TUTORIAL NOTES ON
ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
(EPE316B)
UNIT 1: SINGLE‐PHASE TRANSFORMERS
DR. UDOCHUKWU B. AKURU
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of Electrical Engineering
EXERCISE 1
A certain single-phase transformer has the following
parameters: 15 kVA, 2300/230 V, 50 Hz, R1 = 3.5 Ω,
R2 = 0.05 Ω, X1 = 5.5 Ω, and X2 = 0.065 Ω. Calculate
the per-unit values of the equivalent resistance and
reactance, respectively, on the
(a) high voltage side (6)
(b) low voltage side (6)
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 1(a)
On the high-voltage side:
Z 352.667 Ω √
V 2 300
a 10
V 230
R R R 3.5 10 0.05 8.5 Ω √
X X X 5.5 10 0.065 12 Ω √
Z R jX 8.5 j12 14.705∠54.689 Ω √
.
∴Z , 0.042∠54.689 p. u. √
.
0.024 j0.034 p. u. √√
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 1(b)
On the low-voltage side:
Z 3.527 Ω √
V 2 300
a 10
V 230
.
R R R 0.05 0.085 Ω √
.
X X X 0.065 0.120 Ω √
Z R jX 0.085 j0.120 0.147∠54.689 Ω √
. .
∴Z , 0.042∠54.689 p. u. √
.
N.B. the same Z , values is an indication that one need not refer circuit parameters from one
side to another when working with pu values.
EXERCISE 2
A 230 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has the 1500 turns
on the secondary. If the value of the maximum flux in the core
is 2.07 mWb, determine:
(a) The number of primary turns (2).
(b) The secondary induced emf (2).
(c) The net cross-sectional area of the core if the flux
density has a maximum value of 0.465 T (2).
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 2
(a) The number of primary turns. (2)
𝟏 𝟏 𝒎
𝑬𝟏 𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝟏 √√
𝟒.𝟒𝟒𝒇𝝓𝒎 𝟒.𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟎 𝟐.𝟎𝟕 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
(b) The secondary induced emf. (2)
𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝒎
√√
(c) The net cross-sectional area of the core if the flux density has a
maximum value of 0.465 T. (2)
𝝓𝒎
𝒎 𝚨
𝝓𝒎 𝟐.𝟎𝟕 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
√√
𝑩𝒎 𝟎.𝟒𝟔𝟓
EXERCISE 3
A 75 kVA single-phase transformer, rated at 6600/230 V with no-load,
requires 310 V across the primary to circulate full-load currents on short
circuit. If the power absorbed is 1.6 kW, determine:
(a) The percentage voltage regulation and the full-load secondary
terminal voltage for power factors of (i) unity, (ii) 0.8 lagging and
(iii) 0.8 leading. (7).
(b) If the input power to the transformer with no-load is 0.9 kW,
calculate the per-unit efficiency at full-load and half load for power
factor 0.8 and find the kVA at which the efficiency is maximum.
What is the value of maximum efficiency? (8).
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 3(a)
(i) For unity power factor:
𝑺 𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝑨
𝑽𝟏 𝟔 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑺 𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑰𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟕 𝑨 √
𝑽𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝟏 𝑷𝒔𝒄 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝜽𝒔𝒄 𝜽𝒆𝒒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟎 √
𝑽𝒔𝒄 𝑰𝒔𝒄 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟔𝟒
𝑽𝒔𝒄,𝑭𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒔𝒄 𝜽𝟐 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟐.𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝟎𝟎
%𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒈 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝒑. 𝒖. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐. 𝟏 % √
𝑽𝟏 𝟔 𝟔𝟎𝟎
(ii) For 0.8 lagging power factor:
𝑽𝒔𝒄,𝑭𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒔𝒄 𝜽𝟐 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟐.𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟕𝟎
%𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒈 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒑. 𝒖. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟒. 𝟐 % √ √
𝑽𝟏 𝟔 𝟔𝟎𝟎
(iii) For 0.8 leading power factor:
𝑽𝒔𝒄,𝑭𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒔𝒄 𝜽𝟐 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟐.𝟗𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟕𝟎
%𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒈 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝒑. 𝒖. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟖 % √ √
𝑽𝟏 𝟔 𝟔𝟎𝟎
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 3(b)
at full-load
𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟕𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎.𝟖 𝟔𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝜼𝒇𝒍 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒖 𝟗𝟔. 𝟎 % √√
𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑷𝒐𝒄 𝑷𝒔𝒄 𝟕𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎.𝟖 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟎
at half load
𝒏𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟔𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎.𝟓 𝟑𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝜼𝒉𝒍 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖 𝒑𝒖
𝒏𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑷𝒐𝒄 𝒏𝟐 𝑷𝒔𝒄 𝟔𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎.𝟓 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟎.𝟓𝟐 𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟗𝟓. 𝟖 % √√
maximum efficiency
𝑷𝒐𝒄 𝟗𝟎𝟎
𝒙 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒖 𝟕𝟓. 𝟎 % √
𝑷𝒔𝒄,𝒇𝒍 𝟏 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒙𝑺𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝟕𝟓 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑽𝑨 𝟓𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑽𝑨 √
𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟏 𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟗 𝒑𝒖 𝟗𝟔. 𝟗 % √√
𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟐𝑷𝒐𝒄 𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟓𝟖 𝟎𝟓𝟎
EXERCISE 4
The primary of a transformer has twice as many turns as the
secondary. The primary voltage is 220 V and a 5 Ω load is
connected across the secondary. Calculate the power delivered
by the transformer, as well as the primary and secondary
currents. (8).
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 4
𝑽𝟏 𝟐𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟎
∴ 𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝑽 √√
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝑰𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝑨 √√
𝑹𝑳 𝟓
𝑰𝟐 𝑽𝟏
𝒂 𝟐
𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟐 𝟐𝟐
∴ 𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝑨 √√
𝒂 𝟐
Or
𝑰 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟎
𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝑨
𝑽𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟎
𝑷𝒊𝒏 𝑽𝟏 𝑰𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝑾 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑾 √√
EXERCISE 5 (H/W)
A 50 kVA, 3300/230 V single-phase transformer having primary and secondary
impedances of Z1 = (0.7 + j0.8) ohms, Z2 = (0.015 + j0.03) ohms respectively and core
loss of 0.85 kW? Assume unity power factor, calculate the following:
(a) The total copper loss. (4)
(b) The full load efficiency. (2)
(c) The load at which maximum efficiency will occurs. (2)
(d) The maximum efficiency. (2)
(e) The equivalent impedance referred to the secondary. (2)
(f) The equivalent impedance referred to the secondary. (2)
(g) The voltage regulation and terminal voltage at unity power factor. (4)
(h) The per-unit impedance of the transformer. (4)
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 5
(a) The total copper loss. (4)
𝑺 𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑰𝟏 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟓 𝑨 √
𝑽𝟏 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝑺 𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝑰𝟐 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟗 𝑨 √
𝑽𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝑷𝒄𝒖 𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝟎. 𝟕 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟔𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝟕𝟎𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 𝟖𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑾 √√
(b) The full load efficiency. (2)
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝟓𝟎
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 % √√
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝟓𝟎 𝟎.𝟖𝟕 𝟎.𝟖𝟓
(c) The load at which maximum efficiency will occurs. (2)
Maximum efficiency occurs when copper loss = iron loss
𝒑𝒊 𝟎.𝟖𝟓
𝒏 0.977 √
𝑷𝒄𝒖 𝟎.𝟖𝟕
Load = 50 x 0.977 = 48.85 kW √
SOLUTION TO EXERCISE 5
(d) The maximum efficiency. (2)
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝟓𝟎
𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟕𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 % √√
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝟓𝟎 𝟎.𝟖𝟓 𝟎.𝟖𝟓
(e) The equivalent impedance referred to the secondary. (2)
𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟐
𝒁𝒆𝒒.𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟔∠𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔 √√
𝟑 𝟑𝟎𝟎
(f) The voltage regulation and terminal voltage at unity power factor. (4)
𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐,𝑭𝑳
%𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒈
𝑬𝟐
𝑽𝟐,𝑭𝑳 𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝒁𝒆𝒒𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟗 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟔∠𝟔𝟏. 𝟓 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟔∠ 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕 𝑽
𝑬𝟐 𝑽𝟐,𝑭𝑳 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟐𝟐𝟔.𝟏𝟏𝟔
%𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒈 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝒑. 𝒖 √√
𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝑽𝑻 𝑬𝟐 𝟏 𝒑. 𝒖. 𝑽𝒓𝒆𝒈 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟗 𝟐𝟐𝟔 𝑽 √√
(g) The per-unit impedance of the transformer. (4)
𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟐
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟐 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟖 √√
𝑺 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒁𝒆𝒒𝟐 𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟔
%𝒁𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒑. 𝒖 √√
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝟐 𝟏.𝟎𝟓𝟖
THANK YOU
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of Electrical Engineering
