1. Goals and aims of teaching the Human physiology.
The main task of this discipline is giving understanding the functions of
different cells, tissues, organs and regulation of their activities, the role and
significance of the physiological processes, taking part in different systems
and in whole organism. Reveal the mechanisms of vital activity of the health
human and physiological bases of health way of life. The exposition of the
discipline is revealed by the base of systemic principle. Pay attention for
development the professional and logistic thinking.
2. The tasks of investigation the discipline, basic knowledge, obtaining
by students during the learning the material.
The aim of learning the discipline – teaching the students to analyze
basic physiological principles, which submitted to the activities of the all
organism systems, using common to biological regularities of the vital
activity of the human, providing the adaptation, homeostasis and health care.
Teach to work with the educational and scientific literature by themselves,
acquaint with a basical methods of physiological functions examination,
prepare the specialist-physician.
1. The list of the disciplines, which knowledge is necessary for learning the
physiology: 1) anatomy, 2) histology, 3) biology, 4) biophysics, 5)
biochemistry.
2. The discipline contents.
3.1. Titles of topics, its content, brief content, hours.
N Themes of The brief content H
lectures
1 Physiology of the The Kazan Physiological School. The cell
excitable cells. membrane structure. Basic mechanisms of
passive and active transport (the
concentration difference, diffusion, ionic 2
pump, secondary active transport). Ionic
channels and pump. Membrane potential
Equilibrium K+ potential. Microelectrode
and patch-clamp methods.
2 Bioelectrical Action potential. The phases of action
potential. Changes in sodium and potassium
potentials. conductances during the action potential.
The threshold. The refractory period. The
negative and positive after-potentials. The
«all-or-none» law. The phenomenon of 2
accommodation. Inactivation of Na+
channels The strength-duration curve
(rheobase, chronaxie).
3 Morphological The properties of myelinated and
and physiological unmyelinated nerve fibers. Propagation of
the action potential along myelinated and
features of the
unmyelinated nerve fibers. The 4 laws of
nervous fibers.
propagation of AP.
Mechanism of
The neuromuscular junction. Releasing of
propagation of
acetylcholine from axon terminals. The
excitation through
“end-plate potential” and excitation of the
neuromuscular
skeletal muscle fiber. Role of cholinesterase
synapse.
Pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of the
effects of the biological active drugs.
Exocytosis. Ionotropic and metabotropic
receptors.
4 Physiology of the Structure , morphological (sarcomere) and
skeletal muscles physiological (motor units) units of skeletal
muscles Excitation-contraction coupling.
Physiology of the
Sliding filament theory, role of troponin and 2
smooth muscle.
tropomyosin. Cross-bridges formation. Role
of the calcium ions and ATP in the
mechanism of muscle contraction. Rigor
mortis. Structural features of smooth
muscles. Single-unit and multiunit smooth
muscles. Gap junctions. Automaticity. Role
of extracellular Ca2+ and calmodulin.
Second messengers. Ryanodine and
dihydropyridine receptors. Autonomic
innervation of smooth muscles.
5 The nervous Organization of the nervous system – PNS
system. Inhibition and CNS. Ion gating in neurons. Five
in the CNS. classes of mediators. Role of inhibitory
processes for integrative functions of CNS.
2
Electrical synapses-gap junctions. -
Ephaptic transmission, and its role in
neurological diseases Potential - operated
and ligand-operated channels. Ionic
mechanisms of 2 local responses
– EPSP and IPSP, spatial and temporal
summation. Pre-and postsynaptic inhibition.
Role of Renshaw cells. Cl- selective
channels have sites for sedative drugs.
6 Physiology of Synaptic connections: the divergence and
CNS. Properties the convergence. The short-and long-term
2
of the nervous depression, long-term potentiation.
centers. Plasticity of central synapses: facilitation
occlusion, habituation. Reciprocal
Conductive and
inhibition. Elements of reflex circuits in the
reflex functions
spinal cord. Simple, stereotyped responses:
of the spinal cord. spinal reflex circuits (knee-jerk, Golgi
tendon organ and flexor reflex).
Monosynaptic reflexes The coordination of
spinal reflex circuits (the standard reflexes,
withdrawal reflex, the phenomenon of
dominant).
7 Physiology of the Medulla oblongata. The nuclei of the
brainstem cranial nerves. The vital centers: the
vasomotor, cardiac control, respiratory,
The physiology
swallowing, vomiting, chewing, sneezing, 2
of hindbrain:
cough, and urination and defecation.
metencephalon –
Midbrain. Functions of the cerebral
pons and
peduncles, the red nucleus and the
cerebellum.
substantia nigra. Metabolism of dopamine.
Parkinson disease. Mesolimbic dopamine
system. Symptoms of one-sided destruction
of cerebellum. Clinical
abnormalities.
8 Physiology of Thalamus. The thalamocortical system: role
diencephalon of sensory information for the cortex brain
(thalamus and activity. Role of the thalamus in attention
hypothalamus and in mechanisms of pain. Specific and 2
The cerebral non-specific nuclei. Pineal gland
cortex Emotions. (epiphysis). Hypothalamus Autonomic
Memory.Sleep) control functions of the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic control of the anterior
pituitary gland. Structure of the cerebral
cortex. Functions of specific cortical areas.
sleep. Insomnia. Paradoxical sleep. Basic
theories of sleep. Memory mechanisms:
LTP, facilitation, habituation. Role of
hippocampus. Emotions and motivations.
9 Physiology of the Structure of the heart. Pulmonary and
heart. Electrical systemic circulation. The cardiac cycle.
activity of the Pressure changes during the cardiac cycle.
heart. Atrioventricular and semilunar valves. Ionic 2
channels and AP of nonpacemaker and
pacemaker cells. Role of nonspecific
“funny” channel and Ca2+/Na+ exchanger in
low diastolic depolarization. Refractory
period, inactivation of Na+ channels.
Conducting tissues of the heart. The
automaticity. Excitation - contraction
coupling in cardiac muscle. Importance of
inhibitors of ryanodine and dihydropyridine
receptors for treatment. Heart sounds, heart
murmurs.
10 Intrinsic and Conditioned and unconditioned types of
extrinsic control regulation All-or-none law. Intrinsic
of the cardiac autoregulation of the heart ( Frank-Starling
functioning. law) Heterometric and homeometric 2
regulation (after-load and pre-load
mechanisms). Intracardial and extracardial
reflexes. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
effects. Types of adrenoreceptors in
myocardial cells.
11 The circulation. The functional classification of the blood
vessels. Physical laws describing blood
Cardiac output, flow. Vascular resistance to blood flow.
blood flow and Poiseuille’s law. Hypertension. Respiratory
2
blood pressure and vasomotor waves in the arterial
pressure. Total peripheral resistance.
12 Regulation of Extrinsic (neurogenic) and intrinsic
blood flow. (myogenic) regulations. Cholinergic
sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers,
adrenergic sympathetic fibers. Alpha- and 2
beta-adrenergic effects. Arterial and carotid
baro- and chemoreceptor reflexes. Paracrine
regulation of blood flow. Role of medulla
oblongata and hypothalamus. Peripheral
circulation.
13 Respiratory Structure of the respiratory system.. 2
physiology. Physical aspects of ventilationSurfactant and
External the respiratory distress syndrome.
breathing. Gases Pneumothorax. Restrictive and obstructive
exchange in the disorders. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation
lungs between curve, its analyses. Dalton’s law. Total
lungs and blood, atmospheric pressure, partial pressure of
blood and tissure. gases. Role of blood PO2 and PCO2 for lung
function. Holdein’s and Bor’s effects.
14 Regulation of Brain stem respiratory center. Medulla
breathing. oblongata and pons. Inspiration and
expiration neurons. The role of central and
peripheral chemoreceptors in respiration
regulation. Effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia.
The role of hypothalamic and cerebral 2
cortex in regulation of breathing. Effect of
pulmonary receptors. The effects of vagus ,
reflex of Gering-Breuer.
15 The Mouth. Secretion of saliva. Mastication.
Deglutition. Primary regions and structures
gastrointestinal of the stomach. Motor function of the
tract. Digestion in stomach. Gastric glands. Gastric juice.
the stomach. Pepsin and hydrochloric acid secretion. The 2
activation of pepsin. Digestion and
absorption in the stomach. Regulation of
gastric secretion by nervous and hormonal
mechanisms.
16 Physiology of Pancreatic secretion. Regulation of
pancreas. Liver. pancreatic secretion. Liver. Secretion of bile
by the liver. Enterohepatic circulation.
Small intestine.
2
The structure of an intestinal villi and
microvillus. Secretion of the small intestine.
Regulation of small intestinal secretion.
Intestinal contractions and motility.
Peristalsis, segmentation. Slow waves.
17 Digestion of Anatomical basis and basic mechanisms of
carbohydrates, absorption. Fluid and electrolyte absorption
fats and proteins in the intestine. Regulation of the
in gastrointestinal gastrointestinal tract. Autonomic nervous 2
tract. system, enteric nervous system, paracrine
regulation, hormonal regulation.
18 The urinary Structure of the urinary system. Structure
system. and function of the kidney. Renal blood
vessels. Juxtamedullary nephrons and
cortical nephrons. Nephron tubules 2
(glomerular Bowman`s capsule, proximal
convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal
convoluted tubule, collecting duct).
Glomerular ultrafiltration. Regulation of
glomerular filtration rate. Sympathetic
nerve effects. Renal autoregulation.
Micturition reflex.
19 Reabsorption, Reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Active 2
concentration and and passive transport. Significance of
secretion proximal tubule reabsorption. Ascending
limb of the loop of Henle. Descending limb
processes in the
kidney. of the loop of Henle. The countercurrent
multiplier system. Vasa recta. Tubular
secretion of Drugs. Renal plasma clearance.
Renal Clearance of inulin, urea, PAH.
Reabsorbtion of glucose. Glucosuria. Role
of aldosterone in Na+/K+ balance. Sodium
reabsorption. Potassium secretion. Control
of aldosterone secretion. Regulation of renin
secretion. Role of the macula densa. Atrial
natriuretic peptide. Renal acid-base
regulation. Reabsorption of bicarbonate in
the proximal tubule. Urinary buffers. Use of
diuretics.Aquaporins.
20 The endocrine Principles of endocrine function. The
system. . chemical nature of hormones. Synthesis,
transport and receptor binding of the
hormons. Feedback control of hormone
2
secretion. The hypothalamic-pituitary
system. Hypothalamic and pituitary
hormones. The adrenal gland. Functions of
the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
(glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
cathecholamines).
4. Educational and Methodological Materials on Human physiology tuition.
4.1. Literature Sources Recommended:
Main:
1. W.F. Ganong. Review of Medical Physiology. 2003.
2. C. Guiton M.D. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11 edition. 2006.
Supplementary:
1. W.F. Boron, E.L. Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. 2003.
2. Human Physiology. Stuart Ira Fox. 2004.
3. A. C. Guyton, J.E.Hall. Human Physiology and Mechanisms of
Disease. 1997 г.
4.2. The list of Department equipment Used for Tutorial Purposes:
1. Multimedia presentations.
2. Tables.
3. Mini‐laboratory Powerlab for registration of muscle contraction, nerve
conductance, EEG, ECG and spirogram.
4. Standard electro‐physiological devices – stimulators, oscilloscope, computers
for analyses of obtained data and printer.
5. 8 computers for screening test control at every practical class.
6. Laboratory animals – frogs and mice.
7. Different Instruments for dissection of nerves, muscles and heart.
8. Chemicals for Ringer solution, anesthetic drugs.
9. Standard devices and solutions for full blood analyses.
10.Microscopes.
11.Spirograph, oxygemograph and analysator for measuring of CO2 content in the
expired air.
