IPT Satellite Communication
IPT Satellite Communication
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What exactly is a satellite? The word satellite originated from the Latin word Satellit- meaning an
attendant, one who is constantly hovering around & attending to a master or big man. For our own purposes however a satellite is simply any body that moves around another (usually much larger) one in a mathematically predictable path called an orbit. A communication satellite is a microwave repeater station in space that is used for telecommunication , radio and television signals. The first man made satellite with radio transmitter was in 1957. . There are about 750 satellite in the space, most of them are used for communication.
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Applications
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L S C Ku Ka
1.5 1.9 4 11 20
1.6 2.2 6 14 30
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SatCom
SATellite COMmunnications Global business cross border cross continent Important technology for every country know local regulations.
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CONS
- Limited space - Very expensive earth terminals - Failure on satellite cannot be repaired - Big latency
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Types of Satellite
Weather Satellites A weather satellite called the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite observes atmospheric conditions over a large area to help scientists study and forecast the weather Communication Satellites A communications satellite, such as the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) shown here, relays radio, television, and other signals between different points in space and on Earth Navigation Satellite
A navigation satellite, like this Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite, sends signals that operators of aircraft, ships, and land vehicles and people on foot can use to determine their location
Observing Satellite An Earth observing satellite surveys our planet's resources. This satellite, Aqua, helps scientists study ocean evaporation and other aspects of the movement and distribution of Earth's water
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SatCom today
850 ACTIVE satellites in orbit today many more not active
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Satellite Position
We need to know where our satellite is Satellite operator will provide you with its position [ usually deg E or deg W ] longitude
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http://www.intelsat.com/network/satellite/
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Co-location
Multiple satellites share same longitude Considering distance between Earth and Satellite it looks like they are in same position while in reality they are separated
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Footprints
Each satellite can see certain part of Earth surface but it can also be cross-eyed and see multiple spots at same time Global view [well actually just about 40% of Earth Surface] Hemi [hemisphere view: North, South, East, West] Spot [On continent, on zone within continent]
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Global Footprint
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Hemi Footprint
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Spot beam
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Satellite will send signal to and receive signal from SPECIFIC zone. All other signals outside zone will not be received.
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Antenna
Symmetric single reflector in prime focus
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Antenna
Symmetrical - Dual reflector Cassegrain
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Antenna
Symmetric dual reflector Gregorian
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Antenna
Offset
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Isotropic Antenna
Isotropic antenna spreads signal evenly across the sphere that surrounds it. It has 0dB gain.
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Directional Antenna
Directional antenna focuses the power in one direction. Dish antennas for VSAT usually have 35dB gain.
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Waves
Electromagnetic waves are Made of oscillating electric and magnetic fields Travel trough air and vacuum space Bounce of metals Travel at speed of light 300000 km/s
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Waves
Waves are defined by Amplitude [strength of the wave at its peak] Unit: V, W or dBW
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Polarization
Microwaves are launched by a feedhorn which is section on wave guide open on one end. Wave is launched in plane and this is called linear polarization.
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Polarization
Two signals can be launched in same time in opposite polarizations.
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Circular Polarization
If the microwave is launched with electric field spinning around exactly once per microwave cycle we call this circular polarization.
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Side lobe
Directional antenna has the most gain along its main axis. Away from it, the gain falls, but can raise again to form side lobes.
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Side lobe
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Sidelobes Side-Effect
Sidelobes can affect adjacent satellite or terrestrial communications
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Latency
Time for signal to travel from one earth station to another (35000+35000)km/300000km/s = 0.23s This cannot be shorter unless you find new speed of light! Implication of latency delay [voice]
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Frequency Bands
C band 4/6GHz
Uplink 5.9 6.4GHz Downlink 3.7-4.2GHz
X band 7/8GHz
- Uplink 7.9 8.4GHz - Downlink 7.25-7.75GHz
Ku band 11/14GHz
Uplink 1414.5GHz Downlink 10.9512.75GHz
Ka band 20/30GHz
- UL 29.5-30 or 27-30.5GHz - DL 19.7-20.2 or 18.3-202.2GHz
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C Band
First band used for SatCom 500MHz bandwidth Not affected (much) by rain Large satellite footprints Band shared with microwaves interference! Large dishes needed High power transmitter needed
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Ku band
Small dishes Low transmit power More downlink bandwidth available 2Ghz Less interference than C band Rain sensitive must add extra margin
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dB
Convenient multiplier for large and small numbers They let you add numbers instead of multiply Technically dB=10 log [Power1/Power2]
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dB example
10 W = 2 x 5 W x 2 = 3dB So 10 Watts is 3dB more than 5 W 3 db loss in cable that has input signal of 1W. How much comes out? 3db loss = -3dB -3dB = 0.5 so output = 0.5x1W = 0.5W
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dB example
1 W = 1000mW = 0dBW = 30 dBmW 10mw = 10dBmW 10x10mw= 10dBmW + 10dBmW 10x10x10mW = 10+10+10 dBmW 2W =? 2W = 30dBmw + 3dBmW
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dB simply adds up
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Modulation
Modulation is all about how information is encoded onto satellite signals and how errors are prevented.
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Modulation
Can be Analog or Digital Analog modulation can be:
Amplitude modulation [AM] Frequency modulation [FM]
Digital modulation
Used for satellite communications Signal is digitized first then manipulated ASK and/or FSK and/or PSK
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BPSK Modulation
Binary Phase Shifting Keying A zero data bit is represented by reversing carrier phase
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QPSK Modulation
Quadrature Phase Shifting Keying Data bits arranged in groups 00, 01, 10, 11 Each group has one of four phase states 0, 90, 180, 270 Very efficient coding!
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QPSK each symbol has 4 states and represents 2 bits [00, 01, 10, 11]
Bit rate = 2 x symbol rate 512 kbps = 256 ksps
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Access Methods
How earth stations access satellites and efficiently share spectrum SCPC TDM/TDMA FDMA CDMA
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SCPC
Each VSAT has its own dedicated pair of frequency channels [one inbound one outbound]. Because it build links between points it is called Point to Point Flexible you can add link between any two points on the network. Allows incremental use of satellite transponder spectrum so network growth is flexible. Each link requires modem at each earth station. NO BANDWIDTH SHARING between stations every link must be sized to support maximum data rate needed, so most of the time bandwidth is not fully used.
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Shared Spectrum
Costs are really high so its better to share spectrum TDMA
VSAT tuned to same frequency VSATs take turn in using the channel On broadcast stream data packets addressed to specific VSATs
FDMA
Each VSAT tuned to different frequency Channels assigned on per need basis
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TDM
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TDMA
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TDM/TDMA
TDM used for broadcasting and outbound traffic TDMA is used for inbound traffic and VSAT transmit in burst [pulses]. GPS location important because of time-slots. TDM/TDMA network are star topology
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Mesh TDMA
No hub all VSATs talk to all other VSATs Single hop [least delay]
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CDMA
Also called spread spectrum All VSAT continuously transmit and data is scrambled with unique code for each VSAT. Receiving VSAT use same code to decode All other signal is considered as noise
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Comparison of Techniques
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Link Terminology
Uplink = to the satellite Downlink = from the satellite Outbound = from hub to remote station Inbound = from remote station to the hub
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Use compass to find out where antenna will be pointing to Use compass with elevation to determine if you have any obstacles in front of VSAT Check out where modem will be installed Measure distance for IFL (Interfacility Link Cable) Check for obstacles Check for weather!
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GPS Coordinates
For this site (DIT) they are: (6 deg 48 min South) and (39 deg 16 min East)
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Calculate Az/El
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Thanks!
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