Robert Hook: all organisms on Earth are made up of cells.
life on Earth started with unicellular organisms.
Simple and no nucleus
Endo- symbiosis : prokaryotic cells combine → make eukaryotic cells which can evolve later.
Eukaryotic cells ↓ Compartmentalization (membrane bound organelles) have a true nucleus Richard Axel and Linda Buck discovered that everyone’s olfactory genes are different: no one smells a thing the same way, which is why there is a preference for scents.
Prokaryotic cells. ↓ primitive forms of life no membrane bound organelles no nucleus
cell theory, MSHGREN 1
CELL THEORY
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
→all living things are made up of cells: bacteria, fungi, plants M: metabolism S: sensitivity H: homeostasis
G: growth R: reproduction
E: excretion N: nutrition
CELLS ARE THE BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF LIFE
all living things are cells, therefore, Cells have a function to play: blood cells, brain cells etc. in plants, some cells are responsible for mechanical support
CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS
cells can be formed by the division of pre-existing cells →binary fission,
mitosis, etc
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE (MSHGREN)
all living organisms share certain characteristics that make them living
METABOLISM
→ Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions
chemical reactions take place in cells and are responsible for all the actions in a cell
cell theory, MSHGREN 2
viruses lack metabolism: therefore they are not 'living.”
Anabolism and Catabolism
anabolism= (add) uses up energy.
energy + smaller molecules= large molecules
catabolism= (cut)
releases energy larger molecules= energy+ smaller molecules
REPRODUCTION
life will create more life
sexual reproduction asexual reproduction
one parent produces genetically identical
two parents create an offspring through offspring fusion of haploid sex cells
→ yeast, plants, bacteria.
→humans, elephants, etc. (meiosis) Fission, fragmentation, & budding, etc
creates unique off- spring and increases off-spring which is an exact replica of the genetic variation parent.
SENSITIVITY AND RESPONSE
all life can respond to changes in environmental conditions. even single celled organisms.
chemoreceptors → stimulated by changes in the chemical concentration of substances
thermoreceptors → stimulated by changes in temperature
mechanoreceptors → stimulated by changes in pressure or movement
photoreceptors → stimulated by light energy
cell theory, MSHGREN 3
HOMEOSTASIS living organisms keep their internal environments within a certain range despite changes in the external environment.
→ even single-celled organisms keep concentrations of water and minerals
within a certain level.
insulin and glucagon maintain blood levels in humans
human kidneys help maintain homeostasis
paramecium collect water in vacuoles and expel it to maintain homeostasis
in animals like jackrabbits, large ears help their body to remain at a certain temperature.
EXCRETION metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism
in humans: skin, lungs and the kidneys excrete waste.
in plants: leaves, roots and the stem excrete excess carbon dioxide and oxygen through stomata in leaves.
in uni- cellular organisms: the cell membrane excretes, which is why a large surface area to volume ratio is necessary. plasma membrane in paramecium controls entry and exit of substances.
in paramecium: food going out= exocytosis
OBTAINING ENERGY AND MATTER
all organisms need to obtain energy and matter for their metabolic reactions autotrophs: make their own food.
→ plants use the energy from the sun in a process called photosynthesis to create their own food. heterotrophs: consume food made by autotrophs
→ use chemical energy in matter they take in as food.
GROWTH
cell theory, MSHGREN 4
all living things grow/ develop. the increase in size and mass of an organism is known as growth..
development is the transformation of the organism through its lifespan.
single celled organism (amoeba)
paramecium eat biomass and grow until they divide
metamorphosis
in insects or amphibians, transformation from an immature to adult form in two
or more distinct stages is known as metamorphosis
extreme form of development
larva→ pupa→ adult (butterfly)
ADAPT AND CHANGE
at the population level, life adapts and changes over time:
• one single organism does not adapt: → a species becomes fitted to its environment: in the result of natural selection
organisms more fitted to their environment tend to survive survive more
than the less adapted.
giraffes have long necks as a result of adaptation: this helps them survive.
MOVEMENT AND RESPONSE TO STIMULI
response: in paramecium, cilia moves the organism. (Flagella too), animals have legs
ENDOCYTOSIS
pinocytosis: cell takes in water through its membrane.
phagocytosis: cell takes in food through its membrane.
endocytosis: cells absorb external materials through its cell membrane.
