1

Exercise no. 2 High Deviation Drilling

Gulltopp – Extended Reach Well

The main data for the planned well are given below.
Position Azimuth Depth Inclination
(below RKB)

(º) (m TVD) (º)

Rig 61º 10’ 34.7970’’ N - 0 -
02º 11’ 21.5670’’ E
Target 61º 10’ 57.9733’’ N 275 2532 90
02º 02’ 13.5987’’ E

The reservoir should be penetrated in the horizontal direction. Two build-up sections are
required. The last build-up section should end in the target.
KOP1: 450 m TVD
Build up rates (BUR): 2º/100 ft = (2º / 30.48 m)

Tasks:
A - Well trajectory
Calculate the Sail angle.

Make a Table that summarizes all key points; KOP, End of build, Target, Northings,
Eastings, MD (RKB), TVD (RKB), HD, Inclination and Azimuth.

B: Casing installation
Calculate the Slack-off and Pick-up weights when the 10 3/4” casing has reached its
planned depth, and check against yield for the casing string. Calculate Safety Factor (SF)
and Margin of Over Pull (MOP).

C: Drilling the reservoir section

Calculate the maximum drilling length into the reservoir section when using a 5” drill
string and when using a tapered drill string (combination of different drill pipe sizes). The
following issues to be investigated:
9 Buckling in sliding mode
9 Drag (Slack-off & Pick-up)
9 Maximum drill string torque (bit on/off bottom)
 2

Use a safety factor of 1.3 for both tension strength and torsional strength.

Note! The maximum DP to be used in the 8 ½” hole section is 5” due to fishing

capability.

D: Calculation of ECD when drilling the reservoir section

Determine the rheological model that fits best to the given Fann-viscometer readings.

Determine the maximum drilling length in the reservoir section for the two drill string
options based on the following limitations:

9 Fracture pressure (442 bar)

9 Mud pump pop-off pressure (338 bar)
9 Pump rate (2000 LPM)

ROP=20 m/h

Determine the maximum annulus flow velocity in the different sections when a 1000 m
long horizontal section is drilled.

E: Liner installation
A liner will be installed in the reservoir section. Use the tapered string to calculate the
maximum installation length of the liner. Consider installation with and w/o rotation of
drill string and/or Liner (Make sure that the liner MUT is not exceeded).

F: Rig specification requirements

Based on results from calculations, list the required storage capacity of drill string, Top-
Drive rotary torque, hook load capacity, mud pump capacity, etc.

********************************************************************

Hand in date: Submit the report including xl sheets used for calculations within October
22, 2004.

For torque and drag calculations, reference is made to equations given in “Design of Oil
wells using analytical friction models” by Aadnøy and Andersen (Hand-out).

********************************************************************
 3

Input Data
Casing program (all references from RKB)
Casing Setting depth (m MD) Diameter (inch)
Surface 1100 20
Intermediate 3410 14
Intermediate 8000 10 ¾
Liner X (150 m back into 7
previous casing)

Mud weights:
Hole (in) Mud Weight (g/cm3)
17 ¾ 1.50
12 ¼ 1.62
8½ 1.60

Friction factors:
Steel against steel: 0.20
Steel against formation: 0.25

10 ¾” Casing K55
Yield strength: 390 *103daN
Unit weight: 55.50 lb/ft
ID = 9.56 “

7” Liner K55:
Yield strength: 268 *103daN
Unit weight: 38.00 lb/ft
Max MUT: 1017 daNm
ID = 5.92”

BHA / Drillstring (8 ½” section):

DrillPipe: OD= 5”, OD TJ= 6.5”, ID= 4.276” Weight including TJ= 21.87 lb/ft, Yield
strength= 222.7 *103daN, Max MUT= 4212 daNm

DrillPipe: OD= 5 1/2”, OD TJ= 7”, ID= 4.778” Weight including TJ= 23.79 lb/ft, Yield
strength= 246.1 *103daN, Max MUT= 8704 daNm

DrillPipe: = 6 5/8”, OD TJ= 8 ¼”, ID=5.901” Weight including TJ= 30.45 lb/ft, Yield
strength= 300.7 *103daN, Max MUT= 7011 daNm

Length of BHA (drill collar, MWD, LWD), bit, etc.: 70 m

Diameter of BHA: 6 ½”
Average weight of BHA: 152.15 lb/ft (ID = 2”)
 4

Other data:
Steel density: 7.84 g/cm3
Weight on bit (8 ½” section): 20 kN
TOB: 4 kNm
Cuttings density: 2.3 SG

Borehole hydraulics:
Assume that the pressure loss across the bit is as follows: P = C x Q2

Where:
C – constant = 1.2e-5* (min2/L2)*bar
P – Pressure drop across bit nozzles [bar]
Q – Flowrate [L/min]

Assume that the pressure loss through the surface equipment is 10 bars independent of
flowrate.

Fann-viscometer readings:
RPM – Dial Reading
600 – 82
300 – 58
200 – 45
100 – 28
6–9
3-7
 5

Curve fitting and Selection of model for pressure drop

calculations
Rheological models express how shear stress and shear rate are related to each other for a
given fluid. The Fann-viscometer is an instrument that allows measuring of these two
parameters. The relations for the different models are given below (See Chapter 4 in
Applied Drilling Engineering). To find the best model for the given Fann-viscometer
readings, curve-fitting methods have to be used. Using Excel this can be done either by
using the regression functions or the solver function. Figure A-1 gives a suggestion to
how the spreadsheet could be arranged.

τ = µ ⋅γ (Newton)

τ = τ 0 + µ pl ⋅ γ (Bingham)

τ = K ⋅γ n (Powerlaw)

where:
τ - shear stress

µ - Dynamic viscosity

µ pl - Plastic viscosity

τ o - yield value
γ - Shear rate
 6

RPM Shearrate (s-1) Reading True Shear stress (Pa) Newton Bingham Powerlaw
600 1022 51 24.41893213 27 5 26 2 24 0.00
300 511 31 14.84288031 13 2 14 1 15 0.00
200 341 23 11.01245959 9 5 10 2 11 0.00
100 170 15 7.182038862 4 8 6 2 7 0.20
60 102 9 4.309223317 3 3 4 0 5 0.13
30 51 5 2.394012954 1 1 3 0 3 0.20
6 10 2 0.957605182 0 0 2 1 1 0.00
3 5 1 0.478802591 0 0 2 2 1 0.00
Minimum Squared Error 24 10 1

Newton µ 0.026026 Pas 30

Bingham µp 0.023421 Pas

τ0 1.72324 25

Power K 0.168874
n 0.717433 20

Pa
15

10
Reading
Newton
5 Bingham
Powerlaw

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
s-1

Figure A-1: Excel-sheet for Rheology Model Selection (Example)

 7

Pressure Loss Equations

Newtonian Fluid Powerlaw fluid

Laminar Pipe Laminar Pipe

32vµL  8v 3n + 1  L
n
∆p = ∆p = 4 ⋅ K ⋅  ⋅  ⋅
d2 d 4n  d
Laminar Annulus Laminar annulus
48vµL
∆p =  12v 2n + 1  L
n

(d o − d i ) 2
∆p = 4 ⋅ K ⋅  ⋅  ⋅
 do − di 3n  d o − d i
Turbulent Pipe/annulus
Turbulent Pipe/annulus
0.092 ⋅ ρ 0.8
⋅v 1.8
⋅µ 0.2
⋅L
∆p = −b 2 ⋅ L ⋅ ρ ⋅ v2
1.2
d eqv ∆p = a ⋅ N Re ⋅
d eqv

Bingham Fluid
where:
Laminar Pipe
a = (log n + 3.93)
50
32 ⋅ µ pl ⋅ L ⋅ v 16 ⋅ L ⋅ τ 0
∆p = +
d2 3⋅ d b = (1.75 − log n )
7
Laminar Annulus
d n ⋅ v 2− n ⋅ ρ
N Re =
48 ⋅ µ pl ⋅ L ⋅ v 6 ⋅ L ⋅τ 0 K p ⋅ 8 n −1
∆p = +
(d o − d i ) 2
do − di
n
 3n + 1 
Turbulent Pipe/annulus K p = K ⋅ 
 4n 

0.073 ⋅ ρ 0.8 ⋅ v 1.8 ⋅ µ 0pl.2 ⋅ L

∆p = d n ⋅ v 2− n ⋅ ρ
d 1.2 N Re =
eqv K a ⋅ 12 n −1

n
 2n + 1 
Ka = K ⋅ 
 3n 
 8

Equivalent diameter Parameter List

∆p - Pressure loss
For calculations of pressure drop in µ - Newton viscosity
annulus, an equivalent diameter is used. v - Average velocity
L - Length of section
d o2 − d i2 d - diameter of pipe
d eqv = d o2 + d i2 −
d o - outer diameter of annulus
ln o 
d
 di  d i - inner diameter of annulus
ρ - Density of fluid
d eqv - equivalent diameter
µ pl - Plastic viscosity (Bingham)
τ o - yield value
K - Consistency index
n - Rheological index
N Re - Reynolds number
a - Constant
b - Constant
K a - Constant
K p - Constant