Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services

ISSN: 2231-6094 (P) Vol.9 No.2, 2019, pp.116-121

© The Research Publication, www.trp.org.in
DOI: https://doi.org/10.51983/ijiss.2019.9.2.611

Scientometrics: Tools, Techniques and Software for Analysis

V. Jayasree1 and M. D. Baby2
1
Research Scholar, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Professor & Head, School of Library & Information Science, Rajagiri College of Social Science, Kochi, Kerala, India
E-Mail: jayasreernair@gmail.com, dr.babyjohny@gmail.com

Abstract - This paper aims to discuss the significance of e- Russian term “naukometriya” (measurement of science)
resources on scientometrics study. Tools for scientometric coined by Nalimov and Mulchenko (1969). Scientometrics
analysis are listed out. Data collected from literature search is a branch of science which can also be termed as "Science
and website of softwares. Citation tracking tools like Web of of Science". It involves quantitative studies of scientific
science, Scopus and Google Scholar citations, CiteseerX etc.,
activities, especially publications, which overlap with
are discussed. Various software tools for bibliometric analysis
like Bibexcel, CiteSpace, Histcite, Pajek, Publish or Perish, bibliometrics to some extent. The terms bibliometrics and
Scholarometer, VOS viewer-tool for constructing and scientometrics were almost simultaneously introduced by
visualizing bibliometric networks, CitNet explorer - tool for Pritchard and by Nalimov and Mulchenko in 1969.
visualizing and analysing citation networks of publications etc Pritchard explained the term bibliometrics as “the
are discussed, The study concludes that combination of application of mathematical and statistical methods to books
different software tools can be used for complete scientometric and other media of communication, Nalimov and
analysis and the familiarization of bibliometric software Mulchenko (1989) define scientometrics, "as the application
among students and researchers will help to promote research of those quantitative methods which are dealing with the
in scientometrics in a more productive method.
analysis of science viewed as an information process.
Keywords: Scientometrics, Scientometric Analysis, Citation
Tracking Tools, Bibliometric Software According to these interpretations, scientometrics is
restricted to the measurement of science communication
I. INTRODUCTION whereas bibliometrics is designed to deal with more general
information processes. Scientometrics is related to and has
“Few would dispute the claim that a nation's science and overlapping interests with bibliometrics. The term
technology base is a critical element for its economic bibliometrics and scientometrics refer to component fields
strength, political structure and cultural validity”, related to the study of the dynamics of disciplines as
reflected in the production of their literature. Now a day's
Eugene Garfield both terms are used as synonyms and the borderlines
between the two specialties almost vanished. The work that
The importance of scientific knowledge is recognized like gave rise to the laws of bibliometrics was perhaps the
never before in this knowledge millennium age. There are earliest research with in the scientometric field. The first
many ways of looking at Science. According to Concise law, which came to be known as Lotka‟s Law, after Alfred
Oxford English Dictionary, science is the pursuit of Lotka, in 1926 suggested that within a defined area over a
systematic and ordered knowledge. It is a very complicated specific period a low number of authors accounted for a
system of knowledge production and knowledge exchange. large percentage of publications in the area. In 1935, George
It can be viewed as a means of constructing models of Kingsley Zipf, described the frequency of words in a text
reality. Science is a major human activity having far and became known as Zipf‟s Law. In 1948 Samuel Clement
reaching applications and implications in every aspect of Bradford‟s analysis indicated that within a given area over a
human life. But measuring such an activity, knowledge or specific time a few journals publish a high percent of
its impact in human life is a challenge and therefore the next articles and there are many journals that publish only a few
best thing to do is to measure all that is measureable about articles each which came to be known as Bradford‟s Law.
them like measuring the volume of research, i.e., scientific These laws form the foundation of the development of the
output of a country by the number of research papers modern-day scientometric literature. The development of
published by scientists in that country, extent of the Impact Factor and the work of Eugene Garfield is one of
collaboration, citation rate for measuring the impact of the most renowned accomplishments in the field of
articles etc., scientometrics. Garfield first described the Impact Factor in
1955 as a method of selecting journals for inclusion in a
Quantification is imperative in all aspects of life. The genetics citation index he had been developing. This
academic and research activities need to be measured even eventually resulted in the publication of the Science Citation
in the scholarly world. Scientometrics has become a leading Index in 1961 as a means of linking articles together via
tool for measuring the value of research activities. The term their references. Since then, journal Impact Factor has
“Scientometrics” has been first used as a translation of the developed into a widely used bibliometric indicator. In the
meantime, Derek De Solla Price was studying the

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 Scientometrics: Tools, Techniques and Software for Analysis

exponential growth of science and the citation activity of IV. WEB BASED TOOLS
scientific literature. Several papers were published by him
who described the key elements of scientometric analysis, The Impact Factor continued to grow as a significant factor
including work on patterns of communication between and in the late 1990s Thomson Scientific launched a web-
scientists and the overall history and study of science itself. based version of the citation indices, allowing users to
search across citation databases on the Internet. Internet
II. APPLICATIONS OF SCIENTOMETRIC and e-resources has become an essential tool for research
TECHNIQUES and analysis. Several new citation measures were
developed that were formerly impractical. These include
Scientometrics as a technique has extensive applications in article download counts and Google‟s Page Rank, a
understanding the structure of a discipline, identifying the numerical value that represents the importance of a page on
research trends and research networks, growth of the Web. New areas such as webometrics have also
knowledge, calculating the research impact of a published developed to look at the quality of Web pages and links
work, , trends in authorship and collaboration in research, within them. Web usage and weblog analysis are
identify suitable research partners in one's own specialized sophisticated new techniques that allow researchers to
research field, potential for cross disciplinary work, and understand how the Web is used for analysis. In 2004
potential for national and international collaboration. In the Scopus was released as a new tool to search and navigate
area of information dissemination, it helps in the decision through the literature and link between references and
making of - where to publish for maximum visibility, citations. This abstracts and provide citation database of
analyze and compare journal information and track how peer-reviewed literature& patents. Web sources has also
research is received by others. Institutions can use introduced additional tools that increase the speed and
scientometrics tools to make informed decisions like accuracy of research evaluation. One of these is the Author
allocation of funds, policy decisions, track emerging trends Identifier that automatically matches and de-duplicates
and find niche research areas, compare and benchmark author names, with a 99% accuracy rate. Attention is
impact of research with other institutions, find collaborating increasingly turning from rating the performance of journals
partner/institutions national, internationally, with in an to also rating individual authors. The h-index, a simple
institution/track corporate/academic collaboration. It also metric developed in 2005 by Professor J. Hirsch and
helps to find an institutions disciplinary focus/to see how adopted by Scopus and Web of Science is one way to do
institutions collaborate geographically/institutions research this, while the Scopus Citation Tracker allows users to track
strength/most productive author and institutions in a who is being cited, how often and by whom. This can also
particular discipline. It helps to identify the core periodicals, help identify research trends. Other key indicators that have
journal impact factor, citation studies/productivity metrics, been developed include the Eigen factor, the Y factor and
author metrics, scholarly output, h- indices and so on. The the g-index.
most common units of analysis in science mapping are
journals, documents, cited references, authors and V. SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY: SOURCES FOR DATA
descriptive terms or words.
Journals are traditionally the most valued data source for
III. SCIENTOMETRIC INDICATORS scientometric study. However most of recent studies use
digital data sources. Data collection from publications will
Indicators for science and technology may be defined as be cumbersome task for researchers. Many digital data
"statistics which measure quantifiable aspects of the sources are now available and output of the study depends
creation, dissemination and application of science and on the knowledgeable selection of data source. Multiple
technology. Scientometric indicators guide the decision of databases are also used for studies. The bibliographic and
science and technology policy makers. Systematic and citation data for analysis are collected through bibliographic
appropriate scientometric indicators would provide the databases, citation databases, journal indices, library
policy makers with an indication of the national science and catalogs and information systems, institutional information
technology system and the relationship between scientific systems, national databases and so on. Scientometric
and technological efforts and economic growth .They can analysis has different steps: data retrieval, preprocessing,
serve as instruments of planning, evaluation and resource network extraction, normalization, mapping, analysis,
allocation. The scientific information is measured in two visualization and conclusions.
ways both in practical and strategic domain. Search of
information by users is included in the practical way and VI. KINDS OF DATA SOURCES
monitoring of science developments and the analysis of the
changing structure of science is included in the strategic Nowadays, there are several online bibliographic and
way. Growth rate, average relative impact factor, bibliometric databases where scientific works and
collaboration rate, international collaboration rate, national documents and their citations are stored. These sources of
collaboration rate, number of papers, specialisation index, bibliographic information allow us to search and retrieve
visualisation of collaboration network are some of the information about the majority of scientific fields.
scientometric indicators.

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A. Bibliographic Databases: Bibliographic databases or Some of the widely used data sources for scientometric
Indexes are fine for finding further resources written about a studies are:
particular subject. They contain bibliographic information
(title of article, journal name, author, date of publication, A. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS): CAS is a division of
volume #, issue, page #, etc.) about various types of American Chemical Society. It is a source of chemical
publications and formats (print, video, audio, software, etc.). information. It includes CAplus and Registry. CAplus
- CAS, Compendex, ERIC, LISA, Inspec, MathScinet,and consists of bibliographic information and abstracts for all
Pubmed are basically bibliographic databases. These articles in chemical journals worldwide and chemistry
databases can't be used for studies related to citation related articles from all scientific journals, patents and other
analyses as they do not contain citation data. The difference scientific publications. Its coverage is from 1907 onwards
between bibliographic databases and citation databases is in an is located in Columbus, Ohio, United States
the fact that bibliographic databases contain only the
bibliographic details whereas the citation databases contain B. CiteseerX: Citeeser was the first digital library and
both bibiliographic details and citation data. search engine to provide automated citation indexing and
citation linking by autonomous citation indexing. Citeseer
B. Citation Databases: Citation databases somewhat vary in was developed in 1997at the NEC Research Institute,
their content with that of bibliographic databases. To Princeton, New Jersey by Steve Lawrence, Lee Giles and
acknowledge the ideas taken from prior works, citation is Kurt Bollacker. It is an evolving scientific literature digital
the top practice among scholarly society. The library and search engine that has focused primarily on the
acknowledgement will be in the form of references at the literature in computer and information science. CiteSeerX
end of the article. Citation databases are specific for aims to improve the dissemination of scientific literature
presenting each article incorporated in the base also by the and to provide improvements in functionality, usability,
respective list of references in addition to bibliographic availability, cost, comprehensiveness, efficiency, and
record. These lists of references are called cited references timeliness in the access of scientific and scholarly
or citations. The search according to cited references is knowledge.
more complete because it enables follow up of a particular
topic through all articles on the topic which are included in CiteSeerX has developed new methods and algorithms to
the database. Specifically citations are assumed to be linked index PostScript and PDF research articles on the Web.
to the topic of the current paper by their contents, Autonomous citation indexing, automatic metadata
irrespective of the reasons for their citing. Citation extraction, citation statistics, reference linking, author
databases provide data on the number of citations received disambiguation, citation context, related documents, full-
by a particular journal, author, or paper as well as allowing text indexing, query-sensitive summaries, metadata of
the literature searching according to topic Citation databases articles are some of the features.
includes Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus,
CiteseerX etc. Each source has its own merits and demerits C. Ei Compendex: It is a product of Elsevier. Ei Compendex
and therefore selection of data source is a critical question. is the broadest and most complete engineering literature
database available in the world. It provides a truly holistic
VII. DATABASES AS DATA SOURCES and global view of peer reviewed and indexed publications
with over 20 million records from 77 countries across 190
Databases developed by commercial establishments or by engineering disciplines. Every record is carefully selected
public or private institutions form the sources of data for and indexed using the Engineering Index Thesaurus.
web based scientometric studies. One or more databases for Founded in 1884, Engineering Index has recorded virtually
every established academic discipline is also there. Subject every major engineering innovation from around the world.
oriented fields (e.g. classification codes, descriptors, The Engineering Index back file provides a comprehensive,
identifiers, keywords, words in the title, words in the historical view of engineering innovations from 1884-1969
abstract, words in the full text), type of publication (e.g. with over 1.7 million records digitized from the original
journal paper, conference paper, book, patent, report, etc.), print indexes. It is available on Engineering Village.

source (e.g. journal title, CODEN, ISSN number, ISBN D. ERIC: The Education Resources Information Center
number, patent number, year of publication, volume, (ERIC) - is an online digital library of education research
number of issue, pages, name of publisher, place of and information. ERIC is sponsored by the Institute of
publication), responsibility (e.g. name of authors, editors, Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of
translators), geographical and institutional information (e.g., Education. ERIC provides ready access to education
country of its editor, name and corporate affiliation of the literature to support the use of educational research and
authors - name of organization, city, country , language(s) information to improve practice in learning, teaching,
of publication , secondary source (eg. year, volume and educational decision-making, and research. ERIC provides
number of the abstract), citations or references are some unlimited access to more than 1.4 million bibliographic
among the data elements in the databases used for records of journal articles and other education-related
scientometric studies. materials, with hundreds of new records added multiple

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times per week. If possible, links to full text in Adobe PDF J. Scopus: Scopus is multidisciplinary and diversified
format are included. Within the ERIC Collection, you will literature database produced and upheld by
find records for: journal articles, books, research syntheses, Elsevier launched in 2004. It is an abstract and citation
conference papers, technical reports, policy papers, and database of peer-reviewed literature with smart tools that
other education-related materials. track, analyze and visualize research. Scopus covers nearly
36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 inactive titles)
E. Google Scholar: Google Scholar a freely available from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346
citation database for searching scholarly literature was are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life
introduced by Google Inc in 2004. Google Scholar has sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health
become a major data source for citation analysis and sciences. It covers three types of sources: book
scholarly information for researchers, librarians and others series, journals, and trade journals. All journals covered in
because of free availability and indexing of different forms the Scopus database, regardless of who they are published
of scholarly information (book chapters, conference under, are reviewed each year to ensure that high quality
proceedings, books, pre-print servers and other forms) other standards are maintained. The complete list is on
than journals. the SCImago Journal Rank website. Its strength is
standardising and reliably identifying author names and
F. Inspec: The Inspec database contains 13 million abstracts institution names. Searches in Scopus also incorporate
and specialized indexing to the world's quality research searches of patent databases. Scopus gives four types of
literature in the fields of electronics, computer science, quality measure for each title; those are h-Index, CiteScore,
physics, electrical, control, production and mechanical SJR (SCImago Journal Rank) and SNIP (Source
engineering since late 1960's. It contains index and abstracts Normalized Impact per Paper).
of articles selected from nearly 5000 scientific and technical
journals (1600 of which are indexed from cover to cover), K. Web of Science: Originally produced and upheld by
some 2500 conference proceedings, as well as numerous Institute of Scientific Information, afterwards by Thomson
books, reports, dissertations and scientific videos. It is Reuters and today by Clarivate Analytics, Web of Science is
published by The Institution of Engineering and a platform consisting of several literature search databases
Technology, Stevenage, Herts., U.K. designed to support scientific and scholarly research. Web
of Science is a premier research platform for information in
G. Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA): the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. It is a
LISA (maintained by ProQuest) is an international collection of databases, most important among them being
abstracting and indexing tool designed for library Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, and
professionals and other information specialists. LISA Arts & Humanities Citation Index. It contains nearly the
currently abstracts over 440 periodicals from more than 68 same journal publications as Scopus, over 18,000 high
countries and in more than 20 different languages. The impact journals, over 180,000 conference proceedings, and
temporal coverage is from 1969 onwards. over 80,000 books from around the world. Its coverage is
from the year 1900 to present day and provides the
H. MathSciNet: It is an electronic database of reviews, possibility to search for publications, citations and h-
abstracts and bibliographic information for mathematical indexes. Search results can also be analyzed in the same
sciences literature. Over 100,000 new items are added each way as within the Scopus database. The use of Web of
year, most of them classified according to the Mathematics Science is significantly slowed down by the fact that the
Subject Classification. MathSciNet contains over 2.8 author names have not been standardised.
million items and over 1.6 million direct links to original
articles. Bibliographic data from retro digitized articles VIII. SOFTWARE FOR SCIENTOMETRIC
dates back to the early 1800's. This web of citations allows ANALYSIS
users to track the history and influence of research
publications in the mathematical sciences. In the technology era, qualitative and reliable databases are
there for collecting and analyzing huge amount of data for
I. Pub Med: National Library of Medicine (NLM), United scientometric studies. There are a number of analyzing tools
States has been indexing the biomedical literature since which can be used for scientometric analysis. The databases
1879, to help provide health professionals access to provide fast, inexpensive, advanced, domain dependent,
information necessary for research, health care, and reliable and reproducible analytical tools. Article counting
education. MEDLINE contains journal citations and on different attributes, removal of duplicate items (when
abstracts for biomedical literature from around the world. multiple sources are used), frequency analysis, defining of
Since 1996, free access to MEDLINE has been available to subset, ranking on specific criterion, h-index calculation,
the public online via PubMed. It comprises more than 22 link analysis, mapping, visual representation, integration
million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, with external programs, etc., are all possible with modern
life science journals, and online books. Citations may databases. The popular bibliometric software/tools are:
include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and BibExcel, CiteSpace, HistCite, Pajek, Publish or Perish,
publisher web sites. Scholarometer, Scholar h-index Caculator and so on.

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A. BibExcel: It is a free-software designed by Olle Persson of science, as a method to explore the degree of
of Sweden for academic and non-profit use. It can be used interdisciplinarity of a set of publications.
for analyzing Frequency distribution (Authors, Titles,
Citations, or any field specified), and Co-occurrence G. Loet Leydesdorff: Leydesdorff‟s software is a set of
analysis (includes Co-citation analysis, Bibliographic command-line programs that enable a science mapping with
coupling, Co-author analysis, Coword analysis). A useful different analysis functions to be performed. It was
feature in Bibexcel is the one that enables us to produce data developed at the UniversityofAmsterdam (TheNetherlands).
matrices for export to statistical software. It allows easy The set of programs is freely accessible to the academic
interaction with other software, e.g. Pajek, Excel, SPSS, etc. community. It is a software to transform and analyse
The program offers the user high degree of flexibility in bibliometrics data obtained from sources such as Scopus,
both data management and analysis and this flexibility is Web of Science and Google Scholar for co authorship,
one of the program's real strengths. international, institutional collaboration networks, co-word,
co-citation and bibliographic analysis. The results can be
B. BiblioTool: It is a set of python scripts (open source) visualized using external software such as Pajek,
written by Sebastian Grauwin. They can read ISI data in csv
format and do some analyses including cooccurence map H. Pajek: It is a free python based software for analyses and
and bibliographic coupling. visualization of huge networks with a large to very large
number of vertices. Pajek, an unusual name in English,
C. Cite Space: A free Java based software created by means a spider Slovenian language. It was started in the
Chaomei Chen is a tool to visualize and analyze trends and year 1996 and developed into one of the most popular
patterns in scientific literature. It is a free Java application software in the field of visualization and largely used by
that can be downloded by the users. The input data sources experts in scientometrics. Pajek is very useful tool in areas
for CiteSpace are Web of Knowledge, PubMed, arXiv, like organic chemistry, genealogy, data mining, diffusion
ADS, and NSF Award Abstracts. A unique feature of networks etc. It can also be used in bibliometrics for
CiteSpace is that records from Derwent World Patents visualize the collaboration and citation networks. Pajek is
Index can also be visualized. CiteSpace provides various developed by Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar. Some
functions to facilitate the understanding and interpretation procedures were contributed also by Matjaz Zaversnik.
of network patterns and historical patterns, including
identifying the fast-growth topical areas, finding citation I. Publish or Perish: It is a popular software program
hotspots in the land of publications, decomposing a network among scholars that retrieves and analyzes academic
into clusters, automatic labeling clusters with terms from citations. It is developed and maintained by A.W. Harzing.
citing articles, geospatial patterns of collaboration, and It interprets Google Scholar outputs and allows academics
unique areas of international collaboration. CiteSpace to easily check their own or others performance. It
supports structural and temporal analyses of a variety of computes excellent citation statistics about each author‟s
networks derived from scientific publications, including work, including an overall „times cited‟ score and times
collaboration networks, author co-citation networks, and cited per year since publication. Total number of papers
document cocitation networks. It also supports networks of Total number of citations ,Average number of citations per
hybrid node types such as terms, institutions, and countries, paper, Average number of citations per author , Average
and hybrid link types such as co-citation, co-occurrence, number of papers per author , Average number of citations
and directed citing links. per year , Hirsch's h-index and related parameters , Egghe's
g-index and some more metrics can be calculated using this.
D. Copal Red: A free program written by Xavier Polanco
for the analysis of scholarly publications and scientometric J. Scholarometer: Scholarometer (previously Tenurometer)
purposes like analyzing and visualizing the network is called so as it provides service to scholars by computing
structure of a scientific field. citation-based impact measures. It is a social tool to
E. HistCite: A free software developed by Eugene Garfield, facilitate citation analysis and help evaluate the impact of an
popularly known as the father of Citation Analysis. HistCite author's publications. Scholarometer helps authors and
is a system designed to help selectively identify the academic administrators evaluate the impact of someone's
significant (most cited) papers retrieved in topical searches research publications, citation-based impact measures.
of the Web of Science (SCI, SSCI and/or AHCI). Once a Using Scholarometer, one can compute Hirsch‟s h-index,
marked list of papers has been created, the resulting Export Egghe‟s g-index, and Schreiber's hm index. The latest
file is processed by HistCite to create tables ordered by version of Scholarometer can also calculate the new
author, year, or citation frequency as well as historiographs universal h-index (developed by Radicchi, Fortunato and
which include a small percentage of the most-cited papers Castellano).
and their citation links.
K. VOSviewer: A free Java based program, intended to be
F. Interdisciplinary Research (IDR): A free tool to measure used for analyzing and visualizing bibliometric networks. It
and map interdisciplinary research. It creates overlay maps can create maps of publications, authors or journals based
on a co-citation network or to construct maps of keywords

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