INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS -the process, the scientific study of

language
Linguistics: Language -systematically and scientifically
-answers the question: how does the -articulation (on what are the organs are
language works? used in speaking)

Language ● Language is descriptive discipline

-is a powerful thing (speak and understand) and not a prescriptive one
-diverse, to convey information, main lifeline
or component, communication, art and form. Descriptive: language talks not about
-method or medium of communication either technicalities, but a description on how it is
written or spoken being used.

2 Theories how Language is acquired Prescriptive: Conventional, and

technicalities
1. Language Acquisition
-Language is not being taught to Linguist- a person who studies Linguistics.
children
-Acc. to Noam Chomsky (LAD) The 5 Main Aspects of Language
Language Acquisition Device 1. Syntax
2. Morphology
There is an 3. Phonology
innate 4. Semantics
facility, a 5. Pragmatics
hypothetical
tool in our Syntax
brains -Greek Term: συν (syn)-meaning "co-" or
(storage in "together," and τάξις (táxis)-meaning
the "sequence, order, or arrangement."
brain-CPU -structure of language
to adapt the -arrangement of words and phrases
language) -rules that govern the ways in which words
combine to form
2. Language Learning -proper order of words in a phrase or
-It is the other way around sentence
-we are learning Language
-process (pinag-aaralan) ● Major component of grammar
-thru schools, universities structure: (Common) SVO
-slow process ● S=subject, V=verb, O=object
● The object is usually the person,
place or thing that's being acted
upon by the subject's verb.

Linguistics Basic Sentence Patterns

1. Subject + Intransitive Verb
( S – IV ) *Please open your notes for the tree
-intransitive verb: does not require diagramming and here is the link for the
an object. further Basic Sentence Patterns
-example: She laughed
S IV https://qqeng.net/Learning/basic-sentence-p
atterns-in-english/?fbclid=IwAR39NFzIvSM1
2. Subject + Linking Verb + IxFMjaS4hBGXsOl4CyHUjZbJSTfPhJr_Et6
Complement ( S - LV - C) hjt5zMLfV3Wk
-Linking verbs: are, is, was, were,
am and they are helping verbs( you Sentence Diagramming or Tree
can use sense verbs that describe Diagramming
one of the 5 senses)
-Complement: modify the subject ● Lexical Categories:
-example: She was gorgeous -Nouns (N)
S LV C -Verbs (V)
-Adjective (Adj.)
3. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct
Object ( S - TV - DO ) -Preposition (P)- ex. to, under, over.
-transitive verbs: needs or requires (a word or group of words used
an object to be complete or a direct before a noun, pronoun, or noun
object phrase to show direction, time,
-example: Mr. Aguirre bought a car place, location, spatial relationships,
S TV DO or to introduce an object.)

4. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct -Adverbs (Adv.)

Object + Object Complement
( S - TV - DO - OC) ● Functional Categories:
-example: -Determiners (Det.)- ex. The, a ,
Scientists consider Einstein a genius an, am, these. (a word that
S TV DO OC modifies, describes, or introduces a
noun.)
5. Subject + Transitive Verb +
Indirect Object + Direct Object -Qualifiers (Qual.)- ex. Very, more.
( S - TV - IO - DO ) (​​A qualifier is a word that limits or
-indirect object: receiver of an enhances another word's meaning,
action also creates intensity)
-example: I asked him a favor
S TV IO DO -Auxiliaries (Aux.)- ex. Will,
should, can etc. (these are the
linking or helping verbs) Modal
verbs-used along with a main verb
to express possibility, ability,
permission, or necessity.
 Example:
-Conjunctions (Conj.)- ex. ● Rose
FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, Both, -Semantics: A type of flower
Or, Yet, So (a word used to connect -Pragmatics: Love, Womahood
clauses or sentences or to
coordinate words in the same The 5 Characteristics of Language
clause)
Language: it distinguishes us humans from
● Noun Phrase: other living
-A dog creatures.
-The Instructor
-Ana and Elsa Here are the
characteristics of
● Verb Phrase: Language
-call the instructor according to
-build a snowman George Yule:

Semantics vs. Pragmatics

The Similarities: 1. Displacement

-language within a sentence -it is the characteristic that we have,
-study of meanings that animals or other living creatures
do not have.
The Differences: -you are able to understand or talk
about the future,past and even at
Semantics: the present
-study of literal meanings -Stimulus: respond
-objective, direct -Ex: you ask your cat(ben), where
-denotative: dictionary definition did he go last time, but his answer
-central idea or core meaning was only meow, your cat can only
answer at the moment, unable to
Pragmatics: describe the past and future.
-study of meaning with context or the
situation 2. Arbitrariness
-subjective -there is no natural connection
-connotative or associative: between linguistic form and
emotive/emotional meaning
-it carries the speaker's intended meaning -Ex:
(hidden meaning) Thankyou - English language
-idioms/symbolism Gracias - Spanish
Kamsahamnida - Korean
 -cannot be broken in smallest meaningful
3. Productivity bits
-The English alphabets consists of -examples:
26 letters but we can create limitless 1. Cats- cat/s (1 syllable)
words. 2. Category- Category (4 syllables)
-Language is contiously evolving 3. Categorize- Categor/ize
-Ex: gaylinggo, G words (these are (4syllables)
words created, not as an official 4. Categorized- Categor/ize/d (4
language, but creative new terms to syllables)
communicate properly.) 5. Over estimated- Over/estimate/d
(6syllables)
4. Cultural Transmission 6. Keyboard- Key/board (2 syllables)
-oppose the Theory of Noam
Chomsky 2 Types of Morphemes:
-this states that the child needs to
be exposed in specific 1. Free Morpheme
environment to acquire the -are those that can stand on
language their own as independent
-Ex: a child born in the forest can words, e.g. {happy} in
adapt the behavior of animals unhappily, {like} in dislike,
{boy} in boyhood. They can
5. Duality also occur in isolation; e.g.
-Dual means two, they both convey {happy}, {like}
meaning -can stand alone as an
-dual concept (sounds and meaning) individual word
-Ex: these are not yet considered as
words, they are considered sounds a. Lexical Morpheme
● Nbi: /nbi/ -carry out the content
● Oobk: /ubk/ of utterances
● Eeshp: /i:Sp/ -Nouns, verbs,
-Ex: these are not yet considered as adjectives,
words but when rearranged, they prepositions, and
create new words adverbs
● Nbi: /nbi/ = bin
● Oobk: /ubk/ = buk(book) b. Functional
● Eeshp: /i:Sp/ = S(sheep) Morpheme
-serve as a more
Morphology grammatical role,
-words connecting words
-study of the internal structures of words together within and
across sentences
Morpheme -Conjunctions and
-smallest meaningful unit in a language prepositions
 of the words or
morphemes to which
2. Bound Morpheme they are attached.
-are those that cannot stand They are always
on their own as independent attached to complete
words. They are always words. They cap the
attached to a free morpheme word; they are a
or a free form, e.g. {un-}, closed-ended set of
{-ly}, {dis-} {-hood}. Such morphemes - English
morphemes are also called has only 8
affixes. inflectional
morphemes.
-are those that cannot stand -cannot create new
alone as words; they need to words or change the
be attached to another lexical category of a
morpheme; e.g. {con-}; {de-}, word.
{per-} to be attached to -s, ing, ed, er, est,
{-ceive} as in conceive, possessive s, ness,
deceive, perceive. ly, pre, able, etc.

-cannot stand alone as Examples:

individual words -s (third person sing.
Pres.)
a. Derivational -ed (past tense)
Morpheme -en (past participle)
-are those that are -s (plural)
added to root -`s (possessive)
morphemes or stems -er (comparative)
to derive new -est (superlative)
words.e.g. actual +
{-ize} ( actualize; help Phonology
+ {-ful} ( helpful; {un-} -combination of sounds into an organized
+ lucky ( unlucky. unit of speech
-Affixes- Pre, Su,
and In Phoneme
-creating new words -sound system, which occured in that
and can change the language
lexical category of a -is a distinctive, contrasted sound unit, e.g. /
word m /, / æ /, / n /. These distinct sounds enter
into combination with other sounds to form
b. Inflectional words, e.g., /mæn/ ‘man’
Morpheme
-are those that never
change the form class
Phonetics
-production of sounds
-articulation of sounds by the human speech
-manner of articulation

Place of Articulation
-For any articulation corresponding to one of
these consonant phonemes, the vocal tract
is constricted at one of the following points.

(a) Bilabial (from bi ‘two’ + labial

‘lips’). The primary constriction is at
the lips (/p,b,m,w/).

(b) Labiodental (from labio ‘lip’ +

dental ‘teeth’). The primary
constriction is between the lower lip
and the upper teeth (/f,v/).

(c) Interdental (from inter

‘between’ + dental ‘teeth’). The
primary constriction is between the
tongue and the upper teeth (/θ,ð/).

(d) Alveolar (from alveolar ridge).

The primary constriction is between
the tongue and the alveolar ridge
(/t,d,s,z,n,l/).

(e) Palatal (from palate). The

primary constricton is between the
tongue and the palate (/š,ž,č,ǰ,r,y/).

(f) Velar (from velum). The primary

constriction is between the tongue
and
the velum (/k,g,ŋ/).

(g) Glottal (from glottis, which

refers to the space between the
vocal cords). The primary
constriction is at the glottis (/h/).