MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION USING SOLAR POWER

M. Rajyalakshmi*1, K. I. V Vandana1, P. Savithri Devi1, Y. Lohitha1, Sk. Ismail1

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, PVP Siddhartha Institute Of Technology

ABSTRACT
The rates of waste generation are increasing with population and urbanization in many
countries. Solid waste disposal is a big obstacle in waste management system especially in
developing or under developed countries, as the rate of solid waste generated is increasing
day by day. Dumping of the solid waste in open lands or near water resources not only
pollute the surroundings but also causes many diseases. Proper waste disposal methods
reduce this problem by separating the recyclable or harmful materials from the solid waste.
The objective of the present work is to segregate the various materials from solid waste. An
attempt is made to separate first wet and dry waste and then metal and non-metal waste from
the municipal solid waste. The soil wetness detector can find the presence of the dry waste or
wet waste. The system employs a DC motors interfaced with the small controller that rotates
on a belt works with solar energy. The system leverages solar energy as a clean and
renewable power source to automate waste sorting at the point of disposal.
Key words: Solar energy, solid waste, sensors, waste management, waste separation
1. Introduction
Solid waste management is a major issue in developed as well as developing nations,
affecting urban and rural regions alike. Collection and disposal of municipal solid waste
(MSW) is a serious issue in urban environments around the globe. MSW management
systems must be financially viable, technically possible, socially and legally acceptable, and
eco-friendly. MSW content varies greatly across municipalities and countries. Such diversity
is mostly determined by one's lifestyle, economic condition, waste management legislation,
and industrial structure. Identifying both the amount and nature of municipal solid waste is
crucial for effective waste management. Improper disposal of the solid waste causes various
types of pollutions in the surroundings. The common disposal method used is land filling and
burning of the waste in air which causes hazardous and toxic sіde by sіde wіth the οrganіc
wastes іn landfіll.Іt shοuld be іmperatіve οn the munіcіpalіtіes tο separate the bіοdegradable
frοm nοn-bіοdegradable waste. Bіοdegradable wastes will then be subjected tο cοmpοstіng.
Wastes like plastіc, metal, paper etc may also be subjected tο recyclіng. Іn some ways
in which, the waste will really function a resource. By separating waste into totally different
classes we will implement processes which will cause effective resource utilization. This is
utilized at individual as well as society level. Manuscript published on January 30 Waste
management is the one in every of the core considerations of contemporary age. As nations
round the world area unit developing, their considerations and responsibility for a healthier
atmosphere is additionally increasing. During this project, implement an efficient good waste
management system.
The proliferation of urbanization and industrialization has led to a significant surge in
the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) worldwide. Traditional waste management
methods struggle to cope with the volume and complexity of this waste, resulting in
environmental pollution, resource depletion, and public health hazards. The inefficiencies in
waste segregation exacerbate these challenges, as mixed waste streams are difficult and costly
to manage. In light of these concerns, there is an urgent need for innovative solutions that
not only enhance waste segregation processes but also promote sustainability
and resource recovery.
The SPSWS project embodies a multifaceted approach to addressing the
intricacies of waste segregation. At its core, the system integrates advanced
technology, including Arduino microcontrollers and servo motors, to automate
the sorting of waste based on predefined criteria. By leveraging sensors and
algorithms, the SPSWS identifies and separates metallic objects and solid waste
from heterogeneous waste streams with precision and efficiency. Moreover, the
incorporation of a digital screen display provides real-time feedback, enabling
users to monitor the segregation process and ensure optimal performance.
Crucially, the integration of a solar panel and battery backup system ensures
uninterrupted operation, making the SPSWS suitable for deployment in diverse
environmental settings.
The SPSWS comprises several key components that synergistically
contribute to its functionality and performance. Central to its operation are servo
motors, which actuate mechanical arms to physically segregate waste items
based on their material composition. These motors are controlled by Arduino
microcontrollers programmed to execute predefined sorting algorithms.
Concurrently, a digital screen display interfaces with the system, providing
visual feedback on the segregated waste types and system status. The
integration of a solar panel harnesses renewable energy to power the system,
supplemented by a battery backup to ensure continuous operation during
periods of low sunlight or inclement weather. Collectively, these components
enable the SPSWS to autonomously and efficiently segregate waste, thereby
streamlining waste management processes and promoting environmental
sustainability.
The overarching objectives of the SPSWS project are twofold: to enhance
the efficiency and effectiveness of waste segregation processes and to promote
the adoption of sustainable waste management practices. By automating waste
segregation through technological innovation, the SPSWS minimizes the
reliance on manual labor, reduces the risk of human error, and accelerates the
sorting process. Furthermore, the integration of solar power underscores the
project's commitment to environmental stewardship, mitigating greenhouse gas
emissions associated with conventional energy sources. In the long term,
widespread adoption of the SPSWS has the potential to revolutionize waste
management practices, fostering cleaner and healthier communities while
conserving valuable resources for future generations.
1.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
 Arduino UNO is the main component of this system as it processes the
type of waste considered by application of sensors, and with the help of servo
motors entry bin is opened at particular timings, such that separated waste can
be stored at different sections provided on the Storage bin.
Sensors used in the project are IR sensor, metal detector sensor and
moisture sensor. Each sensor facilitates each work based on the requirement.
Metal detector sensor detects metal components in the waste and signals to the
board, that allows bin to rotate such that metal type falls into a particular section
in the bin. Same goes with the moisture sensor, it detects waste with moisture
content, and makes sure that the moisture goes into the considered section in the
storage bin.

Figure-1.1
An LCD display of 16’2 size is provided to display the type of waste
detected and other parameters regarding the messages delivered by the Arduino
UNO.
1.3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
1.3.1 Arduino
Arduino is open source physical processing which is base on a microcontroller
board and an incorporated development environment for the board to be
programmed. Arduino gains a few inputs, for example, switches or sensors and
control a few multiple outputs, for example, lights, engine and others. Arduino
program can run on Windows, Macintosh and Linux operating systems (OS)
opposite to most microcontrollers’ frameworks which run only on Windows.
Arduino programming is easy to learn and apply to beginners and amateurs.
Arduino is an instrument used to build a better version of a computer which can
control, interact and sense more than a normal desktop computer. It's an open-
source physical processing stage focused around a straightforward
microcontroller board, and an environment for composing programs for the
board. Arduino can be utilized to create interactive items, taking inputs from a
diverse collection of switches or sensors, and controlling an assortment of
lights, engines, and other physical outputs. Arduino activities can be remaining
solitary, or they can be associated with programs running on your machine (e.g.
Flash, Processing and Maxmsp.) The board can be amassed by hand or bought
preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded free of charge. Focused
around the Processing media programming environment, the Arduino
programming language is an execution of Wiring, a comparative physical
computing platform. Figure 7- Arduino’s

1.3.2 Why choosing Arduino

There are numerous different microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms
accessible for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24,
Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and numerous others offer comparative
usefulness. These apparatuses take the chaotic subtle elements of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in a simple to-utilize bundle.
Arduino additionally rearranges the methodology of working with
microcontrollers; moreover it offers some advantages for instructors, students,
and intrigued individuals:
• Inexpensive - Arduino boards are moderately cheap compared with other
microcontroller boards. The cheapest version of the Arduino module can be
amassed by hand, and even the preassembled Arduino modules cost short of
what $50.
• Cross-platform - The Arduino programming runs multiple operating systems
Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux working frameworks. So we conclude
that Arduino has an advantage as most microcontroller frameworks are
constrained to Windows.
• Straightforward, clear programming method - The Arduino programming
environment is easy to use for novices, yet sufficiently versatile for cutting edge
customers to adventure as well. For educators, its favorably engaged around the
Processing programming environment, so
understudies finding ways to understand how to program in that environment
will be familiar
with the nature of arduino.

• Open source and extensible programming. The Arduino program language is

available as open source, available for development by experienced engineers.
The lingo can be reached out through C++ libraries, and people expecting to
understand the specific purposes of different interests can make the leap from
Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it is based. Basically,
you can incorporate AVR-C code clearly into your Arduino programs if you
have to.
• Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is concentrated around
Atmel's Atmega8 and Atmega168 microcontrollers. The plans for the modules
are circulated under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit
designers can make their own particular interpretation of the module, extending
it and improving it. slightly inexperienced customers can build the breadboard
variation of the module remembering the finished objective to perceive how it
capacities and save money.

1.3.3 ARDUINO UNO:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection,
a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed
to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming
release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions
of Arduno, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform;

Figure- 1.2

Technical specifications of arduino:

Microcontroller: ATmega328
Operating Voltage: 5V
Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory
32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz

Figure-1.3

POWER
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-
wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-
positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted
in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with
less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board
may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat
and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
• 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
• GND. Ground pins.

MEMORY:
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB
is used for the bootloader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM
(which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

INPUT/OUTPUT
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-
up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins
have specialized functions:
• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. TThese pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip .
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.
• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.
• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the Arduino language.
• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6
analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to
change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:
• I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the
Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the board:
• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add
a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

1.3.4 COMMUNICATION:

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides
UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0
(RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial
communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the
computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required..
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the
board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-toserial chip and
USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0
and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins.
The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the
documentation for details. To use the SPI communication, please see the
ATmega328 datasheet.

1.3.5 Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. The
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows
you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C
headerfiles). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the
microcontroller through the ICSP (InCircuit Serial Programming) header; see
these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2
boards) firmware source code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded
with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by: On Rev1 boards:
connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy)
and then resetting the 8U2. 10 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that
pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU
mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU
programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the
ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See
this user-contributed tutorial for more information.
1.3.6 Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running
on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of
theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100
nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops
long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow
you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the
lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This
setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is
running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of
data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the
board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make
sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening
the connection and before sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can
be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be
soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be
able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the
reset line. 11
1.3.7 USB Overcurrent Protection
The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB
ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own
internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than
500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the
connection until the short or overload is removed.
1.3.8 Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the
former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface
or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"),
not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
1.3.9 Power Supply
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or
system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or
group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most
commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones,
and rarely to others
This power supply section is required to convert AC signal to DC signal
and also to reduce the amplitude of the signal. The available voltage signal from
the mains is 230V/50Hz which is an AC voltage, but the required is DC
voltage(no frequency) with the amplitude of +5V and +12V for various
applications.
In this section we have Transformer, Bridge rectifier, are connected
serially and voltage regulators for +5V and +12V (7805 and 7812) via a
capacitor (1000µF) in parallel are connected parallel as shown in the circuit
diagram below. Each voltage regulator output is again is connected to the
capacitors of values (100µF, 10µF, 1 µF, 0.1 µF) are connected parallel through
which the corresponding output(+5V or +12V) are taken into consideration.

Figure-1.4

1.3.10 Circuit Explanation

1) Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit
to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current
in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this
magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary).
By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the
transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other.
The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled
from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire
in their respective windings:

Basic principle
 The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current
can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing
magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). By changing the current in the primary coil, it
changes the strength of its magnetic field; since the changing magnetic field
extends into the secondary coil, a voltage is induced across the secondary.
A simplified transformer design is shown below. A current passing
through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary
coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as
iron; this ensures that most of the magnetic field lines produced by the primary
current are within the iron and pass through the secondary coil as well as the
primary coil.

Figure-1.5
Figure-1.5 shows An ideal step-down transformer showing magnetic flux
in the core
1.3.11 Induction law
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from
Faraday's law of induction, which states that:
 Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the
secondary coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If
the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the
flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through
which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the
transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the
excitation of the primary. Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the
primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage
across the primary winding equals

Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic
equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage

1.3.12 Ideal power equation

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow,
electrical power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit.
Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is
transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the
secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must
equal the outgoing power.
Pincoming = IPVP = Poutgoing = ISVS
giving the ideal transformer equation
 Figure-1.6
Pin-coming = IPVP = Pout-going = ISVS

giving the ideal transformer equation

If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS > VP), then the current is decreased
(stepped down) (IS < IP) by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so this
formula is a reasonable approximation.

If the voltage is increased (stepped up) (VS > VP), then the current is decreased
(stepped down) (IS < IP) by the same factor. Transformers are efficient so this
formula is a reasonable approximation.

The impedance in one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For
example, if an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary
coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of

This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance ZP of the primary circuit

appears to the secondary to be

1.4 Detailed operation

The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in
particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core,
and the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible
reluctance with two windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to
the primary winding, a small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic
circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux is termed the
magnetizing current; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero
reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to
create the magnetic field.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF)
across each winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no
associated voltage drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the
terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary
EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed
the "back EMF". This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of
EMF would always be such that it will oppose development of any such change
in magnetic field.
1.4.1 Bridge Rectifier
A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a
bridge configuration that provides the same polarity of output voltage for any
polarity of input voltage. When used in its most common application, for
conversion of alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is
known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification
from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a
center-tapped transformer design, but has two diode drops rather than one, thus
exhibiting reduced efficiency over a center-tapped design for the same output
voltage.
Basic Operation
When the input connected at the left corner of the diamond is positive
with respect to the one connected at the right hand corner, current flows to the
right along the upper colored path to the output, and returns to the input supply
via the lower one.

Figure-1.7
When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner, current
flows along the upper colored path and returns to the supply via the lower
colored path.

Figure-1.8
In each case, the upper right output remains positive with respect to the
lower right one. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not
only produces DC power when supplied with AC power: it also can provide
what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it permits
normal functioning when batteries are installed backwards or DC input-power
supply wiring "has its wires crossed" (and protects the circuitry it powers
against damage that might occur without this circuit in place).
Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge rectifier was
always constructed from discrete components. Since about 1950, a single four-
terminal component containing the four diodes connected in the bridge
configuration became a standard commercial component and is now available
with various voltage and current ratings.

1.4.2 Output smoothing (Using Capacitor)

For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave
bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a
capacitor may be important because the bridge alone supplies an output voltage
of fixed polarity but pulsating magnitude (see diagram above).
 Figure-1.9
The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir capacitor (aka
smoothing capacitor) is to lessen the variation in (or 'smooth') the rectified AC
output voltage waveform from the bridge. One explanation of 'smoothing' is that
the capacitor provides a low impedance path to the AC component of the output,
reducing the AC voltage across, and AC current through, the resistive load. In
less technical terms, any drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge
tends to be cancelled by loss of charge in the capacitor.
This charge flows out as additional current through the load. Thus the
change of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would occur
without the capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess charge
in the capacitor, thus moderating the change in output voltage / current. Also see
rectifier output smoothing.
The simplified circuit shown has a well deserved reputation for being
dangerous, because, in some applications, the capacitor can retain a lethal
charge after the AC power source is removed. If supplying a dangerous voltage,
a practical circuit should include a reliable way to safely discharge the capacitor.
If the normal load can not be guaranteed to perform this function, perhaps
because it can be disconnected, the circuit should include a bleeder resistor
connected as close as practical across the capacitor. This resistor should
consume a current large enough to discharge the capacitor in a reasonable time,
but small enough to avoid unnecessary power waste.
Because a bleeder sets a minimum current drain, the regulation of the
circuit, defined as percentage voltage change from minimum to maximum load,
is improved. However in many cases the improvement is of insignificant
magnitude.
 The capacitor and the load resistance have a typical time constant τ = RC
where C and R are the capacitance and load resistance respectively. As long as
the load resistor is large enough so that this time constant is much longer than
the time of one ripple cycle, the above configuration will produce a smoothed
DC voltage across the load.
In some designs, a series resistor at the load side of the capacitor is added.
The smoothing can then be improved by adding additional stages of capacitor–
resistor pairs, often done only for sub-supplies to critical high-gain circuits that
tend to be sensitive to supply voltage noise.
The idealized waveforms shown above are seen for both voltage and
current when the load on the bridge is resistive. When the load includes a
smoothing capacitor, both the voltage and the current waveforms will be greatly
changed. While the voltage is smoothed, as described above, current will flow
through the bridge only during the time when the input voltage is greater than
the capacitor voltage. For example, if the load draws an average current of n
Amps, and the diodes conduct for 10% of the time, the average diode current
during conduction must be 10n Amps. This non-sinusoidal current leads to
harmonic distortion and a poor power factor in the AC supply.
In a practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to the output
of a bridge, the bridge diodes must be sized to withstand the current surge that
occurs when the power is turned on at the peak of the AC voltage and the
capacitor is fully discharged. Sometimes a small series resistor is included
before the capacitor to limit this current, though in most applications the power
supply transformer's resistance is already sufficient.
Output can also be smoothed using a choke and second capacitor. The
choke tends to keep the current (rather than the voltage) more constant. Due to
the relatively high cost of an effective choke compared to a resistor and
capacitor this is not employed in modern equipment.
Some early console radios created the speaker's constant field with the
current from the high voltage ("B +") power supply, which was then routed to
the consuming circuits, (permanent magnets were considered too weak for good
performance) to create the speaker's constant magnetic field. The speaker field
coil thus performed 2 jobs in one: it acted as a choke, filtering the power supply,
and it produced the magnetic field to operate the speaker.
1.4.3 Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically
maintain a constant voltage level.
 The 78xx (also sometimes known as LM78xx) series of devices is a
family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The
78xx family is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits which require
a regulated power supply, due to their ease of use and relative cheapness. When
specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx is replaced with a two-digit
number, which indicates the output voltage the particular device is designed to
provide (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12
volts). The 78xx line is positive voltage regulators, meaning that they are
designed to produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.
There is a related line of 79xx devices which are complementary negative
voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide
both positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit, if necessary.
78xx ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the
TO220 form factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TrO3 packages
are also available from some manufacturers. These devices typically support an
input voltage which can be anywhere from a couple of volts over the intended
output voltage, up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and can typically provide up
to around 1 or 1.5 amps of current (though smaller or larger packages may have
a lower or higher current rating).

Figure-1.10
LITRATURE
REVIEW
3.1 Overview of Materials
3.1.1 ARDUINO UNO:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can
be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the
FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means one in Italian and is
named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0
will be the reference versions of Arduno, moving forward.
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External
(non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug
into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

Figure-3.1

3.1.2 IR LED QED234

 Figure-3.2

FEATURES:
• Wave length is 940 nm
• Chip material =GaAs with AlGaAs window
• Package type: T-1 3/4 (5mm lens diameter)
• Matched Photo sensor: QSD122/123/124
• Medium Emission Angle, 40°
• High Output Power
• Package material and color: Clear, untainted, plastic
• Ideal for remote control applications

3.1.3 Emitter/Detector Alignment:

Good alignment of the emitter and detector is important for good operation,
especially if the gap is large. This can be done with a piece of string stretched
between and in line with LED and phototransistor. A length of dowel or stiff
wire could be used to set the alignment. Another method that can be used for
longer distances is a laser pointer shone through one of the mounting holes.
For best results the height of the "beam" should be at coupler height and at an
angle across the tracks. The emitter could also be mounted above the track with
the phototransistor placed between the rails in locations such as hidden yards.
Placing the emitter and detector at an angle would again be helpful.
 Figur-3.3

3.1.4 A sample infrared remote controle setup:

 Figure-3.4

3.1.5 Infrared Receiver (Pickup)

This device picks up the infrared signal from your remote control just like
a TV or VCR. It encodes the infrared signal into a signal suitable for
transmission. Receivers must be located in the room you wish to use the remote
control. The wire from the receiver to the connecting block needs at least three
available conductors and can be several hundred feet long. Both quad wire and
category 5wire work fine. See our IR receivers here.

3.1.6 Connecting Block

This is simply a place for all the parts to plug in or connect to.
Connecting blocks are usually classified based on the number of outputs (how
many IR emitters can connect to the block) Amplified connecting blocks can
generally support more outputs. All connecting blocks can support many IR
receivers wired in parallel. Connecting blocks are usually located near the
equipment that is to be controlled, along with the power supply and emitters.
See our connecting blocks here.

3.1.7 Infrared Emitters

 IR Emitters generally "stick" onto the front of the device you want to
control. Therefore you need one emitter for each device. "Dual" emitters have
two emitters and one plug, so they only take up one jack of the connecting
block. "Blink" emitters blink visibly as well as infrared, so they are easier to
troubleshoot. All emitters come with long cords and extra double-stick tape.
"Blast" style emitters, where one emitter blinks into several devices, are usually
less reliable but can be used when the environment is tightly controlled.
3.2 LCD

3.2.1 LCD 16×2 Pin Configuration and Its Working

Nowadays, we always use the devices which are made up of LCDs such
as CD players, DVD players, digital watches, computers, etc. These are
commonly used in the screen industries to replace the utilization of
CRTs. Cathode Ray Tubes use huge power when compared with LCDs, and
CRTs heavier as well as bigger. These devices are thinner as well power
consumption is extremely less. The LCD 16×2 working principle is, it blocks
the light rather than dissipate. This article discusses an overview of LCD 16X2,
pin configuration and its working.
3.2.2 What is the LCD 16×2?

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of
electronic display module used in an extensive range of applications like
various circuits & devices like mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets,
etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment light-emitting
diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are
inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for
displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc.
 Figure-3.5 16X2 LCD
The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below:

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the
GND terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to
connect the supply pin of the power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display,
used to connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data
register, used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0
= data mode, and 1 = command mode).
 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read
or writes operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get
either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute
Read/Write process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit &
constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These
pins are connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In
4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0
to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit
like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

Figure-3.6 LCD-16×2-pin-diagram
3.2.3 Features of LCD16x2

The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters
3.2.4 Registers of LCD

A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register and command register.
The RS (register select) is mainly used to change from one register to another.
When the register set is ‘0’, then it is known as command register. Similarly,
when the register set is ‘1’, then it is known as data register.
3.2.5 Command Register
The main function of the command register is to store the instructions of
command which are given to the display. So that predefined tasks can be
performed such as clearing the display, initializing, set the cursor place, and
display control. Here commands processing can occur within the register.

3.2.6 Data Register

The main function of the data register is to store the information which is
to be exhibited on the LCD screen. Here, the ASCII value of the character is the
information which is to be exhibited on the screen of LCD. Whenever we send
the information to LCD, it transmits to the data register, and then the process
will be starting there. When register set =1, then the data register will be
selected.

3.2.7 16×2 LCD Commands

The commands of LCD 16X2 include the following.

 For Hex Code-01, the LCD command will be the clear LCD screen
 For Hex Code-02, the LCD command will be returning home
 For Hex Code-04, the LCD command will be decrement cursor
 For Hex Code-06, the LCD command will be Increment cursor
 For Hex Code-05, the LCD command will be Shift display right
 For Hex Code-07, the LCD command will be Shift display left
 For Hex Code-08, the LCD command will be Display off, cursor off
 For Hex Code-0A, the LCD command will be cursor on and display off
 For Hex Code-0C, the LCD command will be cursor off, display on
 For Hex Code-0E, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on
 For Hex Code-0F, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on
 For Hex Code-10, the LCD command will be Shift cursor position to left
 For Hex Code-14, the LCD command will be Shift cursor position to the
right
 For Hex Code-18, the LCD command will be Shift the entire display to the
left
 For Hex Code-1C, the LCD command will be Shift the entire display to the
right
 For Hex Code-80, the LCD command will be Force cursor to the beginning
( 1st line)
 For Hex Code-C0, the LCD command will be Force cursor to the beginning (
2nd line)
 For Hex Code-38, the LCD command will be 2 lines and 5×7 matrix.

3.3 METAL SENSOR

 Figure-3.7

Metal detection sensors are devices designed to detect the presence of

metallic objects or materials in a given area. They are widely used in various
industries and applications, including security screening, industrial
manufacturing, food processing, and archaeological exploration. Metal detectors
work based on the principles of electromagnetic induction or magnetic field
disruption

3.4 Servo Motor

Figure-3.8
The SG90 servo motor is a popular choice for small-scale robotics and
hobby projects due to its compact size and affordability. Here are some key
features and specifications:
Operating Voltage: Typically operates at 4.8V to 6V.
Torque: Can provide up to around 1.5 kg/cm of torque, depending on the
voltage and load.
Speed: The speed of the SG90 servo motor is around 0.1 sec/60° at 4.8V.
Rotation Range: The servo motor can rotate approximately 180° (90° in each
direction from the center position).
Control Interface: Controlled using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals,
with a typical pulse range of 1000 μs to 2000 μs.
Dimensions: Compact size, usually around 23mm x 12mm x 29mm, with a
weight of about 9 grams.
Construction: The SG90 servo motor typically has plastic gears and a plastic
case.
Overall, the SG90 servo motor is suitable for small projects that require precise
control over the position of an object or component. It is commonly used in RC
(remote control) vehicles, robotics, and other applications where compact size
and cost-effectiveness are important factors.

3.5 MOISTURE SENSOR

Figure-3.9
 This soil moisture sensor module is used to detect the moisture of the
soil. It measures the volumetric content of water inside the soil and gives us the
moisture level as output. The module has both digital and analog outputs and a
potentiometer to adjust the threshold level.

3.5.1 Soil Moisture Sensor Module Pinout Configuration

Pin Name Description

VCC The Vcc pin powers the module, typically with +5V

GND Power Supply Ground

DO Digital Out Pin for Digital Output.

AO Analog Out Pin for Analog Output

Table-3.5

3.5.2 Soil Moisture Sensor Module Features & Specifications

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC

 Operating Current: 15mA
 Output Digital - 0V to 5V, Adjustable trigger level from preset
 Output Analog - 0V to 5V based on infrared radiation from fire flame
falling on the sensor
 LEDs indicating output and power
 PCB Size: 3.2cm x 1.4cm
 LM393 based design
 Easy to use with Microcontrollers or even with normal Digital/Analog
IC
 Small, cheap and easily available
3.5.3 Brief about Soil Moisture Sensor Module

This Moisture sensor module consists of a Moisture sensor, Resistors,

Capacitor, Potentiometer, Comparator LM393 IC, Power and Status LED in an
integrated circuit.

Figure-3.10

3.5.4 LM393 IC

LM393 Comparator IC is used as a voltage comparator in this Moisture

sensor module. Pin 2 of LM393 is connected to Preset (10KΩ Pot) while pin 3
is connected to Moisture sensor pin. The comparator IC will compare the
threshold voltage set using the preset (pin2) and the sensor pin (pin3).

The moisture sensor consists of two probes that are used to detect the
moisture of the soil. The moisture sensor probes are coated with immersion gold
that protects Nickel from oxidation. These two probes are used to pass the
current through the soil and then the sensor reads the resistance to get the
moisture values.

3.5.5 How to Use Soil Moisture Sensor Module

Moisture sensor module consists of four pins i.e. VCC, GND, DO, AO. Digital
out pin is connected to the output pin of LM393 comparator IC while the analog
pin is connected to Moisture sensor. The internal Circuit diagram of the
Moisture sensor module is given below.

Figure-3.11

Using a Moisture sensor module with a microcontroller is very easy.

Connect the Analog/Digital Output pin of the module to the Analog/Digital pin
of Microcontroller. Connect VCC and GND pins to 5V and GND pins of
Microcontroller. After that insert the probe inside the soil. When there is more
water presented in the soil, it will conduct more electricity that means resistance
will be low and the moisture level will be high.

3.5.6 Applications of Soil Moisture Sensor

 Gardening
 Irrigation Systems
 Used in Controlled Environments

3.6 Solar panel

In an era defined by the urgency of climate change and the quest for
renewable energy sources, solar panels stand as a shining beacon of hope and
innovation. These marvels of modern engineering harness the bounless power
of the sun, transforming sunlight into clean, sustainable electricity with
remarkable efficiency and reliability. As we confront the challenges of a rapidly
changing climate and the imperative to transition towards a greener future, solar
panels emerge as a pivotal solution, offering a pathway towards energy
independence, environmental stewardship, and economic prosperity.At their
essence, solar panels are composed of photovoltaic cells, meticulously
engineered to convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
This process, which occurs at the atomic level within the cells, involves the
absorption of sunlight by semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which
liberates electrons, thereby generating an electric current. Through the seamless
integration of numerous photovoltaic cells into modular panels, solar arrays are
formed, capable of capturing sunlight and converting it into usable electricity
with remarkable efficiency.One of the most remarkable aspects of solar panels
lies in their versatility and scalability. From small-scale residential installations
to vast utility-scale solar farms, solar panels can be deployed across a diverse
array of environments and applications, catering to the energy needs of
individuals, communities, and entire nations. Moreover, advancements in solar
technology have led to significant increases in efficiency and cost-effectiveness,
making solar energy increasingly competitive with conventional fossil
fuels.Beyond their role in electricity generation, solar panels embody a broader
ethos of sustainability and environmental stewardship. By harnessing a virtually
inexhaustible source of energy in the form of sunlight, solar panels mitigate
reliance on finite fossil fuel resources, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and
mitigate the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, solar energy promotes
energy independence and resilience, empowering communities to generate their
own power and insulate themselves from the volatility of global energy
markets.As we stand at the precipice of a pivotal moment in human history, the
widespread adoption of solar panels holds the promise of a brighter, cleaner,
and more sustainable future for generations to come. By embracing the power
of the sun, we illuminate the path towards a world where energy is abundant,
accessible, and equitable for all. Together, let us harness the transformative
potential of solar panels to usher in an era of prosperity, harmony, and
environmental stewardship for our planet and all who call it home.

Figure-3.12
3.7 MG996 SERVO MOTOR:

Figure-3.13

The MG996R is a metal gear servo motor with a maximum stall torque
of 11 kg/cm. Like other RC servos the motor rotates from 0 to 180 degree based
on the duty cycle of the PWM wave supplied to its signal pin.

3.7.1 Wire Configuration

Wire Wire
Number Colour
Description

1 Brown Ground wire connected to the ground of system

2 Red Powers the motor typically +5V is used

3 Orange PWM signal is given in through this wire to

drive the motor

Table-3.7
3.7.2 MG996R Servo Motor Features

 Operating Voltage is +5V typically

 Current: 2.5A (6V)
 Stall Torque: 9.4 kg/cm (at 4.8V)
 Maximum Stall Torque: 11 kg/cm (6V)
 Operating speed is 0.17 s/60°
 Gear Type: Metal
 Rotation : 0°-180°
 Weight of motor : 55gm
 Package includes gear horns and screws

3.7.3 Selecting your Servo Motor

There are lots of servo motors available in the market and each one has
its own specialty and applications. The following two paragraphs will help you
identify the right type of servo motor for your project/system.

Most of the hobby Servo motors operates from 4.8V to 6.5V, the higher
the voltage higher the torque we can achieve, but most commonly they are
operated at +5V. Almost all hobby servo motors can rotate only from 0° to 180°
due to their gear arrangement so make sure your project can live with the half
circle if no, you can prefer for a 0° to 360° motor or modify the motor to make a
full circle. The gears in the motors are easily subjected to wear and tear, so if
your application requires stronger and long running motors you can go with
metal gears or just stick with normal plastic gear.

Next comes the most important parameter, which is the torque at which
the motor operates. Again there are many choices here but let us assume the one
with 2.5kg/cm torque which comes with the MG996R Motor. This 2.5kg/cm
torque means that the motor can pull a weight of 2.5kg when it is suspended at a
distance of 1cm. So if you suspend the load at 0.5cm then the motor can pull a
load of 5kg similarly if you suspend the load at 2cm then can pull only 1.25.
Based on the load which you use in the project you can select the motor with
proper torque. The below picture will illustrate the same.

3.7.4 How to use a Servo Motor

After selecting the right Servo motor for the project, comes the question
how to use it. As we know there are three wires coming out of this motor. The
description of the same is given on top of this page. To make this motor rotate,
we have to power the motor with +5V using the Red and Brown wire and send
PWM signals to the Orange colour wire. Hence we need something that could
generate PWM signals to make this motor work, this something could be
anything like a 555 Timer or other Microcontroller platforms like Arduino, PIC,
ARM or even a microprocessor like Raspberry Pi. Now, how to control the
direction of the motor? To understand that let us a look at the picture given in
the datasheet.

Figure-3.14

From the picture we can understand that the PWM signal produced should have
a frequency of 50Hz that is the PWM period should be 20ms. Out of which the
On-Time can vary from 1ms to 2ms. So when the on-time is 1ms the motor will
be in 0° and when 1.5ms the motor will be 90°, similarly when it is 2ms it will
be 180°. So, by varying the on-time from 1ms to 2ms the motor can be
controlled from 0° to 180°

3.7.5 Applications

 Used as actuators in many robots like Biped Robot, Hexapod, robotic arm
etc..
 Commonly used for steering system in RC toys
 Robots where position control is required without feedback
 Less weight hence used in multi DOF robots like humanoid robots
3.8 Pictures of working model

Figure-3.15
Figure-3.16

Figure-3.17
Figure-3.18

Figure-3.19
 CHAPTER-4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
The waste segregation system using Arduino has proven to be effective in
separating dry (metal) waste from wet waste. By employing sensors and
actuators, the system can accurately detect and divert metal items, improving
the efficiency of waste management processes. The project demonstrates the
feasibility of using simple, affordable technology to address environmental
challenges.
The development of a solar-powered solid waste segregator utilizing
Arduino Uno along with moisture, IR, and metal sensors represents a significant
advancement in waste management technology. Through the integration of these
sensors, the system effectively separates wet waste from the combination of dry
and wet waste, facilitating efficient recycling and disposal processes. The use of
Arduino Uno provides a cost-effective and versatile platform for controlling and
monitoring the segregator, ensuring reliable operation in various environmental
conditions. Additionally, the incorporation of solar power enhances the
sustainability of the system, reducing its reliance on conventional energy
sources and minimizing its environmental footprint. Overall, this project
demonstrates the feasibility and practicality of employing innovative
technological solutions to address the pressing issue of solid waste
management.
In conclusion, the solar-powered solid waste segregator developed with
Arduino Uno and various sensors marks a significant step forward in waste
management technology. By effectively distinguishing between wet and dry
waste, the system streamlines recycling processes and minimizes environmental
impact. The utilization of Arduino Uno provides a robust and adaptable control
system, while the integration of solar power enhances sustainability. This
project demonstrates the feasibility of employing innovative solutions to tackle
solid waste challenges. Moving forward, further advancements in sensor
accuracy, remote monitoring capabilities, and scalability will propel this
technology toward widespread adoption, fostering cleaner and more efficient
waste management practices globally. Through continued research and
development, this project holds promise for revolutionizing waste management
and contributing to a more sustainable future.
5.2 The future scope includes the following
There are several avenues for further development of this project. One
potential enhancement is the integration of machine learning algorithms to
improve the accuracy of waste detection. Additionally, incorporating IoT
(Internet of Things) capabilities can enable remote monitoring and management
of the segregation system. Furthermore, the system can be scaled up for use in
larger waste management facilities, contributing to more sustainable waste
disposal practices on a broader scale.
Moving forward, there are several avenues for further improvement and
expansion of this project. Firstly, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of
waste segregation through advanced sensor technologies and machine learning
algorithms could optimize the system's performance. Additionally, incorporating
remote monitoring and control capabilities using IoT (Internet of Things)
platforms would enable real-time data analysis and management, enhancing
operational efficiency and facilitating proactive maintenance. Moreover,
integrating additional functionalities such as compaction and sorting
mechanisms could enhance the versatility and effectiveness of the segregator,
allowing for a broader range of waste types to be processed. Furthermore,
exploring opportunities for scalability and deployment in diverse settings,
including urban, rural, and industrial environments, would extend the impact of
the technology and contribute to more sustainable waste management practices
globally. Overall, continued research and development efforts in this direction
hold the potential to revolutionize solid waste management and contribute to
building cleaner and healthier communities.

5.3 REFERENCES
1. Waste management segregatіon [onlіne] 2007 June twenty five. Avaіlable
from: URL:
http://www.easydrіveforum.com/f44-shareyourroad-experіence/road-accіdents-
іn-іndіa834.html
2. Artіcles base dіrectory [onlіne] 2011 Feb. sixteen Avaіlable from: URL:
http://www.dwworld.de/dw/artіcle/0,,5519345,00.html
3. Artіcle from The Hіndu [onlіne] 2011 Feb. ten Avaіlable from:
URL:http://www.hіndu.com/2011/02/10/storіes/ 2011021063740500.htm
4. Yue –Cheng Wu, Yun-qіng Xіa &, Zhegіang, ―Multіchannel reflectіve PPG
earpіece detector wіth passіve motіon cancellatіon‖ Bіomedіcal Cіrcuіts
&System, ІEEE, 2007, PP 235-241.
5. WaterLevelіndіcator,[http://www.buzzle.com/artіcles/drunkdrіversbeware-
saab-devіce.html]
6. sensiblefarmіngsystem,Sep 2006,[http://www.nіssanglobal.com/EN/NEWS/
2007/_STORY/070723- 01]
7. Soіl waste management, Volume 2, Іssue ІCRAET12, May 2012, ІSSN
Onlіne: 2277-2677.