Chapter 12 Test Study Guide: Molecular Genetics and DNA

Abdulaziz AlObaidi
Test date: Monday January 16 2023
Format: MCQ, Labeling, Short Answers, Matching

Chapter 12 Section 1 and 2: DNA Structure and

Replication
Powerpoint Link

Vocabulary : Quizlet

DNA: Erwin pentose sugar and

deoxyribonucleic Chargaff:discover phosphate
acid, a ed that A=T and Nitrogen Base :
self-replicating G=C Adenine, Thymine,
material present DNA Structure: Guanine, Cytosine
in nearly all living DNA is like a Purine: a
organisms . It is ladder or spiral nitrogenous base
the carrier of staircase. The that has a
genetic outside is made of double-ring
information. a sugar-phosphate structure; either
Watson and Crick: backbone with adenine or guanine
discovered the alternating sugars Pyrimidine: a
structure of DNA and phosphates nitrogenous base
Roslind Franklin: and the inside that has only one
Woman who "steps" are the ring structure.
generated x-ray nitrogenous bases. cytosine, thymine,
images of DNA, RNA: a single uracil
she provided stranded nucleic Monomer: DNA’s
Watson and Crick acid monomer
with key data Nucleotide: nucleotide; small
about DNA organic molecule organic molecules
made up of a that make up
nitrogenous base, polymers.
Semi-conservative Lagging Strand: to make a single
replication: in During DNA fragment
each new DNA replication, it is Primase:an enzyme
double helix, one replicated in the that makes short
strand is from the 5′ - 3′ direction RNA sequences
original molecule, (opposite called primers,
and one strand is direction to the which serve as
new replication fork). starting points for
DNA replication: DNA is added to DNA synthesis.
The process in in discontinuous Okazaki
which DNA makes chunks called fragments: Small
a duplicate copy 'okazaki fragments of DNA
of itself. fragments' that produced on the
Hydrogen bonds in are glued lagging strand
DNA:A weak together through during DNA
chemical bond ligase replication, joined
that holds Helicase: An later by DNA
together the two enzyme that ligase to form a
complementary untwists the complete strand.
strands of DNA. double helix of Replication Fork:a
Leading Strand: DNA at the Y-shaped point
a single DNA replication forks. that results when
strand that, DNA the two strands
during DNA polymerase:an of a DNA double
replication, is enzyme that uses helix separate so
replicated in the a single strand of that the DNA
3' - 5' direction DNA as a molecule can be
(same direction as template to replicated
the replication assemble a new DNA orientation:
fork). DNA is strand by adding Antiparallel 3'-5'
added complementary and 5'-3',
continuously, one nitrogen bases direction
complementary Ligase: An enzyme determined by
base at a time. that connects two orientation of
fragments of DNA sugar
Topics To Know
1. What is the basic structure of a DNA molecule?
DNA is
- A polymer made of nucleotides (monomers)
- like a “twisted ladder,” it forms a double helix
- Has 2 long strands ( connected by hydrogen bonds)
- Sides of DNA: phosphate & deoxyribose sugars
- Middle: nitrogen bases

2. Know how to label the parts of a DNA molecule

3. What is the orientation of a DNA molecule?

Orientation of A DNA molecule is antiparallel.
- Leading strand is 3’ to 5’
- Lagging strand is 5’ to 3’
 4. What are the differences between purines and pyrimidines?

Purines: Pyrimidines:

Large Small

Contain 2 carbons, 2 hydrogens, & 2 Contain 1 carbon, 1 hydrogen, 1 nitrogen

nitrogen rings

Adenine and Guanine Cytosine and Thymine

5. Know Erwin's chargaff's base pairing rules

- Amount of Adenine = Thymine ( Apple Tree)

- Amount of Cytosine = Guanine ( Car Garage )

6. How did Rosland Franklin and Erwin Chargaffs work help Watson and Crick
with their research?

Chargaff’s work helped as they were able to identify the bond between purines and
pyrmidines , and Franklin’s xray allowed them to see how the backbone looked like.

7. What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication happen?

- DNA replication occurs in interphase in its S phase.

8. State the four enzymes and their role in DNA replication

● Helicase (“ the unzipping enzyme”): unwinds the double helix, by breaking

hydrogen bonds which later forms a replication fork.

● Primase (“ the initializer”): generates RNA primers.

- RNA primers act as templates to place the new complementary
nitrogenous bases.

● DNA Polymerase ( “ the builder”): places new nitrogenous bases.

● Ligase (“ the gluer”): joins Okazaki fragments together

 9. What is the difference between the leading and the lagging strand?

Leading strand: Lagging strand:

3’ to 5’ (toward replication fork) 5’ to 3’ ( against replication fork)

Goes through continuous replication Goes through discontinuous replication

Does not require ligase Require ligase to join up Okazaki

fragments

10. Explain how the leading and lagging strands are replicated.
Leading strand: (Continuous Replication)
1. Helicase unwinds the double helix.
2. Primase lay templates for new nitrogenous bases.
3. DNA polymerase builds new strands by adding complementary nitrogenous
bases continuously. ( 5’ to 3’)

Lagging Strand: ( Discontinuous Replication)

1. New RNA primers are added (on lagging), as the replication fork continues.
2. DNA polymerase adds the complementary nitrogen bases forming Okazaki
fragments.
3. Ligase fills up the spaces in between the Okazaki fragments.

Result of Replication: (Semi-conservative replication): A strand from the original

DNA and a strand from the new copied.

11. Explain the difference between DNA and RNA

DNA RNA

Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose

Strands Two strands One strand

Size Long Short

Replication Can self-replicate CANNOT self-replicate

 Nitrogen Bases ATCG A(U)CG

Chapter12 Section 3: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Powerpoint Link

Vocabulary : Quizlet

Messenger RNA: directs the polymerase where

RNA molecule formation of a to begin
that carries specific protein at transcription.
copies of a ribosome in the Terminator gene;
instructions for cytoplasm Sequence of bases
the assembly of Introns: sequence at the end of a
amino acids into of DNA that is gene that signals
proteins from not involved in the RNA
DNA to the rest coding for a polymerase to
of the cell protein stop transcribing
Transfer Exons: Coding Start codon: AUG
RNA:type of RNA segments of (methionine).
molecule that eukaryotic DNA. Stop codon:UAA,
transfers amino codons:three-nucl UAG, UGA.
acids to ribosomes eotide sequence RNA polymerase:
during protein on messenger RNA Enzyme similar to
synthesis that codes for a DNA polymerase
Ribosomal single amino acid that binds to DNA
RNA:type of RNA anticodons:group and separates the
that combines of three bases on DNA strands
with proteins to a tRNA molecule during
form ribosomes that are transcription
Transcription: a complementary to Template strand:
process where the an mRNA codon The DNA strand
DNA sequence in a Amino acids that provides the
gene is copied into :monomers of template for
mRNA proteins ordering the
Translation: the Promoter gene: A sequence of
process where region of DNA nucleotides in an
genetic with a specific mRNA transcript.
information coded sequence that Its in the 3 prime
in messenger RNA tells RNA
to 5 prime of DNA strand, Ribosome reaches
direction and synthesis a stop codon on
Nontemplate begins mRNA (UAG,
strand : the Translation UAA, or UGA)
strand of DNA initiation:in this Protein:
that is not used to stage, the -perform most of
transcribe mRNA; ribosome gets cell's functions
this strand is together with the -serve as building
identical to the mRNA and the blocks for cell
mRNA except first tRNA so structures
that T nucleotides translation can -form enzymes
in the DNA are begin. that catalyze the
replaced by U Transcription cell's chemical
nucleotides in the elongation :mRNA reactions
mRNA is assembled by -regulate activity
Polypeptide chain : adding nucleotides of genes
A chain of amino complementary to -enable cells to
acids linked DNA template move and
together by strand - DNA communicate w/
peptide bonds. rewinds once read each other
Central Dogma: Translation Protein
information is elongation :tRNAs folding:Process by
transferred from carry amino acids which a protein
DNA to RNA to to ribosome and structure assumes
protein attach according its functional
Gene Expression: to mRNA shape.
process by which a Transcription Protein Synthesis
gene produces its termination:When :is process by
product and the RNA polymerase which the genetic
product carries reaches code puts
out its function terminator, together proteins
Transcription transcription in the cell.
initiation :RNA stops & RNA chain Ribosome
polymerase is released :organelle that
attaches to the Translation makes protein
promoter region termination:
Topics To Know
1. Compare the three types of RNA and know their role in protein synthesis.

Name mRNA ( Messenger RNA) rRNA ( Ribosomal RNA) tRNA ( Transfer RnA

Function -Carries genetic info from -Combines with protein to -Transfers amino acids to
DNA for assembly of make a ribosome. ribosomes during protein
amino acids. synthesis

2. Know the steps of protein synthesis.

Transcription:- Process of making a mRNA from a DNA template strand in the nucleus.

1. Initiation:
● RNA polymerase binds
to DNA at the
promoter and unzips
DNA molecule
- ( Promoter gene
tells RNA
polymerase
where to start
transcription)
2. Elongation
● RNA polymerase moves
along the template
strand ( 3’ to 5’) adding
complementary RNA
nucleotides in (5’ to 3’)
- Strand that is read is called template strand
- Strand that is not read called non-template
3. Termination
● RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence , transcription stops &
RNA strand is released
Result: mRNA is formed and exits the nucleus to go to the ribosome (cytoplasm)
RNA Processing
- Introns are going to be removed and exons are going to be glued together to
remove unnecessary codes the body won’t use.

Translation: process where genetic info in mRNA directs formation of protein in ribosome
in the cytoplasm.
1. Initiation:
● 5’ part of mRNA binds
to ribosome and a
tRNA carrying
methionine binds to
the start codon
(sequence AUG)
2. Elongation:
● Ribosome reads
mRNA code 3 letters
at a time and match
them to an anti-codon
on tRNA, and attach
amino acids once they
connect.
3. Termination:
● Ribosome reaches a
stop codon on mRNA (UAG, UAA, or UGA) and forms a polypeptide chain.

Result: Once translation ends a polypeptide chain is formed, this chain will later on fold
into a protein that will serve a certain function.

3. Know the importance of proteins for an organism

Importance of Proteins:-
- perform most of cell's functions
- serve as building blocks for cell structures
- form enzymes that catalyze the cell's chemical reactions
- regulate activity of genes
- enable cells movement & communication
 4. During what stage of the cell cycle does protein synthesis happen?
Protein Synthesis occurs during interphase in its Growth 1 (G1) Phase.

5. Understand what happens in initiation, elongation

and termination of both transcription and
translation ( DONE)
6. Understand RNA processing before translation (
DONE)
7. Understand how to read the codon chart.

- To find out the amino acid, you must first

look at the mRNA, for every three
nitrogen base there is one amino acids,
count three letters then see what your
amino acid is.

8. Understand how changes in DNA/mutations may result in a different protein shape

and how this might affect the proteins function

Changes in DNA/mutations may result in in a different protein shape and this may
affect the protein function by the following:
- May not change protein function at all, same amino acids many codes.
- May stop the protein from fully forming by adding a stop codon too early.
- May mix up the codons which may lead to function changes.
- May remove a codon that makes proteins more efficient.
- May add an extra codon that creates a useless or harmful protein.

Hyper Cholesterolemid: (Autosomal Dominant): too much cholesterol in blood which restrics blood.
Diabtes:( Autosomal Recessive) body cant make enough insulin, so body can’t regulate sugar.
Thalassemia( Autosomal Recessive) : body can’t make enough hemoglobin. ( cant transport O2)
Down Syndrome: ( Autosomal recessive) extra chromosome, retardness.
Huntington’s Disease ( Autosomal Dominant): stops brain working
Sickle Cell Anemia ( Autosomal Recessive) : hemoglobin is crooked
Cleft Lip ( Autosomal Dominant) : tissue in lip not fully formed
Duchenne Huscular Dystrophy: (X-linked recessive): loss of muscle
Dwarfism(Autosmomal Dominant): lack of growth in skeleton system
Fragile X Syndrome (X-linked Dominant) : causes developmental problems.
Galactosomia ( Autosomal Recessive): cannot eat galactsose ( sugar and dairy)
Hemophilia:( X-linked dominant) blood does not clot
Color Blindness: ( X-linked Recessive) color blind.
 *Genetic Diseases* NOT SURE
1. Hyper Cholesterolemid: (Autosomal Dominant): too much cholesterol in
blood which restrics blood.
2. Diabtes:( Autosomal Recessive) body cant make enough insulin, so body
can’t regulate sugar.
3. Thalassemia( Autosomal Recessive) : body can’t make enough
hemoglobin. ( cant transport O2)
4. Down Syndrome: ( Autosomal recessive) extra chromosome,
retardness.
5. Huntington’s Disease ( Autosomal Dominant): stops brain working
6. Sickle Cell Anemia ( Autosomal Recessive) : hemoglobin is crooked
7. Cleft Lip ( Autosomal Dominant) : tissue in lip not fully formed
8. Duchenne Huscular Dystrophy: (X-linked recessive): loss of muscle
9. Dwarfism(Autosmomal Dominant): lack of growth in skeleton system
10.Fragile X Syndrome (X-linked Dominant) : causes developmental
problems.
11. Galactosomia ( Autosomal Recessive): cannot eat galactsose ( sugar and
dairy)
12.Hemophilia:( X-linked dominant) blood does not clot
13.Color Blindness: ( X-linked Recessive) color blind.