Global Regulations

GLOBAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON MOTORCYCLE BRAKE SYSTEMS.
29-GTRBR-05
2nd FINAL DRAFT – Prepared 2005 – 10 – 28
1. SCOPE
This global technical regulation (gtr) specifies requirements for service brake and, where
applicable, associated parking brake systems.
Its purpose is to ensure safe braking performance under normal and emergency riding
conditions.
The gtr applies to power driven vehicles* with 2 or 3 wheels as follows*:
"Category 3 vehicle" means a power driven vehicle with 2 or 3 wheels designed and
constructed for the carriage of persons and/or goods.
"Category 3-1 vehicle: two-wheeled moped" means a two-wheeled vehicle with an

engine cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic engine not exceeding 50 cm3 and
whatever the means of propulsion a maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km/h.
"Category 3-2 vehicle: three-wheeled moped" means a three-wheeled vehicle of any

wheel arrangement with an engine cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic engine not
exceeding 50 cm3 and whatever the means of propulsion a maximum design speed not
exceeding 50 km/h.
"Category 3-3 vehicle: two-wheeled motorcycle" means a two-wheeled vehicle with an

engine cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic engine exceeding 50 cm3 or whatever
the means of propulsion a maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h.
"Category 3-4 vehicle: tricycle" means a vehicle with three wheels symmetrically
arranged in relation to the longitudinal median plane with an engine cylinder capacity in
the case of a thermic engine exceeding 50 cm3 or whatever the means of propulsion a
maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h.
"Category 3-5 vehicle: motorcycle with sidecar" means a vehicle with three wheels
asymmetrically arranged in relation to the longitudinal median plane with an engine
cylinder capacity in the case of a thermic engine exceeding 50 cm3 or whatever the means
of propulsion a maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h.
These categories do not include:

a. vehicles with a V max. of < 25 km/h
b. vehicles equipped for disabled drivers
1
2. DEFINITIONS
The following definitions apply for the purpose of interpreting this gtr and have, where
appropriate, been taken from SPECIAL RESOLUTION No. 1: CONCERNING THE
COMMON DEFINITIONS OF VEHICLE CATEGORIES, MASSES AND
DIMENSIONS (SR1) and indicated in the gtr by *:
2.1 ABS (Antilock Brake System) means a system which senses wheel slip and
automatically modulates the pressure producing the braking forces at the wheel(s) to limit
the degree of wheel slip.
2.2 Baseline test means a stop or a series of stops carried out in order to confirm the
performance of the brake prior to subjecting it to a further test such as the Heating
Procedure or Wet Brake Stop.
2.3 Brake means those parts of the brake system where the forces opposing the
movement of the vehicle are developed.
2.4 Brake system means the combination of parts consisting of the Control, Transmission,
and Brake, but excluding the engine, whose function it is to progressively to reduce the
speed of a moving vehicle, bring it to a halt, and keep it stationary when halted.
2.5 Combined Brakes System (CBS) means:

For vehicle categories 3-1 & 3-3: a service brake system where at least two brakes on
different axles are activated by the operation of a single control.
For vehicle categories 3-2 & 3-4: a service brake system where the brakes on all axles are
activated by the operation of a single control.
For vehicle category 3-5: a service brake system where the brakes on at least the front
and rear axles are activated by the operation of a single control. (If the rear wheel and
sidecar wheel are braked by the same brake system, this is regarded as the rear brake.)
2.6 Control means the part actuated directly by the rider in order to supply the energy
required for braking the vehicle to the transmission.
2.7 Driver mass means the nominal mass of a driver that shall be 75 kg (subdivided into
68 kg occupant mass at the seat and 7 kg luggage mass).
2.8 Engine disconnected means when the engine is no longer connected to the driving
wheels.
2.9 Initial Brake Temperature means the temperature of the hottest brake before any
brake application.
2
2.10 Laden* means the “gross vehicle mass”, which is the maximum mass of the fully
laden solo vehicle based on its construction and design performances, as declared by the
manufacturer. This shall be less than or equal to the sum of the maximum axles’ (group
of axles) capacity.
2.11 Lightly loaded means mass in running order plus 15 kgs for test equipment including
outriggers, or the laden condition, whichever is less.
2.12 Mass in running order*means the sum of the unladen* vehicle mass and driver mass
2.13 Peak Friction Coefficient (PFC) means the measure of tire to road surface friction
based on the maximum deceleration of a rolling tire, measured in accordance with the
method specified in national legislation.
2.14 Power assisted braking system means a braking system in which the energy
necessary to produce the braking force is supplied by the physical effort of the driver
assisted by one or more energy supplying devices, for example vacuum assisted (with
vacuum booster)
2.15 Secondary brake system means the second service brake system on a vehicle
equipped with a combined brake system.
2.16 Service brake system means the brake systems which are used for slowing the
vehicle when in motion.
2.17 Single brake system means a brake system which acts on only one axle.
2.18 Split service braking system means a brake system consisting of two or more
subsystems activated by a single control designed so that a single failure in any
subsystem (such as a leakage type failure of a hydraulic subsystem) does not impair the
operation of any other subsystem.
2.19 Stopping distance means the distance travelled by the vehicle from the point of
application of the control to the point at which the vehicle reaches a full stop.
2.20 Test speed means the vehicle speed measured at the moment of application of the
brake control(s)
2.21 Transmission means the combination of components that provide the functional link
between the control and the brake.
2.22 Vmax means the speed attainable by accelerating at a maximum rate from a standing
start for a distance of 1.6 km on a level surface, with the vehicle lightly loaded.
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3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Brake system requirements
3.1.1 Each vehicle must meet each of the tests specified for that vehicle category and for
those brake features on the vehicle.
3.1.2 Service brake control operation

Vehicles shall have configurations that enable a driver to operate the brake control whilst
seated in the normal driving position and with both hands on the steering control.
3.1.3 Parking brake system

If a parking brake system is fitted, it shall hold the vehicle stationary on the prescribed
slope.
The parking brake shall:
a.have a control which is separate from the service brake controls and
b.be held in the locked position by solely mechanical means.
Vehicles shall have configurations that enable a driver to be able to activate the parking
brake whilst seated in the normal driving position.
3.1.4 Two-wheeled vehicles (vehicle categories 3-1 and 3-3) shall be equipped with
either two separate service brake systems, or a split service brake system, with at least
one brake operating on the front wheel and at least one brake operating on the rear wheel.
3.1.5 Category 3-5 vehicles shall comply with the brake system requirements set out in
paragraph 3.1.4 above. A brake on the sidecar wheel is not required if the vehicle meets
the performance requirements prescribed in section 4.
3.1.6 Three-wheeled vehicles of categories 3-2 and 3-4 shall be equipped with a
parking brake system plus one of the following service brake system options:
3.1.6.1 two separate service brake systems (or a split braking system) which, when
applied together, activate the brakes on all wheels, or
3.1.6.2 a service brake system that activates the brakes on all wheels and a secondary
brake system which may be the parking brake.
3.1.7 Category 3-4 vehicles shall be equipped with a foot operated service brake system
which operates on all wheels and a secondary brake system, which may be the parking
brake system.
3.1.8 In cases where two separate service brake systems are installed, the systems may
share a common brake, if a failure in one system does not affect the performance of the
other.
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3.1.9 For vehicles with a hydraulic transmission, the master cylinder shall:
a. have a separate reservoir for each brake system;
b. have a minimum reservoir capacity equivalent to 1.5 times the total fluid displacement
required to satisfy the new to fully worn lining condition with the worst case brake
adjustment condition; and
c. have a reservoir where the fluid level is visible for checking without removal of the
cover.
3.1.10 Vehicles that are equipped with a split service brake system shall be fitted with a
red warning lamp, that is mounted in clear view of the rider and which shall be activated:
a. when there is a hydraulic failure on the application of a force of ≤ 90 N to the control;
and
b. without activation of the brake control, when the brake fluid level in the master
cylinder reservoir falls below the greater of:
(1) the level specified by the manufacturer and
(2) the level less than or equal to half of the fluid reservoir capacity.
To permit function checking, the warning lamp shall be illuminated by the activation of
the ignition switch and shall be extinguished when the check has been completed.
The warning lamp shall remain on whilst a failure condition exists whenever the ignition
switch is in the “on” position.
3.1.11 Vehicles that are equipped with an ABS system shall be fitted with a yellow
warning lamp that is mounted in clear view of the rider. The lamp shall be activated
whenever there is a malfunction that affects the generation or transmission of signals in
the vehicle’s ABS system.
For function checking, the warning lamp shall be illuminated by the activation of the
ignition switch and extinguished once the check has been completed.
The warning lamp shall remain on whilst a failure condition exists whenever the ignition
switch is in the “on” position.
3.1.12 Brake friction material shall not contain asbestos.
3.2 Durability
3.2.1 – Wear of the service brakes shall be compensated for by means of a system of
automatic or manual adjustment.
3.2.2 - The friction material thickness shall either be visible without disassembly, or
where the friction material is not visible, wear shall be assessed by means of a device
designed for that purpose.
3.2.3 - During all the tests in this gtr and on their completion, there shall be no friction
material detachment and no leakage of brake fluid.
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3.3 Measurement of Dynamic performance
The method utilized to measure performance shall be as specified in the respective tests
in section 4. There are three ways in which the service brake system performance may be
measured:
3.3.1: MFDD (Mean Fully Developed Deceleration)
Calculation of MFDD :
dm = Vb2 – ve2 m/s2
25.92 (Se - Sb)
Where :
dm = mean fully developed deceleration
V1 = vehicle speed when rider activates control
Vb = vehicle speed at 0.8 V1 in km/h
Ve = vehicle speed at 0.1 V1 in km/h
Sb = distance traveled between V1 and Vb in metres
Se = distance traveled between V1 and Ve in metres
3.3.2: Stopping distance:
Based on the basic equations of motion:

S = 0.1 V + (X) V2
Where:
S = stopping distance in metres
V = vehicle speed in km/h
X = a variable based on the requirement for each test
To calculate the corrected stopping distance using the actual vehicle test speed, the
following formula is used:
S s = 0.1 Vs + (Sa – 0.1 Va) x Vs2/Va2

Where:
S s = corrected stopping distance in metres
Vs = specified vehicle test speed in km/h
Sa = actual stopping distance in metres
Va = actual vehicle test speed in km/h
Note: This equation is only valid when the actual test speed (Va) is within ± 5 km/h of
the specified test speed (Vs)
3.3.3 Continuous Deceleration Recording:
For tests such as the Wet Brake and Heat Fade – Heating Procedure,
there shall be a continuous recording of the vehicle deceleration from the point where the
brake control is applied until the end of the stop.
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4. TEST CONDITIONS, PROCEDURES AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS.
4.1 General
4.1.1 Test surfaces:
4.1.1.1 Dynamic brake tests (excluding low friction ABS tests):

The test area shall have a clean, dry and level surface, with a gradient ≤ 1%
The surface shall have a nominal peak friction coefficient (PFC) of 0.9, unless otherwise
specified.
4.1.1.2 Low friction ABS tests:

Vehicles with ABS shall also be tested on a clean and level surface, with a gradient ≤ 1%,
with a peak friction coefficient of ≤ 0.45.
4.1.1.3 Parking brake tests:

The specified test slope shall have a clean and dry surface that does not deform under the
weight of the vehicle.
4.1.1.4 Test lane width:

For 2 wheeled vehicles (vehicle categories 3-1 and 3-3) the test lane width shall be 2.5m.
For 3 wheeled vehicles (vehicle categories 3-2, 3-4 and 3-5) the test lane width shall be
2.5m + the vehicle width.
4.1.2 Ambient temperature:

The ambient temperature shall be between 4° C and 45° C.
4.1.3 Wind speed:

The wind speed shall be not more than 5 m/s
4.1.4 Test speed tolerance:

The test speed tolerance shall be ± 5 km/h.
In the event of the actual test speed deviating from the specified test speed, the actual
stopping distance shall be corrected using the formula in paragraph 3.3.2
4.1.5 Automatic transmission:

Vehicles with automatic transmission shall complete all tests - whether they are for
“engine connected” or “engine disconnected”.
If an automatic transmission has a neutral position, the neutral position shall be selected
for tests where “engine disconnected” is specified.
4.1.6 Vehicle position and wheel lock:

- The vehicle shall be positioned in the centre of the test lane for the beginning of each
stop.
- Stops shall be made without the vehicle wheels passing outside the applicable test lane
and without wheel lock.
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4.1.7 Test sequence
TEST ORDER SECTION

1. Dry Stop - single brake control activated 4.3
2. Dry Stop - all service brake controls activated 4.4
3. High Speed 4.5
4. Wet Brake 4.6
5. Heat Fade (1) 4.7
6. If fitted:
6.1 Parking Brake 4.8
6.2 ABS 4.9
6.3 Partial failure, for split service brake systems 4.10
6.4 Power-assisted braking system failure 4.11
Note (1): Heat Fade shall always be the last test carried out
4.2 Preparation
4.2.1 Engine idle speed:

The engine idle speed shall be set to the manufacturer’s specification.
4.2.2 Tyre pressures:

The tyres shall be inflated to the manufacturer’s specification for the vehicle loading
condition for the test.
4.2.3 Control lever application points and direction:

For a hand control lever, the input force (F) shall be applied on the control lever’s
forward surface perpendicular to the axis of the lever fulcrum and its outermost point on
the plane along which the control lever rotates. (see figure below).
The input force shall be applied to a point located 50 mm from the outermost point of the
control lever, measured along the axis between the central axis of the fulcrum of the lever
and its outermost point.
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For a foot control pedal, the input force shall be applied to the centre of the pedal and at
right angles to the control pedal.
4.2.4 Brake temperature measurement:

The brake temperature shall be measured on the approximate centre of the braking path
of the disc or drum using:
a. a rubbing thermocouple that is in contact with the surface of the disc or drum or
b. a thermocouple that is embedded in the friction material
Contracting parties may specify which method is acceptable for the purpose of
establishing compliance with these requirements.
4.2.5 Burnishing procedure:

[The following procedure shall be used, unless the manufacturer supplies the vehicle for
testing with the brakes already burnished.
OR
The following procedure shall be used. However, if the certification is based on type
approval, the manufacturer may supply the vehicle for testing with the brakes already
burnished.]
- Vehicle lightly loaded.
- Engine disconnected
- Test speed:
Initial speed: ≥50 km/h for vehicle category 3-3, 3-4, 3-5
: ≥ 0.8 Vmax for vehicle category 3-1, 3-2
Final speed = 5 to 10 km/h
- Brake application:
Each brake control applied separately.
- Vehicle deceleration:
Front wheel braking only:
3.0-3.5 m/s2 for vehicle category 3-3, 3-4, 3-5
1.5-2.0 m/s2 for vehicle category 3-1, 3-2
Rear wheel braking only: 1.5-2.0 m/s2
CBS or split service brake system: 3.5-4.0m/s2
- Number of decelerations: 100 per brake system
- Initial brake temperature before each brake application ≤100° C.
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- For the first stop, accelerate the vehicle to the initial speed and then activate the brake
control under the conditions specified above until the final speed is reached. Then
reaccelerate to the initial speed and maintain that speed until the brake temperature falls
to the specified initial value. When these conditions are met, reapply the brake control as
specified. Repeat this procedure for the number of specified decelerations.
4.3 Dry Stop Test – single brake control activated
4.3.1 Vehicle condition.
- The test is applicable to all vehicle categories.
- Laden
For vehicles fitted with CBS and split service brake systems: the vehicle is
also tested in the lightly loaded condition.
4.3.2 Test conditions and procedure
- Initial brake temperature: ≥55° C and ≤100° C
- Test speed :
Vehicle categories 3-1 & 3-2: 40 km/h or 0.9 Vmax, whichever is the lower
Vehicle categories 3-3, 3-4 & 3-5: 60 km/h or 0.9 Vmax, whichever is the
lower
Each brake control separately.
- Brake actuation force:

Hand control: ≤200N
Foot control: ≤350N for vehicle categories 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-5
≤500N for vehicle category 3-4
- Number of stops : until the vehicle meets the performance requirements, with
a maximum of 6 stops
- For each stop, accelerate the vehicle to the test speed and then activate the
brake control under the conditions specified above
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4.3.3 Performance requirements
When the brakes are tested in accordance with the test procedure set out in
paragraph 4.3.2, the stopping distance shall be as specified in column 2 or the MFDD
shall be as specified in column 3 of the following table:
column 2 column 3
Vehicle STOPPING DISTANCE (S) MFDD
Category (Where V is the specified test speed in km/h and S is
the required stopping distance in metres)
Single front brake system only:
3-1 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.011V2 ≥ 3.4m/s2
3-2 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.014V2 ≥ 2.7m/s2
3-3 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.0087V2 ≥ 4.4m/s2
3-4
3-5 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.011V2 ≥ 3.6m/s2
Single rear brake system only
3-1 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.014V2 ≥ 2.7 m/s2
3-2 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.014V2 ≥ 2.7m/s2
3-3 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.013V2 ≥ 2.9m/s2
3-4
3-5 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.011V2 ≥ 3.6m/s2
Vehicles with CBS or Split Service Brake Systems: laden or lightly loaded.
3-1 + 3-2 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.0087V2 ≥ 4.4m/s2
3-3 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.0076V2 ≥ 5.1m/s2
2
3-4 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.0077V ≥ 5.0m/s2
3-5 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.0071V2 ≥ 5.4m/s2
Vehicles with CBS – secondary brake only
ALL S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.015V2 ≥ 2.5 m/s2
4.4 Dry Stop Test – all service brake controls activated
- The test is applicable to vehicle categories 3-3, 3-4, 3-5.
- Lightly loaded.
- Initial brake temperature: ≥55° C and ≤100° C.
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- Test speed: 100 km/h or 0.9 Vmax, whichever is the lower.
Simultaneous actuation of both brake controls, if so equipped, or of the single
brake control in the case of a service brake system that operates on all wheels.

Hand control: ≤ 250N
Foot control: ≤ 400N
≤500N for vehicle category 3-4
- For each stop, accelerate the vehicle to the test speed and then apply the
brakes under the conditions specified above
When the brakes are tested in accordance with the test procedure set out in
paragraph 4.4.2, the stopping distance (S) shall be:
a. For test speeds < 80.5 km/h , S ≤ 0.0055 V2
b. For test speeds ≥ 80.5 km/h, S ≤ 0.0060 V2
(where V is the specified test speed in km/h and S is the required stopping
distance in metres)
4.5 High Speed Test
4.5.1 Vehicle condition
- The test is applicable to vehicle categories 3-3, 3-4 and 3-5
- Test is not required for vehicles with Vmax ≤ 125 km/h
- Lightly loaded.
- Engine connected with the transmission in the highest gear
- Initial brake temperature : ≥55° C and ≤100° C
- Test speed: 0.8 Vmax for vehicles with Vmax >125 km/h and < 200 km/h.
160 km/h for vehicles with Vmax ≥ 200 km/h
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Simultaneous application of both brake controls, if so equipped, or of the
single brake control in the case of a service brake system that operates on all
wheels

Hand control ≤ 200N
Foot control ≤ 350N for vehicle categories 3-3, and 3-5
≤ 500N for vehicle category 3-4
brake control under the conditions specified.
When the brakes are tested in accordance with the test procedure set out in paragraph
4.5.2:
- The stopping distance (S) shall be ≤ 0.1 V + 0.0067V2

(where V is the specified test speed in km/h and S is the required stopping distance in
metres)
or the MFDD shall be ≥5.8m/s2
4.6 Wet Brake Test
4.6.1 General information:
- The test comprises two parts that shall be carried out consecutively for each
brake system:
a. A baseline test based on the Dry Stop Test - single brake control activated
(paragraph 4.3).
b. A single wet brake stop using the same test parameters as in a. above but
with the brake(s) being continuously sprayed with water while the test is
conducted in order to assess the effect of riding in wet conditions.
- The test is not applicable to parking brakes
- Drum brakes or fully enclosed disc brakes are exempt from this test unless
ventilation or open inspection ports are present.
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- This test requires the vehicle to be fitted with instrumentation that gives a
continuous recording of brake control force and vehicle deceleration. The
MFDD and the stopping distance measurements are not appropriate in this
case.
- The test is applicable to all vehicle categories
- Laden
For vehicles fitted with CBS and split service brake systems: the vehicle is
also tested in the lightly loaded condition.
- Each brake shall be fitted with water spray equipment
a. Disc Brakes : Sketch of water spray equipment:
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The disc brake water spray equipment shall be installed as follows:
- Water shall be sprayed onto each brake with a flow rate of 15 litres/hr.
The water shall be equally distributed on each side of the rotor.
- If the surface of the rotor has any shielding, the spray shall be applied 45°
prior to the shield.
- If it is not possible to position the spray at 45° as shown on the sketch, or if
the spray coincides with a brake ventilation hole or similar, the spray may be
moved 90° max prior to this position.
b. Drum Brakes with ventilation and open inspection ports:
The water spray equipment shall be installed as follows:

- Water shall be sprayed equally onto both sides of the drum brake assembly
(on the stationary back plate and on the rotating drum) with a flow rate of 15
litres/hr.
- The spray nozzles shall be positioned two thirds of the distance from the outer
circumference of the rotating drum to the wheel hub centre.
- The nozzle position shall be > 15 ° from the edge of any opening in the drum
back plate.
4.6.3 Baseline Test:
- Carry out the test in paragraph 4.3 (Dry Stop Test - single brake control
activated) for each brake system but with the brake control force that results in
a vehicle deceleration of 2.5 – 3.0 m/s2 , and determine the following:
a. The average brake control force measured when the vehicle is travelling
between 80% and 10% of the specified test speed.
b. The average vehicle deceleration in the period 0.5 to 1.0 seconds after the
point of application of the brake control.
c. The maximum vehicle deceleration during the complete stop but excluding
the final 0.5 seconds.
d. To ensure repeatability, 3 baseline stops are performed and the average
values of a, b, and c are calculated.
4.6.4 Wet Brake Stop:
4.6.4.1 Test conditions and procedure
a.The vehicle is ridden at the test speed used in the baseline test set out in
paragraph 4.6.3 with the water spray equipment operating on the brake(s) to
be tested and with no activation of the brake system.
b. After a distance of ≥500 m, apply the average brake control force
determined in baseline test 4.6.3a for the brake system being tested.
c. Measure the average vehicle deceleration in the period 0.5 to 1.0 seconds
after the point of application of the brake control.
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d. Measure the maximum vehicle deceleration during the complete stop but
excluding the final 0.5 seconds.
4.6.5. Performance requirements
When tested in accordance with paragraph 4.6.4.1, the wet brake deceleration
performance shall be:
≥ 60% of the average deceleration value recorded in the baseline test 4.6.3b
(in the period of 0.5 to 1.0 seconds after the point of application of the brake
control)
≤120% of the deceleration average value recorded in the baseline test 4.6.3c
(during the complete stop but excluding the final 0.5 seconds)
4.7 Heat Fade Test
- The test is comprised of three parts that shall be carried out consecutively for
each brake system:
a A baseline test using the Dry Stop Test - single brake control activated
(paragraph 4.3).
b A heating procedure which consists of a series of repeated stops in
order to heat the brake(s)
c. A hot brake stop using the Dry Stop Test - single brake control
activated (paragraph 4.3), to measure the brake's performance after the heating
procedure.
- The test is applicable to vehicle categories 3-3, 3-4 and 3-5.
- The test is not applicable to parking brakes and secondary brakes.
- All stops shall be carried out with the vehicle laden
- The heating procedure requires the vehicle to be fitted with instrumentation

that gives a continuous recording of brake control force and vehicle
deceleration. The MFDD and stopping distance measurements are not
appropriate for the heating procedure. The baseline and hot brake stops
require the measurement of either MFDD or the stopping distance.
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4.7.2 Baseline Test:
4.7.2.1 Vehicle condition.
- Test speed: 60 km/h or 0.9 Vmax, whichever is the lower.
Separate test using each brake control.

Foot control ≤ 350N for vehicle categories 3-3 and 3-5
≤ 500N for vehicle category 3-4
- Accelerate the vehicle to the test speed, activate the brake control under the
conditions specified and record the control force required to achieve the
vehicle braking performance specified in the table to paragraph 4.3.3
4.7.3 Heating Procedure
- Initial brake temperature prior to first stop only: ≥55° C and ≤100° C
- Specified speed:
Front brakes(s): 100 km/h or 0.7V max, whichever is the lower.
Rear brake(s): 80 km/h or 0.7V max, whichever is the lower.
CBS: 100 km/h or 0.7V max, whichever is the lower.
Separate application for each brake control.

For the first stop:
The constant control force that achieves a vehicle deceleration rate of 3.0 –
3.5 m/s2 for the period when the vehicle is travelling between 80% and 10%
of the specified speed.
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For the remaining stops:
The same constant brake control force that is used for the first stop.
Note that if the vehicle is unable to achieve the specified vehicle deceleration
rate, these stops shall be carried out at the maximum achievable value.
- Number of stops: 10
- Interval between stops: 1000 m.
- Engine transmission:
a. From the specified speed to 50% specified speed: connected, with the
highest appropriate gear selected such that the engine speed remains above
the manufacturer’s specified idle speed.
b. From 50% specified speed to standstill: disconnected.
- Carry out a stop to the conditions specified above and then immediately use
maximum acceleration to reach the specified speed and maintain that speed until
the next stop is made.
4.7.4 Hot Brake Stop:
Perform a single stop under the conditions used in the baseline test (paragraph 4.7.2) for
the brake system that has been heated during testing in accordance with paragraph 4.7.3.
This stop is carried out within one minute of the completion of the test set out in
paragraph 4.7.3 with a brake actuation force less than or equal to the force used during
the test set out in paragraph 4.7.2.
4.7.5 Performance Requirements
When the brakes have been tested in accordance with paragraph 4.7.4.1, their
performance shall be:
- If based on stopping distance: S2 ≤ 1.67 S1 – 0.67 x 0.1V

Where:
S1 = stopping distance in metres achieved in the baseline test set out in paragraph
4.7.2
S2 = stopping distance in metres achieved in the hot brake stop set out in
paragraph 4.7.4.1
V = test speed in km/h.
or
- If based on MFDD, ≥ 60% of the MFDD recorded in the test set out in paragraph
4.7.2
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4.8 Parking Brake Test – for vehicles equipped with parking brakes
- The test is applicable to vehicle categories 3-2, 3-4 and 3-5.
- Laden
- Initial brake temperature: ≤100° C
- Test surface gradient = 18%

Hand control ≤ 400 N.
Foot control ≤ 500 N.
- For the first part of the test, park the vehicle on the test surface gradient facing
up the slope by activating the brake system under the conditions specified
above. If the vehicle remains stationary, start the measurement of the test
period.
- On completion of the test with vehicle facing up the gradient, repeat the same
test procedure with the vehicle facing down the gradient.
When tested in accordance with the test procedure set out in paragraph 4.8.2, the parking
brake system shall hold the vehicle stationary for 5 minutes when the vehicle is both
facing up and facing down the gradient.
4.9 ABS Tests
- The tests are only applicable to the ABS fitted on vehicle categories 3-1 and
3-3.
- The tests are to confirm the performance of brake systems equipped with ABS
including the performance in the event of ABS electrical failure.
19
- “Wheel lock” means the condition that occurs when there is a slip ratio of
1.00. However, in practice, wheel lock is judged to have occurred when a
vehicle’s speed exceeds 15 km/h while its wheel speed falls below 5 km/h. at
the tyre to road interface (as defined in ISO 12364 – Two-wheeled
motorcycles – Antilock braking systems (ABS) – Tests and measurement
methods)
- "Fully cycling" means that the anti-lock system is repeatedly modulating the
brake force to prevent the directly controlled wheels from locking. Brake
applications where modulation only occurs once during the stop shall not be
considered to meet this definition (as defined in annex 6 of ECE Regulation
No. 13H)
- The test series comprises the following individual tests, which may be carried
out in any order:
ABS TESTS PARAGRAPH
a. Stops on a high friction surface - as specified in paragraph 4.1.1.1 4.9.3

b. Stops on a low friction surface - as specified in paragraph 4.1.1.2 4.9.4
c. Wheel lock checks on high and low friction surfaces. 4.9.5
d. Wheel lock check - high to low friction surface transition. 4.9.6
e. Wheel lock check - low to high friction surface transition. 4.9.7
f. Stops with an ABS electrical failure. 4.9.8
- Lightly loaded.
4.9.3 Stops on a high friction surface:
- Test speed: 60 km/h or 0.9 Vmax, whichever is lower.
Each brake control separately.
20
Hand control = 200N ± 20%
Foot control = 350N ± 20%
These forces may be increased in order to ensure that the ABS is fully cycling
during the stop.
For systems where the brake actuation force fluctuates due to ABS
operation, the nominal brake actuation force shall be the mean value applied
for the duration of the stop.
- Number of stops: until the vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a
maximum of 6 stops.
brake control under the conditions specified above.
[4.9.3.2 Performance requirements

When the vehicle is tested in accordance with the test procedures referred to in
paragraph 4.9.3.1, there shall be no wheel lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within
the test lane.]
The stopping distance shall be as specified in column 2 or the MFDD shall be as

specified in column of the following table (based on 0.7 x the performance requirements
specified in paragraph 4.3.3 – Dry Stop Test – single brake control activated) :
Category STOPPING DISTANCE (S) OR MFDD

(Where V is the specified test speed in km/h and S is the
required stopping distance in metres)
For single front brakes only:
3-1 S ≤ 0.1 V + V2/64 ≥2.4m/s2
3-3 S ≤ 0.1 V + V2/81 ≥ 3.1m/s2
For single rear brakes only
3-1 S ≤ 0.1 V + V2/49 ≥ 1.9 m/s2
3-3 S ≤ 0.1 V + V2/52 ≥ 2.0m/s2
For CBS:
3-1 S ≤ 0.1 V + V2 /81 ≥ 3.1m/s2
3-3 S ≤ 0.1 V + V2 /93 ≥ 3.6m/s2
4.9.4 Stops on a low friction surface:
4.9.4.1 Test conditions and procedure:
As set out in paragraph 4.9.3.1 but using the low friction surface instead of the high
friction one.
21
4.9.4.2 Performance requirements
[When the vehicle is tested in accordance with the test procedures referred to in
paragraph 4.9.4.1, there shall be no wheel lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within
the test lane.]
4.9.5 Wheel lock checks on high and low friction surfaces.

- Test surfaces:
a. High friction and
b. Low friction
- Test speed:
a. On high friction surface: 80 km/h or 0.8 Vmax, whichever is lower.
b. On low friction surface: 60 km/h or 0.8 Vmax, whichever is lower.
a. Each brake control separately and:
b. Where ABS is fitted to both brake systems, both controls are activated at
the same moment.

during the stop.
- Brake application rate:

The brake actuation force shall be applied in 0.2 – 0.5 seconds
- Number of stops: Maximum of 3 stops
brake control under the conditions specified above.
When the vehicle is tested in accordance with the test procedures set out in paragraph
4.9.5.1, there shall be no wheel lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within the test lane.
22
4.9.6 Wheel lock check - high to low friction surface transition.
- Test surfaces:
A wet high friction surface of > 0.8 PFC
immediately followed by a low friction surface.
- Test speed:
The speed that will result in 50 km/h or 0.5V max, whichever is the lower, at
the point where the vehicle passes from the high friction to the low friction
surface.
the same moment.

during the stop.
brake control before the vehicle reaches the transition from one friction
surface to the other.
When the vehicle is tested in accordance with the test procedures set out in 4.9.6.1, there
shall be no wheel lock and the vehicle wheels shall stay within the test lane.
23
4.9.7 Wheel lock check - low to high friction surface transition.
- Test surfaces:
A low friction surface immediately followed by a wet high friction surface of
> 0.8 PFC
- Test speed:
The speed that will result in 50 km/h or 0.5V max, whichever is the lower, at
the point where the vehicle passes from the low friction to the high friction
surface.
the same moment.

during the stop.
brake control before the vehicle reaches the transition from one friction
surface to the other.
- Record the vehicle’s continuous deceleration.
- When the vehicle is tested in accordance with the test procedures set out in
paragraph 4.9.7.1, there shall be no wheel lock and the vehicle wheels shall
stay within the test lane.
- [After passing over the transition point between the low and high friction
surfaces, the vehicle deceleration shall increase.]
24
4.9.8 Stops with an ABS electrical failure.
- With the ABS electrical system disabled, carry out the test set out in
paragraph 4.3 (Dry stop test – single brake control activated) applying the
conditions relevant to the brake system and vehicle being tested.
4.9.8.1:
- the system shall comply with the failure warning requirements of paragraph 3.1.11 and
- the minimum requirements for stopping distance or MFDD shall be as specified in
column 2 or 3, respectively, under the heading “ single rear brakes only” in the table to
paragraph 4.3.3.
4.10 Partial failure test – for split service brake systems
- The test is only applicable to vehicles that are equipped with split service
brake systems.
- The test is to confirm the performance of the remaining sub system in the
event of a hydraulic system leakage failure.
- The test is applicable to vehicle categories 3-3, 3-4 and 3-5
- Lightly loaded.
- Initial brake temperature: ≥55° C and ≤100° C
- Test speeds: 50 km/h and 100 km/h or 0.8 Vmax, whichever is lower.

Foot control ≤ 400N
25
- Number of stops: until the vehicle meets the performance requirements, with a
maximum of 6 tests for each test speed.
- Alter the service brake system to induce a complete loss of braking in any one
subsystem. Then, for each stop, accelerate the vehicle to the test speed and
then apply the brakes under the conditions specified above.
- Repeat the test for each subsystem.
4.10.3:
- the system shall comply with the failure warning requirements set out in
paragraph 3.1.10 and
- the stopping distance (S) shall be ≤ 0.1 V + 0.012V2
(where V is the specified test speed in km/h and S is the required stopping
distance in metres)
or the MFDD shall be ≥3.3m/s2
4.11 Power-assisted braking system failure Test
- The test is not required when the vehicle is equipped with another separate
service brake system.
- The test is to confirm the performance of the brake system in the event of
failure of the power assistance.
- Carry out the test set out in paragraph 4.3 (Dry Stop Test – single brake control
activated) for each brake system with the power assistance disabled.
When the service brake system has been tested in accordance with the test procedure set
out in paragraph 4.11.2, the stopping distance shall be as specified in column 2 or the
MFDD shall be as specified in column 3 of the following table:
26
column 2 column 3
Vehicle STOPPING DISTANCE (S) MFDD
Category (Where V is the specified test speed in km/h and S is
the required stopping distance in metres)
Single rear brake system only
3-1 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.014V2 ≥ 2.7 m/s2
3-2 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.014V2 ≥ 2.7m/s2
3-3 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.013V2 ≥ 2.9m/s2
3-5 S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.011V2 ≥ 3.6m/s2
Vehicles with CBS – secondary brake only
ALL S ≤ 0.1 V + 0.015V2 ≥ 2.5 m/s2
- Note that if the power assistance may be activated by more than one control, the
above performance shall be achieved when each control is applied separately.
27

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GLOBAL TECHNICAL REGULATION ON MOTORCYCLE BRAKE SYSTEMS.

"Category 3-1 vehicle: two-wheeled moped" means a two-wheeled vehicle with an

"Category 3-2 vehicle: three-wheeled moped" means a three-wheeled vehicle of any

"Category 3-3 vehicle: two-wheeled motorcycle" means a two-wheeled vehicle with an

These categories do not include:

2.5 Combined Brakes System (CBS) means:

3.1 Brake system requirements

3.1.2 Service brake control operation

3.1.3 Parking brake system

3.1.12 Brake friction material shall not contain asbestos.

3.3.1: MFDD (Mean Fully Developed Deceleration)

3.3.2: Stopping distance:

Based on the basic equations of motion:

S s = 0.1 Vs + (Sa – 0.1 Va) x Vs2/Va2

3.3.3 Continuous Deceleration Recording:

4.1.1 Test surfaces:

4.1.1.1 Dynamic brake tests (excluding low friction ABS tests):

4.1.1.2 Low friction ABS tests:

4.1.1.3 Parking brake tests:

4.1.1.4 Test lane width:

4.1.2 Ambient temperature:

4.1.3 Wind speed:

4.1.4 Test speed tolerance:

4.1.5 Automatic transmission:

4.1.6 Vehicle position and wheel lock:

TEST ORDER SECTION

4.2.1 Engine idle speed:

4.2.2 Tyre pressures:

4.2.3 Control lever application points and direction:

4.2.4 Brake temperature measurement:

4.2.5 Burnishing procedure:

- Vehicle lightly loaded.

- Number of decelerations: 100 per brake system

- Initial brake temperature before each brake application ≤100° C.

4.3 Dry Stop Test – single brake control activated

4.3.1 Vehicle condition.

- The test is applicable to all vehicle categories.

4.3.2 Test conditions and procedure

- Initial brake temperature: ≥55° C and ≤100° C

- Brake actuation force:

4.4 Dry Stop Test – all service brake controls activated

4.4.1 Vehicle condition.

- The test is applicable to vehicle categories 3-3, 3-4, 3-5.

4.4.2 Test conditions and procedure

- Initial brake temperature: ≥55° C and ≤100° C.

- Brake actuation force:

4.4.3 Performance requirements

4.5 High Speed Test

4.5.1 Vehicle condition

- The test is applicable to vehicle categories 3-3, 3-4 and 3-5

- Test is not required for vehicles with Vmax ≤ 125 km/h

- Engine connected with the transmission in the highest gear

4.5.2 Test conditions and procedure

- Initial brake temperature : ≥55° C and ≤100° C

- Brake actuation force:

4.5.3 Performance requirements

- The stopping distance (S) shall be ≤ 0.1 V + 0.0067V2

4.6 Wet Brake Test

4.6.1 General information: