The document discusses several input devices including document scanners, 3D scanners, barcode readers, digital cameras, and touch screens. It describes how each device works by capturing and converting physical inputs into digital data that can be processed by computers.
The document discusses several input devices including document scanners, 3D scanners, barcode readers, digital cameras, and touch screens. It describes how each device works by capturing and converting physical inputs into digital data that can be processed by computers.
The document discusses several input devices including document scanners, 3D scanners, barcode readers, digital cameras, and touch screens. It describes how each device works by capturing and converting physical inputs into digital data that can be processed by computers.
The document discusses several input devices including document scanners, 3D scanners, barcode readers, digital cameras, and touch screens. It describes how each device works by capturing and converting physical inputs into digital data that can be processed by computers.
The cover is first raised thenthe document is placed on a glass panel and then the cover is closed.
A bright light then illuminates the document - modern scanners use a type of xenon lamp which produces a very bright white light.
A scan head moves across the document until the whole pagehas been scanned. An image of the document is produced whichis then sent to alens using a series of mirrors.The lens focuses the document image.
The focused image now falls onto a charge couple device (CCD) which consists of a number of integrated circuits etched into silicon. Essentially the CCD is made up of thousands of light-sensitive elements (or pixels). Each element creates an electric charge when light falls on it. This charge is sent to the ADC to convert it into digital values. Software produces a digital image from these digital values. Application of 2D scanners at an airport: 2D scanners are used at airports to read passports. They make use of OCR technology to produce digital images and select the text part and then automatically put the text into the correct fields of an existing database. At many airports the two-dimensional photograph in the passport is also scanned and stored as a jpeg image. The passenger's face is also photographed using a digital camera (a 2D image is taken so it can be matched to the image taken from the passport). The two digital images are compared using face recognition/detection software. Key parts of the face are compared. The face in the picture above shows several of the positions used by the face recognition software. Each position is checked when the software tries to compare two facial images. Data such as: • distance between the eyes • width of the nose • shape of the cheek bones • length of the jaw line • shape of the eyebrows are all used to identify a given face. When the image from the passport and the image taken by the camera are compared, these key positions on the face determine whether or not the twoimages represent the same face.
3D SCANNERS: 3D scanners scan solid objects and produce a tree-dimensional image. Since solidobjects have x, y and z coordinates, these scanners take images at several points alongthese coordinates. A digital image which represents the solid object is formed. The scanned images can be used in COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) orsent to a 3D printer to produce a working model ofthe scanned image.
Application of 3D scanning – computed tomography (CT) scanners
COMPUTED TOMOGRAFFIC(CT) SCANNERS are used to create a 3D image of asolid object. This is based on TOMOGRAPHY technology which basically builds upan image of the solid object through a series of very thin 'slices'. Together these 2D 'slices' make up a representation of the 3D solid object.
Each slice isbuilt up by use of X-rays, radio frequencies or gamma imaging; Each 'slice' is then stored as a digitalimagein the computer memory. The whole of the solid object is representeddigitally inthe computer memory. Depending on how the image is formed, the type of tomographic scanner canhave different names. For example: • X-rays CT scanners computerised tomography • radio frequencies MRI magnetic resonance imaging • gamma rays SPECT Single photon emission computed tomography.
BARCODE READER / SCANNERS:
A barcode is a series of dark and light parallel lines of varying thickness. The actual left-hand and right-hand sides of the barcode are separated using guard bars. The structure ofthese guard bars is shown in Figure below.
5 4 3 0 5 2 Guard Bars L DD L L L D 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
So what happens when a barcode is scanned?
• The barcode is first read by a red laser or red LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE). • Light is reflected back off the barcode; the dark areas reflect little or no light which allows the bars to be read. • The reflected light is read by sensors (photoelectric cells). • As the laser or LED light is scanned across the barcode, a pattern is generatedwhich is converted into digital data - this allows the computer to understand the barcode. • For example: the digit '5' on the left generates the pattern L D D L L L D (where L = light and D = dark); this has the binary equivalent of 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 (where L = 0 and D = 1 ).
QR Codes (Quick Response)
A kind of barcodes that are in the form of a square matrix. They can store up to7000 digits. It needs a special QR Scanner. Smart phones could also be used to scan and interpret a QR code. QR codes store numbers as well as pieces of text. They could store website links,URL, etc
Digital Cameras: Digital cameras are controlled by a microprocessor which can automatically carry out the following tasks: • adjust the shutter speed • focus the image automatically • operate the flash automatically • adjust the aperture size • adjust the size of the image • remove 'red eye' when the flash has been used Working: The photograph is captured when Light passes through the lens onto a Light sensitive cell (Sensor). This cell is made up of tiny elements known as pixels. The numberof pixels determine the size ofthe file used to store the photograph (e.g. a14-megapixel camera will need 42 megabytes to store each raw (uncompressed) photograph. By reducing the resolution to, for example, a jpeg
image, the storage requirement is reduced to 4 megabytes. The quality of the photograph also depends on many other factors, such as: • the type of lens used • the lighting and so on. The drawback of Mobile phones for photography is usually low picture quality due to poor lens quality and limited memory for the storage of photos.
Touch Screen Types:
Touch type Features / Functioning Benefits Drawbacks - upper layer of polyester and a -Relatively - poor screen visibility bottom layer of glass is used inexpensive in sunlight - when the top layer/screen is technology. - vulnerable to Resistive pushed/touched into the -Can use bare scratching lower/bottom layerthe electric fingers, gloved - wears through time current changes and location of fingers or stylus to -does not allow multi- “touch” is found input. touch facility Several layers of glass that act like a medium cost Allows only use of capacitor creating electric fields -good screen bare fingers to input between glass layers visibility in sunlight Capacitive When the top layer is touched, -multi-touch current alters and the position of the -durable (breaks location where current changes is only on a major determined by a microchip. impact) -uses glass for screen material -multi-touch -Relatively expensive Infra-Red -needs warm object Ex. Fingers for -use of bare fingers / -heat type allows only (Heat) the touch to work gloved fingers / bare fingers -uses glass for screen material stylus in optical -optical type breaks Infra-Red -uses an array of sensors in the form -durable then cannot use (Optical) of a grid, touch position is calculated touch at all based on which grid is touched.
Sensor Application Temperature • control a central heating system Sensor • control/monitor a chemical process • control/monitor the temperature in a greenhouse • control/monitor the moisture levels in soil in a greenhouse Moisture/Humidity • control/monitor the humidity levels in the air in a greenhouse Sensor • monitor dampness levels in an industrial application (e.g., monitor moisture in a paint spray booth in a car factory) • switch street lighting on at night and off during the day • monitor/control light levels in a greenhouse Light Sensor • automatically switch on a car's headlights when it gets dark • used in mobile phones to automatically help in increase or decrease screen brightness • turn on the windscreen wipers on a car automatically Infra-Red/Motion •detect intruders in a burglar alarm system Sensor • count people entering/leaving a building • detect intruders in a burglar alarm system Pressure Sensor • weigh things (e.g. check the weight of a vehicle) • monitor/control a process where gas pressure is important Acoustic /sound • pick up noise levels (e.g. footsteps) in a burglar alarm system Sensor • detect the noise of liquids dripping in a pipe
• monitor pollution levels in a river or in the air
Gas Sensor • measure 02and C02 levels in a greenhouse • check for C02 leaks in a power station • monitor/control acidity/alkalinity levels in the soil in a greenhouse Ph Sensor • pollution/environmental monitoring in rivers Magnetic Field any application where detection of changes in a magnetic field Sensor is required (e.g. in cell phones, CDplayers, etc.) • used in anti-lock braking systems in motor vehicles
Microphone A microphone is used to input voice / sound into the computer Working Principle: When you speak, sound waves created by your voice carry energy toward the microphone. Remember that sound we can hear is energy carried by vibrations in the air. Inside the microphone, the diaphragm moves back and forth when the sound waves hit it. The coil, attached to the diaphragm, moves back and forth as well. The permanent magnet produces a magnetic field that cuts through the coil. As the coil moves back and forth through the magnetic field, an electric current flows through it. The electric current flows out from the microphone to an amplifier or sound recording device. The electric current is sent through an ADC to convert the analogue current into digital / binary pattern. This is then stored in a storage device. Microphone is usually used for Speech Recognition and speech – to – text applications.
