Ill effects of parking

• Congestion
– Parking takes considerable street space leading
to the lowering of the road capacity
– Speed will be reduced
Parking – Journey time and delay will also subsequently
increase
– Operational cost of the vehicle increases leading
to great economical loss to the community
Transportation Systems Engineering

• Accidents
– Careless maneuvering of parked vehicles

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Ill effects of parking Parking requirements

• Environmental pollution • Residential plot area
– Less than 300 sq.m require only community parking
– Stopping and starting of vehicles while space.
parking and unparking results in noise and – For residential plot area from 500 to 1000 sq.m,
fumes minimum 1/4th of the open area should be reserved
for parking
– Affect the aesthetic beauty of the buildings
– Offices may require at least one space for every 70
– Cars parked at every available space sq.m as parking area
creates a feeling that building rises from a – One parking space is enough for 10 seats in a
plinth of cars. restaurant
– Theatres and cinema halls need to keep only 1
– Obstruction to fire fighting operations
parking space for 20 seats.

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Parking statistics Parking statistics

• Parking statistics
• Parking statistics
– Parking accumulation
– Parking load
• Number of vehicles parked at a given instant of
• Area under accumulation curve
time
• Obtained by simply multiplying the number of
• Expressed thorough accumulation curve by
vehicles occupying the parking area at each
plotting the number of bays occupied with time
time interval with the time interval
• Expressed as vehicle hours.
– Parking volume
• Total number of vehicles parked at a given – Average parking duration
duration of time
• Ratio of total vehicle hours to the number of
• Does not account for repetition of vehicles vehicles parked

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Transportation Systems Engineering Lecture Notes by Prof. Tom V Mathew 1

 Parking statistics Parking statistics
• Parking statistics • Parking statistics
– Parking turnover – Parking index
• Ratio of number of vehicles parked in a duration to • Also called occupancy or efficiency
number of parking bays available • Ratio of number of bays occupied in a time
duration to the total space available
• An aggregate measure of how effectively the
parking space is utilized
• Expressed as vehicles/bay/time duration

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Parking statistics Parking statistics

• Parking volume= 5 vehicles/2 hour = 2.5 vehicles per hour

• Parking load = (1+2+1+0+1+2+3+1) 15/60

= 11 x 15/60 = 2.75 veh hour

• Average parking duration = 2.75 veh hours / 5 vehicle

= 33 minutes

• Parking turnover = 5 veh/ 2 hours per 3 bays = 0.83 veh/hr/bay.

• Parking index = = 45.83%

Illustration of parking bays and accumulation curve

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Parking surveys Parking surveys

• To collect the parking statistics • in-out survey
– Occupancy count in the selected parking lot is taken
at the beginning
• in-out survey – Number of vehicles that enter the parking lot for a
particular time interval is counted
• fixed period sampling – Number of vehicles that leave the parking lot is also
taken
• license plate method of survey
– Final occupancy in the parking lot is also taken
– Data regarding the time duration for which a particular
vehicle used that parking lot cannot be obtained
– Parking duration and turn over is not obtained
– Parking fare cannot be estimated

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Transportation Systems Engineering Lecture Notes by Prof. Tom V Mathew 2

 Parking Surveys Parking Surveys
• Fixed period sampling • License plate method of survey
– Similar to in-out survey – Results in most accurate and realistic data
– Every parking stall is monitored at a continuous
– All vehicles are counted at the beginning of
interval of 15 minutes or so and the license plate
the survey number is noted down
– Count is again taken at fixed time intervals of – Data regarding the duration for which a particular
15 min. to 1 hr. vehicle was using the parking bay is obtained
– Chances of missing the number of vehicles – If the time interval is shorter, then there are less
chances of missing short-term parkers
that were parked for a short duration.
– This method is very labor intensive.

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In-out surveys: Example problem In-out surveys: Example solution

Table 2: In-out parking survey solution (25+3-2=26)
From an in-out survey conducted for a Table 1: In-out survey data
parking area consisting of 40 bays, the Time In Out Accumulation Occupancy Parking load
initial count was found to be 25. Time In Out (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 26/40*100=65%
5 3 2 5 3 2 26 65 130
Table gives the result of the survey.
10 2 4 10 2 4 24 60 120
26*5=130
The number of vehicles coming in and out 15 4 2 15 4 2 26 65 130 veh.mts
of the parking lot for a time interval of 5 20 5 4 20 5 4 27 67.5 135
minutes is as shown in the table 1.
25 7 3 25 7 3 31 77.5 155
Find the accumulation, total parking load, 30 8 2 30 8 2 37 92.5 185
average occupancy and efficiency of the 35 2 7 35 2 7 32 80 160
parking lot.
40 4 2 40 4 2 34 85 170
45 6 4 45 6 4 36 90 180
50 4 1 50 4 1 39 97.5 195
55 3 3 55 3 3 39 97.5 195
60 2 5 60 2 5 36 90 180
Total 1735
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In-out surveys: Example solution In-out surveys: Example solution

• The occupancy for the remaining time slot is similarly calculated and
• Accumulation can be found out as initial count plus
is tabulated in column 5.
number of vehicles that entered the parking lot till that time
minus the number of vehicles that just exited for that • Average occupancy is the average of the occupancy values for each
particular time interval. time interval.

• Thus it is the average of all values given in column 5 and the value is
• For the first time interval of 5 minutes, accumulation can
80.63%.
be found out as 25+3-2 = 26.
• Parking load is tabulated in column 6.
• It is being tabulated in column 4.
• It is obtained by multiplying accumulation with the time interval. For
the first time interval, parking load = 26 x 5 = 130 vehicle minutes.
•Occupancy or parking index is given by equation For the
first time interval of five minutes, = 65%. • Total parking load is the summation of all the values in column 5
which is equal to 1935 vehicle minutes or 32.25 vehicle hours

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Transportation Systems Engineering Lecture Notes by Prof. Tom V Mathew 3

 License Plate : Example problem License Plate : Example solution

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On street parking On street parking

• Vehicles are parked on the sides of the street • Parallel parking
– Vehicles are parked along the length of the road

• As per IRC standard dimensions of a car is – No backward movement involved while parking or unparking the
taken as 5 x 2.5 m and for truck 3.75 x 7.5 m vehicle

– Most safest parking from the accident perspective

• Common types
– Parallel parking – Consumes the maximum curb length and therefore only a
– 30o parking minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given kerb
length
– 45o parking
– 60o parking – Least obstruction to the on-going traffic on the road since least
– Right angle parking road width is used

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On street parking On street parking

• Length available to park N number of • 30o parking
vehicles L = N/ 5.9 – Vehicles are parked at 30o with respect to the
road alignment

– More vehicles can be parked compared to

parallel parking

Illustration of parallel parking – Better maneuverability

– Delay caused to the traffic is minimum

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Transportation Systems Engineering Lecture Notes by Prof. Tom V Mathew 4

 On street parking On street parking
• Illustration of 300 parking • 450 parking
– More number of vehicles can be parked
– Compared to parallel parking and 300 parking,
more number of vehicles can be
accommodated
– Length of parking space L = 3.54 N+1.77

For N vehicles, L = AC + (N-1)CE = 5 N + 1.25

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On street parking On street parking

• 600 parking • Right angle parking
– Vehicles are parked at 600 to the direction of – Vehicles are parked perpendicular to the direction of
the road
road
– Consumes maximum width
– More number of vehicles can be accommodated
– Kerb length required is very little
– Length available for parking N vehicles – Vehicles need complex maneuvering and this may
L =2.89N+2.16. cause severe accidents
– Causes obstruction to the road traffic particularly if the
road width is less
– Can accommodate maximum number of vehicles for
a given kerb length

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On street parking Off street parking

• Right angle parking • Areas exclusively allotted away from
– Length available for parking N number of the main stream of traffic
vehicles is L = 2.5N

Illustration of 300 parking

Illustration of off-street parking

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Transportation Systems Engineering Lecture Notes by Prof. Tom V Mathew 5

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Thank You

tomvmathew@gmail.com

Transportation Systems Engineering Lecture Notes by Prof. Tom V Mathew 6