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Introduction to Physics (University of Central Lancashire)

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A-level
BIOLOGY
7402/1
Paper 1
Mark scheme
June 2023
Version: 1.0 Final

*236A7402/1/MS*

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Examiner.

It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.

Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk

Copyright information

AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own
internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third
party even for internal use within the centre.

Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Mark scheme instructions to examiners

1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the examiner make his or her judgement and help to delineate what
is acceptable or not worthy of credit or, in discursive answers, to give an overview of the area
in which a mark or marks may be awarded.

The extra information in the ‘Comments’ column is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-
hand part of the mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where
consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the
diagram or at a different place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which
confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is
straightforward and consistent.

2. Emboldening
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is
used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a
potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the
mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for the same mark are indicated by the use of OR.
Different terms in the mark scheme are shown by a / ; eg allow smooth / free movement.

3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students
have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is
that ‘right + wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no
marks can be awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (often prefaced by ‘Ignore’ in the
‘Comments’ column of the mark scheme) are not penalised.

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

3.2 Marking procedure for calculations

Full marks can be given for a correct numerical answer, without any working shown.
However, if the answer is incorrect, mark(s) can usually be gained by correct substitution /
working and this is shown in the ‘Comments’ column or by each stage of a longer
calculation.

3.3 Interpretation of ‘it’

Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the
correct subject.

3.4 Errors carried forward, consequential marking and arithmetic errors

Allowances for errors carried forward are most likely to be restricted to calculation
questions and should be shown by the abbreviation ECF or consequential in the mark
scheme.
An arithmetic error should be penalised for one mark only unless otherwise amplified in
the mark scheme. Arithmetic errors may arise from a slip in a calculation or from an
incorrect transfer of a numerical value from data given in a question.

3.5 Phonetic spelling

The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless there is a
possible confusion with another technical term.

3.6 Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded
but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.

3.7 Ignore / Insufficient / Do not allow

Ignore or insufficient is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not
enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking
point.
Do not allow means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is
given, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Genetic material, capsid and attachment protein; 1. Accept ‘DNA or

RNA’ (the ‘or’ OR ‘/’
2. Genetic material codes for (viral) protein
is needed) OR
OR nucleic acid OR
Capsid protects the genetic genome for ‘genetic
material/RNA/DNA material’

OR 1. Ignore genetic
Attachment protein bind to receptors (on cell); information

1. and 2. Accept
glycoprotein for
attachment protein

1. Accept
nucleocapsid for
‘capsid and nucleic
acid’

2 1. and 2. Accept
01.1 capsomeres for
(2 x
capsid
AO1)
2. Accept DNA OR
RNA OR genome
for genetic material

2. Accept contains OR
stores OR encloses
for protects

2. Accept glycoprotein
for receptor

2. Accept ECF for

correct function of
incorrect viral
structural feature; eg
reverse transcriptase
produces DNA from
RNA

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. (Acellular) no cell(-surface) membrane 1. Accept have no

organelles/cytoplasm
OR
Ignore ‘do not contain
Not made of cells;
membrane-bound
2. (Non-living) have no metabolism/metabolic organelles’
reactions; 2
1. Accept ‘do not have
01.2 OR
(2 x cell structure(s)’
AO1)
Cannot (independently) move/respire/replicate/ 2. Accept correct
excrete named metabolic
reaction
OR
2. Accept reproduce
for replicate
(Have) no nutrition;

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Accept ‘do not have

Do not have bacterial structures/enzymes ribosomes’

OR Ignore 70S OR 80S

Do not have metabolic processes Accept named
1 metabolic processes;
01.3 for example, ‘do not
OR (AO1)
make protein’ OR ‘do
Do not have a cell wall/murein; not replicate’
Accept peptidoglycan
OR glycoprotein for
cell wall

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. (Alternate) monomers/glucoses are Ignore they are both

flipped/upside down/rotated (by 180o); polysaccharides
2. (Joined by) glycosidic bonds; 4. Accept as an
additional mark point,
3. (Forms) straight/linear/unbranched (chains/
‘contains 1-4
molecules);
3 max linkages/bonds’
02.1 (3 x 4. Reject if reference
AO2) made to 1-6
5. Accept as an
additional mark point,
‘have β glucose’
Ignore both contain C,
H and O

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

EITHER Mark as pairs, 1 and

2 OR 3 and 4 OR 5
1. Tracheole (wall) thin/one cell thick;
and 6
2. (So) rapid diffusion (into cells)
Ignore ‘liquid in
OR tracheoles’
(So) short diffusion pathway/distance;

OR
3. Accept touch OR
3. Tracheoles enter/supply tissues/muscle fibres; push OR ‘close to’ for
enter
4. (So) diffusion direct into cells
3. Accept cells for
OR 2 max
tissues
02.2 (So) short diffusion pathway/distance (2 x
AO1)
OR
(So) rapid diffusion (into cells);

OR 5. Accept ‘large
number’ OR ‘many’
5. Tracheoles are highly branched; for highly branched
6. (So) short diffusion distance/pathway
OR 6. Ignore SA
(So) large surface area for (rapid) diffusion; 6. Ignore ‘to volume
ratio’ OR ‘:vol’

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. (Allows unbroken) water column 1. Accept idea of

continuous flow OR
OR
stream of water
(So) no barrier to (water) movement;
1. Ignore chain of
2. Cohesion from H bonds between (all) water water molecules
(molecules)
OR
3 If 1, 2 or 3 are not
Cohesion from (polar) attraction between (all) awarded accept a
02.3 (3 x
water (molecules); principle mark for
3. Evaporation/transpiration creates tension (in AO1)
correct reference to
column) cohesion-tension
OR causing water
Water moves from xylem (into cells) creates movement
tension
OR
(To) pull up water creates tension (in xylem);

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Membrane-bound organelle(s) Ignore rER OR rough

ER
OR
Accept ‘80S
ribosomes’ OR
Mitochondrion/mitochondria
‘large(r) ribosomes’
OR Reject smooth

1 Reject nucleolus
Vesicle(s)/lysosomes
03.1 Reject cell membrane
(AO1)
OR

(Rough) endoplasmic reticulum

OR

Nucleus/(double) nuclear membrane/pore(s)/

nuclear envelope;

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Modify/package/transport proteins Accept processes for

modify
OR
1. and 2. Accept ‘adds
carbohydrate to’ for
Make/transport glycoproteins;
modify
2. Modify/package/transport lipids
1. Accept ‘adds lipid
to’ for modify
OR
1. Accept lipoprotein
Make/transport glycolipids; 2 max for glycoprotein
03.2 3. Forms/releases vesicles/lysosomes; (2 x 1 or 2. Accept
AO1) chylomicron for
glycoprotein/glycolipid
2. Accept
phospholipid for lipid
Accept additional
marking point,
4. Make/transport
polysaccharides, but
ignore cellulose

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Answer key:
1
03.3 India, Europe, East Asia, Central America, South
(AO3)
America

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Correct answer of 8.3814 million/8 381 400/8.3814

x 106 1 Accept any correct
03.4 numerical equivalent
OR (AO2) answer
6
8.4 million/8400000/8.4 x 10 ;

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Reject gene for allele

1. Mutation produced allele;
only once
2. Those with allele/resistance less likely to/do not
1. Reject ‘mutation
get malaria/P vivax
caused by
OR infection/exposure
to P. vivax’.
Those with allele/resistance survive malaria/P
vivax; 2. Accept converse;
4 eg ‘people lacking
3. (So more likely to) reproduce and pass on the
(2 x the allele die from
03.5 allele;
AO1, 2 malaria’
4. (Over generations) allele frequency x AO2)
increases; 4. Accept description
of increasing
frequency of allele
eg ‘higher
proportion’, ‘more
common’ but ‘ignore
increase in number
of allele’

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Reduced surface area 1. Ignore references

to diffusion OR
OR facilitated diffusion
Fewer co-transport/carrier/channel proteins; OR active transport
1. Ignore SA
2. Decreases water potential in ileum/lumen Accept gut for ileum
2. Accept Ψ for water
OR 3
potential
04.1 (3 x
Increases water potential in cells; 2. Ignore WP
AO2)
2. Accept reduces
3. (So) water moves out of cells/into ileum water potential
by osmosis gradient

OR 3. Accept lumen for

ileum
(So) less/no water moves into cells/out of ileum
by osmosis; 3. Accept absorbed
for moves

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Anti-toxins/antibodies cause phagocytosis/ 1. For ‘neutralised’,

destruction/agglutination/neutralisation (of accept idea of
toxin); preventing toxin
binding/damaging
cells lining the
2. Anti-toxin/antibody prevents/reduces (chance of)
ileum.
diarrhoea
OR
(C difficile) patients with no diarrhoea have 2. and 3 Accept
3
high(est) (concentration of) anti-toxin/antibody people for patients
04.2 (1 x
OR AO1, 2 2. Ignore symptoms
x AO2) for diarrhoea
(C difficile) patients with diarrhoea have low(est)
(concentration of) anti-toxin/antibody;
3. Accept ‘passive
3. (Offered to C. difficile) patients with diarrhoea immunity offered’ for
‘antibody offered’
OR

(Offered to) patients with low (concentrations of)

anti-toxin/antibody;

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Peptide bonds hydrolysed; Ignore named

structures in the
2. Endopeptidase(s) break internal (peptide) bonds;
digestive system
3. Exopeptidase(s) break terminal (peptide) bonds;
2. Accept ‘bonds
4. (Membrane-bound) dipeptidase(s) break within’ OR ‘bonds in
dipeptides to amino acids; middle’ for internal
3. Accept ‘external
3 max bonds’ OR ‘bonds at
04.3 ends’ OR ‘penultimate
(3 x
bonds’ for terminal
AO1)
2., 3. and 4. Accept
‘act on’ OR ‘affect’ OR
‘hydrolyse’ for break
4. Accept between 2
amino acids for
dipeptides
Ignore stomach acid

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Wash hands with soap

1. Ignore sterilise
hands OR surfaces
OR
1. Accept sanitise for
disinfect
Disinfect surfaces;
1. Accept antiseptic
/antimicrobial/alcohol
2. Use sterile pipette/syringe (to transfer bacteria);
(wipes)
1. and 7 Accept a
3. (Remove bottle lid and) flame neck of bottle;
named type of
disinfectant
4. Lift lid of (agar) plate at an angle;
2. Reject loop
2. Accept use
5. Work close to upward air movement;
unopened pipette/
syringe for sterile
6. Use sterile spreader;
4. Accept lift lid
3 max slightly OR keep lid
7. Place pipette/spreader into disinfectant
05.1 (3 x over plate
(immediately after use);
AO1) 4. Ignore ‘work quickly
with lid off’
5 Reject ‘air
movements sterilise
air’
5 Accept ‘convection
current’ for ‘upward air
movement’
6. Accept loop for
spreader
6. Examples of
sterilising technique
eg, flame OR ‘dip in
alcohol and flame’ OR
‘dip in disinfectant and
rinse (in sterile water)’

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Correct answer in range of 1.768 to 1.8 A common correct

answer for 2 marks is
OR
1.77
2 = 2 marks
Accept for 1 mark, evidence of
28/28.26/28.3 (correct calculation, π x 32)
OR 2
05.2
28.27433 (correct calculation using π value on (2 x
AO3) Accept correct
calculator)
rounding of figures
OR
0.4423 (correct calculation using diameter rather
than radius)
OR
1.76 (correct calculation but incorrectly rounded);

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

(Positive control) If not specified, accept the first

answer as being for the positive
1. Antimicrobial/ antibacterial (solution)
control
OR
1. Accept named
Antibiotic antimicrobial/antibacterial/
2 antibiotic/antiseptic/disinfectant
OR
05.3 (2 x
Antiseptic/disinfectant; AO3)
(Negative control)
2. (Sterile) water
OR
Oil (without cinnamon);

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Accept 16.6 and 13.4 as the

Median for all cultures 16 12 mean values (in this order)
1
05.4
Mean for all cultures 17 13 (AO2)

All four numbers correct;

14

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. (Mean ± 2SD) 12.2 to 21.8 and 8.6 to

1. Accept ECF for 1 mark,
17.4
correct SDs calculated using
OR
incorrect means in 05.4
(Mean ± 2SD) 11.8 to 21.4 and 9(.0) to
17.8

OR
2. Accept ECF for 1 mark,
(Mean ± 1.96 SD) 12.3 to 21.7 and 8.7
correct explanation based on
to 17.3 2 correct SDs calculated from
05.5 (2 x incorrect means in 05.4
OR
AO3)
(Mean ± 1.96 SD) 11.9 to 21.3 and 9.1
to 17.7;

2. (SD) overlap so difference (likely

2. Reject results are due to
to be) due to chance
chance OR results are
significant
OR

(SD) overlap so (likely) no

significant difference (in means);

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

(Genome)
1. Complete set of genes in a cell 1. Reject ‘all the
DNA/genes within a
OR species/population’

(All) the DNA in a cell

1 and 2. Accept
OR organism for cell

(All) the genes/alleles/genetic material in a

cell 2 2. For ‘full range’
06.1 accept ‘complete set’
(2 x OR all
OR AO1)

The total number of DNA bases in a 2. Do not accept

cell; ‘number of proteins’
unqualified
(Proteome)
2. (Full) range of proteins that a cell can produce
2. Ignore ‘range of
OR proteins that a
species/population
(Full) range of proteins coded for by the cell’s can produce’
DNA/genome;

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Can not identify/distinguish species;

2. (Optical) microscope resolution is low; 2. Ignore
magnification
3. Flagella (are fragile so) broken/damaged/missing

3 max
OR 4. Ignore difficult to
06.2 (3 x stain unqualified
Artefacts misinterpreted/mistaken for flagella; AO3)
5. Accept ‘out of
4. (Flagella) difficult to stain so not visible;
plane’ for ‘at an angle’
5. (Flagella) at an angle so not visible;

6. Not all bacteria have flagella;

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

DNA/mRNA/RNA base sequencing Accept genome

sequencing
OR
Amino acid sequencing

OR 1
06.3 Ignore detail OR
(AO1) magnification for
Use of electron microscopes with greater resolution
resolution
OR Accept abbreviations
TEM OR SEM in this
Use of electron microscopes and improved instance
staining/preparation;

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Correct answer of
19 565 (from measurement of 45mm) Accept answers that
round correctly to
OR those shown
20 000 (from measurement of 46mm)
OR
2
20 435 (from measurement of 47mm) = 2 marks;;
06.4 (2 x
AO2) Accept division by 2.3
Accept for 1 mark, evidence of x 10-3 OR 0.0023
45 000 OR 46 000 OR 47 000 (correct image size
in µm)
OR
÷ 2.3 (correct use of equation);

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Less (oxygen) loaded at high pO2 (compared Ignore references to

with no CO) ‘binding sites
occupied by CO’
OR
1. Accept ‘in lungs’ for
Maximum Hb saturation is 50% (oxygen);
‘high pO2’
2. (At low pO2) Hb has higher affinity (for oxygen);
1. Accept ‘levels (off)’
3. Hb has more oxygen at low pO2 OR ‘plateau at 50%’
for maximum
OR
3 1 Accept ‘only 50%’
Hb unloads less oxygen at low pO2; for ‘maximum (of)
07.1 (1 x
AO2, 2 50%’
x AO3) 3. Accept ‘in
(respiring)
cells/tissues’ for ‘low
pO2/cells’
3. Ignore ‘more
loading of oxygen at
low pO2’
3. Accept ‘less readily’
for less

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

(For scientists’ suggestion) Award 3 max only if

answer contains MP1
1. Children exposed (to CO) for 8 hours;
OR MP2
(Against scientists’ suggestion)
2. Children exposed (to CO) for 1 hour
3. Accept ‘(based on)
OR invalid assumptions’
Adults exposed (to CO) for 1 hour and 8 hours; for ‘may not be
accurate’
(But)
3. Maths model may not be accurate
3. Accept test OR
OR experiment OR
investigation for
Maths model did not use people; ‘maths model’
3 max
4. (Recommendation for people) only at rest
07.2 (3 x
OR
AO3)
Unknown effects of exercise (on CO uptake);
5. (People vary in) size/age/ethnicity
OR 5. Accept gender

Different sex; 6. Accept no SDs to

show if differences
6. No statistical test to show if differences are are significant
significant;
7. Unknown effects on CO exposure for people with
respiratory disease 7. Accept any named
respiratory disorder;
OR eg asthma OR
Unknown effects on CO exposure for smokers; coronary heart
disease
8. Might not be able to reduce CO (concentration)
in air below 10(mg m-3);

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. 2 nuclei (in cells)

OR
Cells (stopped) at telophase;
2
2. Cytokinesis prevented
08.1 (2 x
OR 2. Accept cell
AO3)
membrane not
Stopped (new) cell membrane forming
dividing/splitting/
OR pinching (in the cell)
Stopped cytoplasm dividing;

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. (MiTMAB) binds (to dynamin) other than the 1. Accept (MiTMAB)

active site; binds to dynamin at
an allosteric OR
2. Changes the shape of (dynamin) active site
inhibitor site
OR
3
2. Accept denature for
Changes the tertiary structure (of dynamin/
08.2 (1 x ‘change in shape’
enzyme);
AO1, 2
3. Not complementary so substrate does not bind x AO2) 3. Accept ES complex
(to active site) in this instance
OR 3. Ignore ESC
3. Accept fit OR
Not complementary so no/fewer enzyme- attach for bind
substrate complexes (form);

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. (At) lowest concentrations (all) dynamin is not

1. Accept graph
inhibited
readings in range 30
OR to 70 for lowest;
(At) lowest concentrations (MiTMAB) does not 1. Accept ‘has no
cause cell death/inhibit cytokinesis; effect’ for ‘cause cell
death/inhibit
2. (As MiTMAB) concentration increases more
cytokinesis’
dynamin is inhibited/inactive
1. and 3. Accept
OR
‘prevents inhibition
(As MiTMAB) concentration increases cell death of cell death’ for
increases ‘causes cell death’
OR 1, 2 and 3. Accept
(As MiTMAB) concentration increases ‘cell replication’ OR
3 mitosis for
cytokinesis decreases
08.3 (3 x cytokinesis
OR
AO2)
No change in cell number at 2000 (µg dm-3)
OR
No change in cell number at 0.0 (on y axis);
3. (At) highest (MiTMAB) concentrations all
dynamin is inhibited 3. Accept graph
readings >2000 to
OR 8000 for highest
(At) highest concentrations (MiTMAB) causes
cell death
OR
(At) highest concentrations (MiTMAB) inhibits
cytokinesis;

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Correct answer in range 19.3 to 19.7 = 2 marks;; Correct answer

19.3 (is obtained from
70 and 2000)
Accept for 1 mark evidence of
19.7 (is obtained from
70 and 2000 (correct readings from the graph) /
30 and 2000)
30 and 2000 (correct readings from the graph)
2
OR Accept for 1 mark,
08.4 (2 x any value in range 30
1930 (correct increase in MiTMAB, 70 to 2000) / AO2) to 70 and 2000

1970 (correct increase in MiTMAB, 30 to 2000)

Accept for 1 mark,
OR any value in the range
1930 to 1970
Division by 100/multiplication by 0.01 (correct
conversion to mass in 0.01 dm3);

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Antigen (at T and substrate); 1. Reject antigen in

blood
2. Enzyme-substrate complex (produces a
2
line/colour change) 2. Accept colourless
09.1 (2 x dye for substrate
OR
AO2)
2. Accept ES complex
Enzyme (binds) with substrate (produces
in this instance
line/colour change);

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Accept Blood/sample
Blood/sample has moved/diffused (above T in the 1
09.2 and anti-human
test);
(AO3) antibody have moved
(in the test)

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Accept mitosis OR
1. (Cancer/fused cells) divide/replicate
reproduce for divide
rapidly/uncontrollably;
1. Accept hybridoma
2. B cells produce (monoclonal) antibody;
2 for ‘fused cell’
09.3 (2 x 2. Accept ‘plasma
AO2) cells’ OR ‘memory
cells’ for ‘B cells’
2. Accept secrete OR
make for produce

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Harmful but not killed Must have idea ‘for’

OR and idea ‘against’
Harmful but only used once Accept stressed OR
exploited OR
OR
1 mistreated OR
Harmful but stops human suffering
09.4 abused for harmed
OR (AO3)
Accept illness OR
Harmful but produces (useful) medicine/drugs infection OR death for
OR suffering

Not harmed but injected (with a substance);

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

Max 2 from 4, 5 and 6

Accept ELISA test for
new test
1, 2 and 3 Accept
correct comparative
1. Better than current at detecting early but not as figures from Table 3
good as lab-based; OR calculations
(some examples in
2. New/current test better than lab-based from 5 table below)
days
1. and 2. Accept
OR higher proportion for
New test as good as current from 5 days; better

3. New test and lab-based better total (of) positives 1. Accept reference to
than current day(s) in range of 1
to 4 days for early
OR 3 max
1. Accept identifies
09.5 New test total (of) positives not (quite) as good (3 x OR finds OR spots
as lab-based; AO3) for detects
4. New test (likely to be) quicker; 1. and 2. Accept
5. New test (likely to be) cheaper; ‘more accurate’ OR
‘identifies more’ OR
6. Limited/inaccessible labs ‘finds more’ OR
OR ‘detects more’ OR
‘is more successful’
Limited training of people to use labs; OR ‘is more
effective’ for “better
than” and the
converse of these
statements for “not
as good as”
2. Accept after 4 days
4. Accept ‘more
efficient’ for quicker

Time after onset of

Number of positive results / % (combined with earlier result(s))
symptoms / days
Lab-based test Current test New test
1–2 71 0 43
3–4 74 (73) 16 (12) 63 (58)
5–7 44 (66) 78 (29) 78 (63)

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Increases water potential of blood/capillary 1. Accept Ψ for water

potential
OR
1 Ignore WP
Decreases water potential of tissue fluid; 2 1. Accept reduces
09.6 water potential
2. (So) less water returns to blood/capillaries (by (2 x
gradient
osmosis) AO2)
2. Ignore tissue fluid
OR
2. Accept ‘no’ for less
(So) more water leaves blood/capillaries (by
osmosis);

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

3. Accept alpha helix

1. Amino acids joined by peptide bond(s);
OR β-pleated sheet
2. (By) condensation reaction(s); for ‘secondary
structure’
3. Secondary structure is formed by hydrogen
4. Accept 3o for
bonding;
tertiary
4. Tertiary structure formed by interactions 5 4. and 5. Accept for
10.1 (between R groups); (5 x ‘interactions’,
5. Quaternary structure contains >1 polypeptide AO1) hydrogen bonds OR
disulfide bridges OR
OR ionic bonds OR
hydrophobic OR
Quaternary structure formed by hydrophilic
interactions/bonds between polypeptides; interactions
5. Ignore peptide

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Polymer of nucleotides; 1. Accept

‘polynucleotide’
2. (Nucleotide) consists of deoxyribose,
phosphate and an organic/nitrogenous base;
3. Phosphodiester bonds (between nucleotides); 2. Accept ‘phosphoric
acid’ for phosphate
4. DNA double helix held by H bonds
6 max 5. Ignore bases
OR
10.2 identified with letters
(6 x
2 strands held by H bonds; (A, T, G, C)
AO1)
5. (Hydrogen bonds/pairing) between adenine,
5. Reject adenosine
thymine and cytosine, guanine;
and cysteine
6. DNA is associated with histones/proteins;
Accept correctly
7. (During mitosis/when visible) chromosome annotated diagram(s)
consists of two chromatids joined at a for equivalent marking
centromere; points

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL BIOLOGY – 7402/1 – JUNE 2023

Question Marking Guidance Mark Comments

1. Independent segregation of homologous If no marks awarded

Chromosomes/pairs; accept one principle
mark ‘Meiosis
2. Crossing over between homologous
producing cells that
chromosomes/pairs;
are genetically
3. Random fertilisation of gametes; different (from one
another)’
4. (Produces) new combinations of alleles;
1. For ‘independent’
accept ‘random’

1. For ‘segregation’
accept ‘assortment’

2. Accept ‘within
bivalent’ for ‘between
4 homologous pair’
10.3 (4 x
AO1) 3. Ignore ‘random
mating’

3. Accept ‘random
fusion’ for ‘random
fertilisation’

Accept as an
additional mark point
5. (Produces) new
combinations of
maternal and
paternal
chromosomes
Ignore reference to
epigenetics

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