concrete, which frequently is less
than that of the column.
𝐴1 is the loaded area and 𝐴2 is the area of the lower base of the largest cone contained
wholly within the support and having for its upper base the loaded area and having side
of slopes of 1 vertical and 2 horizontal.
28
Bearing: transfer of forces at base of column
All axial forces and bending moments
that act at the bottom section of a
column must be transferred to the
footing at the bearing surface by
compression in the concrete and by
reinforcement.
With respect to the reinforcement,
this may be done either by extending
the column bars into the footing or by
providing dowels that are embedded in
the footing and project above it
In the latter case, the column bars rest
on the footing and tied to dowels.
29
Bearing: transfer of forces at base of column
To ensure the integrity of the junction between
column and footing, ACI Code 15.8.2 requires
that the minimum area of reinforcement that
crosses the bearing surface (dowels or column
bars) be 0.005 times the gross area of the
supported column.
The length of the dowels or bars of
diameter db must be sufficient on
both sides of the bearing surface to
provide the required development
length for compression bars:
𝑙𝑑𝑐 ≥ (0.24𝑓𝑦 /𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ )𝑑𝑏 and
≥0.043𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏
If dowels used, the lapping length
must be at least that required for
lap splices in compression.
30
Bearing: transfer of forces at base of column
If dowels used, the lapping length must be at least that required for lap splices in
compression, i.e., the length of lap must not be less than the usual development
length in compression and must not be less than 0.071𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏
The two largest bar size No. 43 and 57, are frequently used in columns with
large axial forces.
Under normal circumstances, the ACI code specifically prohibits the lap splices
of these bars. A specific exception, however, is made for dowels for Nos. 43 and
57 column bars. ACI code 12,16.2 permits these heavy bars to be spliced to
dowels or lesser diameters, provided that the dowels have a development length
into the column corresponding to that of the column bar and into the footing as
prescribed for the particular dowel size.
31
Procedures of designing Single footing under
compression force
Steps:
1. Find net allowable soil pressure 𝑞𝑒
2. Determine footing area
3. Find net ultimate soil pressure
4. Assume footing thickness (d or h): footing thickness is estimated as
varying between one and two times the dimension of the column.
5. Check the footing thickness with respect to shear (one way and two
way)
6. RC design:
1. Determine the ultimate movement at the fixed
2. Determine the steel area and check if it larger than minimum steel area
3. Choose number and diameter of steel bars.
7. Development length
8. Dowel bars
9. Detailing
32
Solution
Material data: 𝑓𝑐′ =28MPa, 𝑓𝑦 =420MPa, 𝛾𝑐 = 24𝑘𝑁/𝑚3, , 𝛾𝑠 = 16𝑘𝑁
/𝑚3
Soil allowable bearing capacity is : 𝑞 =250𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Service axial loads: 𝑃𝐷 =1000kN, 𝑃𝐿 =800kN
33
1- Find net allowable soil pressure 𝒒𝒆
The average unit weight of fill and concrete =(16+24)/2=20kN/m3.
The pressure of fill and the footing is 1.5*20=30kN/m2 leaving the bearing
pressure of 𝑞𝑒 = 250 − 30=220kN/m2 available to carry the column service load.
2-Determine footing area
The required footing area=(1000+800)/220=8.18m2.
A base of 2.85m square is selected, provided footing area =2.852=8.12m2
3-Find net ultimate soil pressure
For strength design, the upward pressure caused by the factored column loads is 𝑞𝑢
1.2∗1000+1.6∗800
= = 305𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
2.852
4-Assume footing thickness (d or h):
The footing depth in square footings is usually determined based on two-way or
punching shear on the critical perimeter abcd. Trail calculations suggest d=475mm.
5-Check the footing thickness with respect to shear
the length of the critical perimeter is: 𝑏0 = 4 450 + 𝑑 = 3700𝑚𝑚.
The shear force acting on this perimeter is:
𝑉 = 305 2.852 − (0.45 + 0.475) 2 = 2216𝑘𝑁
34 𝑢1
The corresponding nominal shear strength is:
2
0.17(1 + )𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏0 𝑑
𝛽𝑐
𝑉𝑐 = min 𝛼𝑠 𝑑
0.083(2 + )𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏0 𝑑
𝑏0
0.33𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏0 𝑑
φ𝑉𝑐−𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑦 =0.75*0.33*1* 28*3700*475*10-3
=2302kN
𝑉𝑢1 <φ𝑉𝑐−𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑦 the tried depth 475mm is
adequate for punching shear.
The selected d will be now checked for one way or beam shear on section
ef. The factored shear force acting on that section is:
𝑉𝑢2 =305*0.725*2.85=630kN.
The nominal shear strength is: φ𝑉𝑐−𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑦
= 0.17φ𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏0 𝑑=0.75*0.17*1* 28*2850*475*10-3=914kN.
35 𝑉𝑢2 <φ𝑉𝑐−𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑦 d=475mm is also adequate for one-way shear.
6. RC design:
1. Determine the ultimate movement at the fixed
2. Determine the steel area and check if it larger than minimum steel area
3. Choose number and diameter of steel bars.
1.22
The bending moment at section gh is:𝑀𝑢 = 305 ∗ 2.85 = 626𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
Because the depth required for shear is greatly in excess of that required for bending, the
reinforcement ratio will be low and the corresponding depth of the rectangular stress block
is small:
𝑀𝑢 626∗106
Assume a=50mm 𝐴𝑠 = = = 3680𝑚𝑚2 a
𝜙∗𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑎/2) 0.9∗420(475−50/2)
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 3680∗420
= = = 22.78𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85∗28∗2850
626∗106
Recalculate 𝐴𝑠 = = 3572.1𝑚𝑚2 a=22.1mm close enough no
0.9∗420(475−22.78/2)
further iteration is required.
Check 𝐴𝑠−𝑚𝑖𝑛
The controlling value of 4513mm2 is larger than 𝐴𝑠 calculated for bending. Use 12 No.
22 𝐴𝑠−𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =4644mm2 will be used in each direction.
36
7. Development length :The required development length beyond section gh is
found from table A.10 to be 47*db=47*22.2=1.04m, which is adequately met by the
actual length of bars beyond section gh (1.2-0.075=1.12m).
37
8. Dowel bars
Checking for transfer of forces at the base of the column shows that the footing
concrete is clearly capable of carrying that part of the column load transmitted by
the column.
The force in the column carried by the steel will be transmitted to the footing
using dowels to march the column bars. These must extend into the footing the full
development length in compression which is found from table A.1 of appendix A
to be 480mm for No.25 bars. This is accommodated in the footing with
d=475mm.
Above the top surface of the footing, the No.25 dowels must extend into the
column that same development length, but not less than the requirement for a
lapped splices in compression: the minimum lap splice length for the No. 25 bars
is: 0.071𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 = 0.071 ∗ 420 ∗ 25.4 = 757𝑚𝑚, which is control.
Thus, the bars will be carried 760mm into the column, requiring a total dowel
length of 1.24m this will be rounded up to 1.25m.
It is easily confirmed that the minimum dowel steel requirement
0.005*450*450=1013mm2 does not control here.
38
39
For concrete in contact with 9. Detailing
ground, a minimum cover of
75mm is required for corrosion
protection. With d =475mm
measured from the top of the
footing, the center of the upper
layer of bars, the total thickness
of the footing that is required to
provide 75mm clear cover for the
lower steel layer is:
h=475+75+22.2=594.4mm
use h=600mm.
40
Wall footings:
Tension cracks formed under the faces of the wall rather than in the middle. So it is
satisfactory to compute the moment at the face of the wall
1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑏 − 𝑎 2
8
For footings supporting masonry walls, the maximum moment is computed mid
way between the middle and the face of the wall, because masonry is generally less
rigid than concrete.
For determining shear stress, the vertical shear force is computed at a distance d
𝑏−𝑎
from the face of the wall (section 2-2) 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 −𝑑
2
41
Solution:
Concrete unit wt=24kN/m3, and the unit wt of the fill at the top of the footing is
16kN/m3.
Assume footing thickness=300mm footing weight=24*0.3=7.2kN/m2.
The weight of the 1m fill on top of the footing is 1*16=16kN/m2
The potion of the allowable bearing pressure that is effective for carrying the wall
load is: 𝑞𝑒 = 215 − 7.2 + 16 = 192𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
the required width of the footing is therefore b=(200+150)/192=1.82m 1.9m
wide footing is used.
1.2∗200+1.6∗150
The factored load pressure is: 𝑞𝑢 = = 253𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
1.9
1 2
The factored moment at the face of the wall is: 𝑀𝑢 = 253 1.9 − 0.4
8
42
= 71.2𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/m
Assume d=220mm the ultimate shear value at distance d from face of the wall
1.9−0.4
is: 𝑉𝑢 = 253 − 0.22 = 134𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2
The design shear strength of concrete per 1m is:
d=134/0.675=199mm.
Use clear cover 75mm total thickness=300mm
Assume using steel bar No. 16 d=300-75-16/2=217mm, this is close enough to the
assumed value and no need to be revised.
To determine the required steel area assume a=50mm
𝑀𝑢 71.2∗106
As= 𝑎 = 50 = 981𝑚𝑚2
𝜑𝑓𝑦 (𝑑− 2 ) 0.9∗420(217− )
2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 981 ∗ 420
𝑎= = = 16.2𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 1000
71.2∗106
Second iteration is required As= 16.2 = 901𝑚𝑚2
0.9∗420(127− )
2
901∗420
𝑎 = = 15.9𝑚𝑚 close enough
0.85∗28∗1000
Choose No. 16 @200mm on centers 𝐴𝑠(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑) = 995𝑚𝑚2/𝑚
43
The required development length according to Table A.10 of appendix A is
38*𝑑𝑏 =608mm. This length is to be furnished from section 1-1 outward.
The length of each bar is: 1.9-2*clear cover=1.9-2*0.75=1.75m
The actual development length from section 1-1 to the nearby end is 0.5(1750-
400)=675mm > 608mm.
Longitudinal shrinkage and temperature reinforcement according to ACI code
7.12 must be 0.0018*1000*300=540mm2/m
use No. 16 @350mm 𝐴𝑠(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑) = 569𝑚𝑚2/m
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 199
.𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1000 ∗ = 1000 ∗ = 368.5𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 540
1000
.𝐴𝑠(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑) = ∗ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
1000
= ∗ 199=569mm2
350
44
45
Eccentrically loaded column:
When a column transmits axial loads only, the footing can be designed such that the load acts at the centroid of
the footing, producing uniform pressure under the footing.
In some cases, the column transmits an axial load and a bending moment, as in the case of the footings of fixed
end frames. Also, a footing is eccentrically loaded if the supported column is not concentric with the footing area.
In these cases, the load effects at the footing base can be represented by the vertical load P and a bending moment
M.
In this case, the pressure on one side of the footing will be greater than the pressure on the other side. For a
rectangular footing with width=B, and length=L, the total soil pressure is trapezoidal and given by:
𝑃 𝑀𝑐 𝑃 𝑃.e∗𝐿/2 𝑃 6M
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴 ± = 𝐿𝐵 ± 𝐵𝐿3 /12 =𝐿𝐵 ± 𝐵𝐿2 ≥0
𝐼
where e is the eccentricity: e =M/P
To avoid tension in the soil the equivalent eccentric load must
𝐿
be applied within the kern 𝑘 e ≤ 𝑘 where 𝑘=6
46
Eccentrically loaded column:
The footing area is founded by trail and error from the condition 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑞𝑎 .
If the eccentricity falls outside the kern, a negative value for 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 (tension) is obtained along one edge of the
𝑃 𝑀𝑐
footing. The equation 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± is no longer valid and bearing pressure are distributed as triangle.
𝐴 𝐼
2𝑃
For rectangular footings of size 𝐿 x B, the maximum pressure can be found from: 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝐵𝑚
4𝑃
= 3𝐵(𝐿−2𝑒)which must be no larger than the allowable pressure 𝑞𝑎
When e=L/6, the bearing pressure ss triangle.
𝑃 6M 2𝑃
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + =
𝐿𝐵 𝐵𝐿2 𝐿𝐵
𝑃 6M 𝑃 6M
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 = − or =
𝐿𝐵 𝐵𝐿2 𝐿𝐵 𝐵𝐿2
47
Eccentrically loaded column:
48
Eccentrically loaded column:
When the footing is moved a distance e from the axis of the
column to produce uniform soil pressure under the footing.
Maximum moment occurs at section n-n:
M = 𝑀′ + 𝐻ℎ and e=M/p
49
Example 13.7 (form STRUCTURAL CONCRETE for AL-Manaseer, Ed.14th)
A 300*600 mm column of an unsymmetrical shed shown is subjected to an
axial load PD=980kN and a moment Md=245 kN.m due to dead load and an
axial load PL=735kN and a moment ML=190kN.m due to live load. The base
of the footing is 1.5m below final grade, and the allowable soil bearing
pressure is 240kN/m2. design the footing use fc’=28MPa and fy=420MPa.
Solution: the footing is subjected to axial load and a moment:
P=980+735=1715kN
M=245+190=435kN.m e=M/p=253mm
The footing can be designed by two methods:
Method 1: move the center of the footing a distance e=253mm from the
center of the column. In this case the soil pressure will be considered
uniformly distributed under the footing.
Method 2: the footing is placed concentric with the center of the column. In
this case, the soil pressure will be trapezoidal or triangular, and the maximum
and minimum values can be calculated.
50
Example 13.7
Method 1:
Assume d=410mm (h=500mm and cover =90mm).
the average unit wt.=(24+16)/2=20kN/m3.
𝑞𝑒 =𝑞𝑎 -(weight of fill and concrete+ surcharge)=240-
(1.5*20)=210kN/m2.
Area of footing=1715/210=8.17m
Assume footing width of 2.7m the footing length is:
8.17/2.7=3m. choose a footing 2.7*3m and place the
column eccentrically as shown.
The center of the footing is 253mm away from the center of
the column.
The design of procedure is now similar to that of a single
footing.
51
Example 13.7
Method 1: check the depth for two-way and one-way shear action.
Determine the bending moment at the face of the column for the
longitudinal and transverse directions. Due to the eccentricity of
the footing, the critical section will be on the left face of the
column. The distance to the end of footing is: 1.5-(0.300-
0.253)=1.453m.
Pu=1.2*980+1.6*735=2352kN
2352
𝑞𝑢 =
2.7∗3
= 290.4𝑘𝑀/𝑚2
1.4532
𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =290.4*2.7 =827.7kN.m2
2
In the transverse direction: 𝑀𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
1.35−0.3/2
=290.4*3 2
=627.3kN.m
Use the checked depth of footing and calculate the required
reinforcement in both directions of the footing.
52
253mm
1.5m 1.5m
1.247m
1.35m
2.7m
1.35m
3m
53
1.7m 1.7m
3m
4m
54
Example 13.7
Method 2:
Calculate the area of footing as in method 1, then calculate the maximum soil
pressure and compare it with that allowable using actual loads.
Total load P=1710kN.
Size of footing=3*2.7m
k=L/6=3/6=0.5m
Because e=0.253m<k the shape of the upward soil pressure is trapezoidal.
𝑃 6M 1710 6∗435
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − = − = 103.7kN/m2
𝐿𝐵 𝐵𝐿23∗2.7 2.7∗32
𝑃 6M 1710 6∗435
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 2 = + = 318.52kN/m2 >𝑞𝑒 =210 kN/m2 the
𝐿𝐵 𝐵𝐿 3∗2.7 2.7∗32
footing is not safe. Increase the area. Try 3*4m
1710 6∗435
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = − = 88.1kN/m2 >0
3∗4 3∗4 2
1710 6∗435
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + = 196.9kN/m2 <𝑞𝑒 =210kN/m2
3∗2.7 2.7∗32
Use this area to calculate the factored upward
pressure using factored loads, then calculate
moment and shear as explained in previous
examples.
55
Combined footings
Spread footing that support more than one column or wall are known as combined footing.
They can be divided into two categories: those that support two columns and those that support more than
two columns.
Two-column footings are seen to become necessary in to situations:
If columns are so close to the property line that single-column footing
cannot be made with projecting beyond the property line
If some adjacent columns are so close to each other that their footings
would merge.
When the bearing capacity of the subsoil is low so that large bearing areas
become necessary, continuous strip footings are used. Sometimes such strips
are arranged in both directions, in which case a grid foundation is obtained.
Strip footings can be made to develop a much larger bearing are more
economically than that can be done by single footings because the individual
strips represent continuous beams whose moments are much smaller than
the cantilever moments in large single footings that project far out from the
column in all four directions.
56
Combined footings
In many cases, the strips are made to merge, resulting in a mat foundation: a foundation consist of
a solid reinforced concrete slab under the entire building.
In structural action such a mat is very similar to a flat slab, upside down.
If the soil’s capacity is so low that even this large bearing area is
insufficient, some form of deep foundation, such as piles or
caissons, must be used.
Mat foundations may be design with the column pedestals
depending on whether they are necessary for shear strength and
the development length of dowels.
Advantages of strip and mat foundations:
Develop large bearing areas
Reduce differential settlements of individual columns relative to
each other.
57
Two-column footings
It is desirable to design combined footings so that the
centroid of the footing area coincides with the resultant
of the two column loads.
This produces uniform bearing pressure over the entire
area.
Two-column footings are rectangular, trapezoidal or T-
shaped. The details of the shape being arranged to
produce coincidence of centroid and resultant.
The given relationships facilitate the determination of
the shape of the bearing area. The distances m and n are
given, n: the distance from the center of the exterior
column to the property line, m: the distance from that
column to the resultant of both column loads.
If a single footing cannot be centered under an exterior
column, place the exterior column footing eccentrically
and connect it with the nearest interior column footing
by a beam or strap (strap or cantilever footings). This
strap: a)counter weighted by the interior column load,
b)resists the tilting tendency of the eccentric exterior
footing and c) equalize the pressure under it.
1- Find net allowable soil pressure 𝒒𝒆
The space between the bottom of the footing and the surface will be occupied by both
concrete and soil the average unit wt.=(24+16)/2=20kN/m3.
𝑞𝑒 =𝑞𝑎 -(weight of fill and concrete+ surcharge)=300-(1.8*20+5)=259kN/m2.
2-Determine footing area
The required footing area=sum of the column
loads/𝑞𝑒 =(750+600+1100+900)/259=12.9m2.
59
The resultant of the column loads is located from the center of the
exterior column a distance 2000*5.5/3350=3.28m
the length of the footing must be 2(3.28+0.225)=7.02m
width=12.9/7.02=1.84m.
1350kN Resultant=3350k
2000kN
3.38m N
A width of 1.85m is selected Area=13.32m2.
60
Longitudinally, the footing represents a beam, loaded from below, spanning between columns and
cantilevering beyond the interior column.
Also, the column loads are distributed crosswise by transverse beams, one under each column.
In the present relatively narrow and long footing, it will be found that the required minimum depth for the
transverse beams is smaller than required for the footing in the long direction.
The effective width of the transverse beam is
assumed to be equal to the width of the column
plus d/2 on either sides of the column.
61
𝑃𝑢1 = 1.2 750 + 1.6 600 = 1860𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑢2 = 1.2 1100 + 1.6 900 = 2760𝑘𝑁
3-Find net ultimate soil pressure
For strength design, the upward pressure caused by the factored
1.2∗(750+1100)+1.6∗(600+900) 4620
column loads is 𝑞𝑢 = =
7.02∗1.85 12.77
= 355.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Strength design in longitudinal
direction
The net upward pressure per linear meter in the longitudinal direction is
355.7*1.85=658kN/m.
The maximum negative moment between columns occurs at the section of
zero shear. Let x be the distance from the outer edge of the exterior
column to this section𝑉𝑢 = 658𝑥 − 1860 = 0 𝑥=2.83m. The
moment at this section is:
2.832
𝑀𝑢 = 658 − 1860 2.83 − 0.225 = 2210𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
The moment at the right edge of the interior column is:
0.9952
𝑀𝑢 = 658 = 326𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2
62
4-Assume footing thickness (d or h):
Try d=[Link] 90 mm cover from the center of the bars to the
top surface of the footing the total thickness=1040mm.
5-Check the footing thickness with respect to shear
For one-way shear:
From the shear force diagram, it is seen that the critical section for shear occurs at a distance d to the left of the left
face of the interior column. At this point the factored shear is: 𝑉𝑢 = 1710 − 658 ∗ 0.95 = 1085𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 and the
design shear strength is: φ𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 0.17 ∗ 21 ∗ 1850 ∗ 950 ∗ 10−3 = 1127𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑢 d =950mm is OK.
For two-way shear:
Of the two column, the exterior one with a three-sided perimeter a distance d/2 from the face of the column is
more critical in regard to this punching shear. The perimeter is:
𝑏0 =2(0.45+0.95/2)+(0.6+0.95)=3.40m and the shear force, being the column load minus the soil pressure within
the perimeter is:𝑉𝑢 =1860-0.925*1.55(355.7)=1350kN.
The design shear strength on the perimeter section is: φ𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 0.33 ∗ 21 ∗ 3400 ∗ 950 ∗ 10−3
= 3678𝑘𝑁>𝑉𝑢 d=950mm is OK.
63
6. RC design: in longitudinal direction:
For −𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =-2210kN.m find 𝐴𝑠−𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑀𝑢 2210∗106 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
Assume a=100mm 𝐴𝑠 = = = 6496𝑚𝑚2 a =
𝜙∗𝑓𝑦 (𝑑−𝑎/2) 0.9∗420(950−100/2) 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
6496∗420
= 0.85∗21∗1850 = 82.6𝑚𝑚
2210∗106
Recalculate 𝐴𝑠 =0.9∗420(950−82.6/2) = 6434𝑚𝑚2 a=81.8mm close enough use 11No.29
𝐴𝑠−𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =7095mm2.
Find 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
For +𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =326kN.m find𝐴𝑠−𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 < 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 use 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =5858mm2 use 16No.22 bars 𝐴𝑠−𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =6192mm2
64
6. RC design: in transverse direction:
The effective width of the transverse beam under the interior column = column width+2*(d/2)=600+2*650/2=1550mm.
The net upward load per linear meter of the transverse beam is=𝑃𝑢2 /length of the transverse beam= 2760/1.85=1492kN/m.
𝑤𝑙 2 0.6252
To find the moment at the edge of the interior column for cantilever 𝑀𝑢 = 2 = 1492 ∗ 2 = 291kN. m. since the
transverse bars are placed on the top of the longitudinal bars the actual d=950-db assume db=25mm d=925mm
Calculate the required reinforcement area: Assume a=20mm 𝐴𝑠 = 0.9∗420(925−20/2)
291∗106
= 841𝑚𝑚2 a
= 12.8𝑚𝑚 this
will give As << 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 use 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 6496∗420
= =
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 0.85∗21∗1550
∗ 1550 ∗ 925 = 4779𝑚𝑚2 use 13No.22 place these reinforcement within 1.55m
1.4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
420
effective width of the transverse beam.
We have to check the punching shear at the perimeter a distance d/2 from the face of the
column and beam shear at a distance d from fact of the column.
We have also design the transverse beam under the exterior column following the same
step used for the interior column. The author design it and used a reinforcement of 8No.
22 placed with 925mm effective width.
65
