ABSTRACT

1
ABSTRACT

Smart farming, precision agriculture and Agriculture 4.0 all involve the
integration ofadvanced technologies into existing farming architecture. The goal
is to increase productionefficiency and product quality, as well as reducing
overall costs. To this end, the inclusion ofSmart technologies into Irish
agriculture has been inevitable with increased pressure beingplaced on farming
practices to remain profitable, as well as adhere to environmentalregulation.The
global Smart Agriculture Solution Market is said to have stood at around US
$10.2 Billionin 2016, and is projected to reach a valuation of US $38.1 Billion
by the end of 2024. Thegrowing adoption of advanced technology in farming,
from agricultural drones, precisionseeding systems, auto-steering, automatic
feeding systems and fruit-picking robots (amongstothers), have all incentivised
traditional agri-companies to invest in smart agriculturetechnology. The
deployment of advanced agri-tech has the potential to allow for an
increasedfocus on non-profitable tasks, such as farm maintenance and
environmental practices. Thereduction of heavy labour and tedious tasks can
also lead to improvements in the health andwork/life balance of farming staff .

2
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

3
CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

With the exponential growth of world population, according to the UN

Foodand Agriculture Organization, the world will need to produce 70% more
foodin 2050, shrinking agricultural lands, and depletion of finite
naturalresources, the need to enhance farm yield has become critical.
Limitedavailability of natural resources such as fresh water and arable land
alongwith slowing yield trends in several staple crops, have further aggravated
theproblem. Another impeding concern over the farming industry is the
shiftingstructure of agricultural workforce. Moreover, agricultural labor in most
ofthecountries has declined. As a result of the declining agricultural
workforce,adoption of internet connectivity solutions in farming practices has
beentriggered, to reduce the need for manual labor .IoT solutions are focused
on helping farmers close the supply demand gap, by ensuring high yields,
profitability, and protection of the environment. The approach of using IoT
technology to ensure optimum application of resources to achieve high crop
yields and reduce operational costs is called precision agriculture. IoT in
agriculture technologies comprise specialized equipment, wireless connectivity,
software and IT services. BI Intelligence survey expects that the adoption of IoT
devices in the agriculture industry will reach 75 million in 2020, growing 20%
annually. At the same time, the global smart agriculture market size is expected
to triple by 2025, reaching $15.3 billion (compared to being slightly over $5
billion back in 2016). Smart farming based on IoT technologies enables growers
and farmers to reduce waste and enhance productivity ranging from the quantity
of fertilizer utilized to the number of journeys the farm vehicles have made, and
enabling efficient utilization of resources such as water, electricity, etc. IoT
smart farming solutions is a system that is built for monitoring the crop field
with the help of sensors (light, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, crop health,
4
etc.) and automating the irrigation system. The farmers can monitor the field
conditions from anywhere. They can also select between manual and automated
options for taking necessary actions based on this data. For example, if the soil
moisture level decreases, the farmer can deploy sensors to start the irrigation.
Smart farming is highly efficient when compared with the conventional
approach. IoT have the potential to transform agriculture in many aspects and
these are the main ones. Data collected by smart agriculture sensors, in this
approach of farm management, a key component are sensors, control systems,
robotics, autonomous vehicles, automated hardware, variable rate technology,
motion detectors, button camera, and wearable devices. This data can be used to
track the state of the business in general as well as staff performance, equipment
efficiency. The ability to foresee the output of production allows to plan for
better product distribution. Agricultural Drones Ground-based and aerial-based
drones are being used in agriculture in order to enhance various agricultural
practices: crop health assessment, irrigation, crop monitoring, crop spraying,
planting, and soil and field analysis. Livestock tracking and geofencing farm
owners can utilize wireless IoT applications to collect data regarding the
location, well-being, and health of their cattle. This information helps to prevent
the spread of disease and also lowers labor costs. Smart Greenhouses - A smart
greenhouse designed with the help of IoT intelligently monitors as well as
controls the climate, eliminating the need for manual intervention. Predictive
analytics for smart farming Crop predication play a key role, it helps the farmer
to decide future plan regarding the production of the crop, its storage, marketing
techniques and risk management. To predictproduction rate of the crop artificial
network use information collected bysensors from the farm. This information
includes parameters such as soil,temperature, pressure, rainfall, and humidity.
The farmers can get an accurate soil data either by the dashboard or a
customized mobile application. Farmers have started to realize that the IoT is a
driving force for increasing agricultural production in a cost-effective

5
way.Because the market is still developing, there is still ample opportunity for
businesses willing to join in.

1.2 PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY

The proposed methodology is based on robust technology meets safety

reliability and fastest in operation. It consists of a sensing system, signal
conditioning electronic circuit, controller. It is installed at the transformer site
and the finding parameters recorded using the analog to digital converter of the
embedded system. The acquired parameters are processed and recorded in the
system memory. System will help the system to run under reliable condition and
identify problems before any failure. For above result we are using a small step
down transformer of 12 V, 1 Amps rating and small bulb are connected as a
load. In this project we are using CT transformer for measuring load current.
Also we are using Temp. Temperature Sensor for giving any rise of
temperature, oil level sensor is also used which detects any fall of oil level. The
values of voltage, current and temperature and level of oil of the transformer is
directly applied to one of the input ports of the microcontroller. Along with this,
a display is connected in the input port of the microcontroller value then the
transformer will automatically shut down and in this way transformer life will
be increased. We also designed Two-way communication here by which we can
ask system about given parameter value just by sending Wireless Data to it so
that we can have watch over transformer For this it is not necessary for the
operator to sit in the system premises which was the case at conventional
system.

1.3 FARM MONITORING SYSTEM

The farm monitoring system is a mixture of hardware and software additives.

The hardware part includes embedded systems and software program is the
Arduino ide. The Arduino ide displays readings from sensors are inserted using
6
the hardware. The special sensors used are temperature and humidity sensor and
soil moisture sensor. The facts gathered with the aid of the sensors is sent to the
Arduino UNO microcontroller. The gathered information may be displayed in
an Arduino IDE. An ESP-01 module is hooked up with the Arduino to facilitate
notifying service which updates the farmers each 10 seconds approximately the
climate conditions of the subject. This project is aided with many hardware.
This proposed technology is an amalgamation of different sensors,
microcontroller and communication medium to help the farmers to work on
their farms.

7
 CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

8
CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

9
 CHAPTER-3

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

10
CHAPTER-3

3.1EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software

and additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a specific function .An
embedded system is designed to do a specific task within a given time frame,
repeatedly, without human interaction. Embedded system do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system in a real-time environment, that is, a real time operating system.
(RTOS). Frequently, embedded system does not have a user interface.

Application Area of embedded system include aerospace/defense

systems, telecommunication equipments and switches, mobile computing,
broadcast, automotives, industrial process control and monitoring, medical
electronics, consumer electronics, etc. Main hardware components of an
embedded system are microprocessor or micro controller, and supporting ICs.
The combination of micro-controller and ICs are application specific.
Commonly used microprocessors include the following. Motorola 680XX
series, IBM PowerPC series processors, MIPS processors, Intel 386 and
compatible CPUs, ARM processors, Sun SPARC series, etc. Embedded systems
need memory for storing programs and data, and usually programs are stored in
ROM or EPROM. Often these systems have a serial port network interface, I/O
interface for interacting with sensors and actuators in the case of process
controlling systems.

11
3.2 MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has an in-built CPU,

Memory and peripherals, which make it, function as a mini computer.

Both Microcontroller and microprocessor can be employed for designing

products or applications in Embedded System. But Microcontroller has its own
advantages over microprocessor. They are as follows:

 For transfer of data from external memory to the CPU, microprocessor needs
many operational codes. But in Microcontroller, one or two codes are
enough.

 Microcontrollers have many bit-handling instructions, but microprocessors

have only one or two.

 Microcontrollers have built-in peripherals whereas microprocessors lack in-

built peripherals.

 Microcontroller work faster than microprocessor because of rapid movement

of bits within the chip.

 Microcontrollers have simple circuit structure compared to microprocessor.

 Microcontrollers have only 35 instructions whereas microprocessors have

75.

 Microcontrollers are costly when compared with microprocessor.

 Microcontroller can function as a mini computer without any additional

parts.

 Microcontroller instructions are simple, single word instructions.

12
 CHAPTER-4

MICRO CONTROLLER

13
CHAPTER-4

4.1 MICRO CONTROLLER

The ATMEGA-328 is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC

single chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel. It uses on-chip
flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time
programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other
microcontrollers at thetime.

4.2 PIN DESCRIPTIONS

 VCC

Digital supply voltage

 GND

Ground

 Port B (PB7:0)XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive

14
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B
pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock
selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on
the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is
used as chip clock source, PB7.6 is used as TOSC2.1 input for the
Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR isset.

 Port C(PC5:0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C
pinsthat are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is notrunning.

 PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin.

Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other
pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is notrunning.

 Port D(PD7:0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive

15
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port
Dpins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is notrunning.

 AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and
ADC7:6. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not
used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-
pass filter. Note that PC6.4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.

 AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

 ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF packageonly)

In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7.6 serve as analog inputs

to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and
serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

16
 CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

17
 CHAPTER-5

5.HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTIONS

The present chapter introduces the operation of power supply circuits built
using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a
steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc
level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is
usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and
provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input
dc voltage varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.

A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the
voltage at various points in the unit is shown in fig 19.1. The ac voltage, typically
120 V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the
level for the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage.
This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A
regulator circuit can use this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not only has
much less ripple voltage but also remains the same dc value even if the input dc
voltage varies somewhat, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.
This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of a number of popular
voltage regulator IC units.

Transformer Rectifier Filter IC regulator Load

18
 5.2 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device,
and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of
the IC is somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator
circuits, the external operation is much the same. IC units provide regulation of
either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set
voltage.A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the ac
supply line to step the ac voltage to a desired amplitude, then rectifying that
ac voltage, filtering with a capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally
regulating the dc voltage using an IC regulator.

5.3 THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to

a load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi,
applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second
terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. For a selected regulator,
IC device specifications list a voltage range over which the input voltage can
vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load current. The
specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a
change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation).

Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators:

IN OUT

UNREGULATE 7805
D DC
VOLTAGE

GND

19
 The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V.
Figure 19.26 shows how one such IC, a 7812, is connected to provide voltage
regulation with output from this unit of +12V dc. An unregulated input voltage
Vi is filtered by capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s IN terminal. The IC’s
OUT terminal provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by capacitor C2
(mostly for any high-frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected to
ground (GND). While the input voltage may vary over some permissible
voltage range, and the output load may vary over some acceptable range, the
output voltage remains constant within specified voltage variation limits. These
limitations are spelled out in the manufacturer’s specification sheets. A table of
positive voltage regulated ICs is provided in table

Positive Voltage Regulators in 7800 series

IC Output Voltage Minimum Vi (V)

Part (V)
7805 +5 7.3
7806 +6 8.3
+8 10.5
7808
+10 12.5
7810
+12 14.6
7812
+15 17.7
7815
+18 21.0
7818

20
5.4 LCD DISPLAY

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's
HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this
project document, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing
with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming,
special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can
give a new look to your application.

21
 Usually these days single controller LCD modules are used more in the
market. So in the project document we will discuss more about the single
controller LCD, the operation and everything else is same for the double
controller too.

5.5WI-FI MODULE (ESP8266)-

ESP8267 wi-fi module which have TCP/IP Protocol stack and integrated on
the chip. Such that it could provide any microcontroller to connect with Wi-Fi
network. The ESP8267 is capable of both loading all Wi-Fi networking
functions from another type of application processor and hosting an application.
Every ESP8267 module comes pre-programmed with an (AT) command set
firmware, meaning, we can simply attach it with our Arduino device and get
Wi-Fi-ability as a WIFI shield offers to it. The ESP8267 module is an growing,
community and costeffective.

High degree on chip integration allow for minimum external circuitry, which
includes the front end module, which is designed for occupying minimum PCB
area. The ESP8267 support applications and Bluetooth interface, also contain
self-calibrated RF which allow it to workable under possible operating
conditions.

o Module Wi-FiDirect

o Stack of TCP/IPprotocol

22
 o Integrated Switch(LNA), matching network powerAmplifier

o power management units and integrated PLLs, DCXO,regulators

o +16.8dBM Output power with 800.11b Mode

o leakage I<10uA

o 1MB flashmemory

o Low power (32-bit) CPU can be used as processor

5.6 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

The Soil Moisture sensor is used to sense moisture content in the soil.

It checks the volume of water content or moisture present in the soil. The

calculations are done in the soil moisture sensor through coefficients. It

estimates the volume of water content in the soil. It detects the water content

in the soil and gets and sends the analog signals which is shown digitally. It

transmits the signals containing information or data or values of the condition

of soil to Arduino to further process it and display.

5.7 DHT22

This project is about the interfacing of a DHT22 module with

Arduino UNO. The data for temperature and humidity are displayed on

23
the Serial Terminal.
Components Required:
1. Arduino Uno
2. DHT22 Module
3. Data Cable
4. Jumper wires
DHT11 and DHT22 sensors are very basic and slow but are greatfor
hobbyists who want to do some basic data logging. The DHT sensorsare made
of two parts, a capacitive humidity sensor, and a thermistor.There is also a very
basic chip inside that does some analog to digitalconversion and spits out a
digital signal with the temperature andhumidity. The digital signal is fairly easy
to read using anymicrocontroller.

5.8 DC MOTOR
DC motors are a key component for many agricultural applications,
often offering a most efficient form of motion, particularly when solar and
battery power is utilised. Some of our own drives are relied on under
challenging conditions - for example, they have been in use on Mars for years
(although not for agricultural purposes, yet). But DC motors also function in
tough agricultural conditions flawlessly and efficiently. Motors, gearheads,

24
sensors, batteries and controllers all constitute the basic building blocks for
complex applications. Our own mobile apps include cloud connectivity and
give our customers access to a range of functions, including retrieval of
current driving data and positions, customisation of parameters and fleet
management. All components are verified by our specialists and then perfectly
matched to each other. This allows us to offer users a system solution from a
single source.

5.9LM35

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,

whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant
voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°C temperature
range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration
make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. As it draws only
60 μA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C temperature range, while
the LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy).
The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages,
while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-
92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount
small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

25
5.9.1FEATURES

 Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)

 Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor

 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)

 Rated for full −55° to +150°C range

 Suitable for remote applications

 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

5.9.2 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

26
5.9.3 APPLICATIONS

The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-
circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its
temperature will be within about 0.01°C of the surface temperature.

This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the
surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the
surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an
intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air
temperature. This is expecially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where the
copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its
temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface
temperature.

To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to the LM35, as it

leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest. The
easiest way to do this is to cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy which will
insure that the leads and wires are all at the same temperature as the surface, and
that the LM35 die’s temperature will not be affected by the air temperature. The
TO-46 metal package can also be soldered to a metal surface or pipe without
damage. Of course, in that case the V− terminal of the circuit will be grounded
to that metal. Alternatively, the LM35 can be mounted inside a sealed-end metal
tube, and can then be dipped into a bath or screwed into a threaded hole in a
tank. As with any IC, the LM35 and accompanying wiring and circuits must be
kept insulated and dry, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true if
the circuit may operate at cold temperatures where condensation can occur.
Printed-circuit coatings and varnishes such as Hum seal and epoxy paints or
dips are often used to insure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its
connections.

27
 CHAPTER-6
PROGRAMMING

28
CHAPTER-6

6.PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software

(IDE)).The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500
protocol.

6.2 Power

The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter

(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be
inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

Arduino Power Supply

6.3 Memory

29
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also
has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM

6.4 ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT "IDE"

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the
Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need
to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface

Developer(s) Arduino Software

Stable release 1.0.3 / December 10, 2012; 3months ago

Written in Java, C and C++

Operating system Cross-platform

30
Type Integrated development environment

Website arduino.cc

Arduino programs are written in C or C++ The Arduino IDE comes with
a software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which
makes many common input/output.

Operations much easier. Users only need define two functions.

To make a run able cyclic executive program:

 Setup (): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize
settings.

 Loop (): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

31
CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

32
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

The Farm Monitoring System can be used for destiny factors of

agriculture. This would be a relief for farmers since it decreases the load of
manual efforts A gadget to screen moisture levels within the soil changed into
constructed and the assignment furnished a possibility to take a look at the
prevailing structures, at the side of their features and downsides. The stated
gadget may be used to turn on/off the water sprinkler in keeping with soil
moisture levels thereby automating the technique of irrigation that is one of
the most time ingesting activities in farming. Agriculture is one of the most
effort-consuming hobby. The device makes use of statistics from soil moisture
sensors to irrigate soil.
The proposed assignment may be further greater with the aid of including
pump to the machine to facilitate computerized irrigation. The automated
irrigation device may be triggered when the moisture content of the soil is
going under the brink stage. The threshold degree can be decided in the
code written for Arduino.

33
CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

34
CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

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