SAUDI BOARD RESIDENCY TRAINING PROGRAM

ORTHODONTICS

Promotion Examination

Written Examination Format:

• A written examination shall consist of one paper with not less than 100 MCQs with a
single best answer (one correct answer out of four options). Up to 10% unscored items
can be added for pretesting purposes.
• The examination shall contain type K2 questions (interpretation, analysis,
reasoning and decision making) and type K1 questions (recall and comprehension).
• The examination shall include basic concepts and clinical topics relevant to the
specialty.
• Clinical presentation questions include history, clinical finding and patient
approach. Diagnosis and investigation questions; include the possible diagnosis
and diagnostic methods. Management questions; including treatment and clinical
management, either therapeutic or nontherapeutic, and complications of
management. Materials and Instruments questions; including material properties,
usage, and selection of instruments and equipment used. Health maintenance
questions; include health promotion, disease prevention, risk factors assessment,
and prognosis.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

Passing Score:
The trainee's performance is assessed in each of the evaluation formulas according to the
following scoring system:

Score Less than 50% 50% – 59.4% 60% - 69.4% More than 70%
Description Clear Fail Borderline Fail Borderline Pass Clear Pass

1. To upgrade the trainee from a training level to the next level, she/he must obtain at
least a Borderline Pass in each evaluation form.
2. The program director may recommend to the local supervision
committee to request the promotion of the trainee who did not meet the
previous promotion requirement according to the following:
A. In case that the trainee gets a Borderline Fail result in one of
the evaluation forms, the remaining evaluation forms must be
passed with Clear Pass in at least one of them.
B. In case that the trainee gets a Borderline Fail result in two of the
evaluation forms to a maximum, provided they do not fall under
the same theme (Knowledge, Attitude, Skills). The remaining
evaluation forms must be passed with Clear Pass in at least two of
them.
C. The promotion must be approved in this case by the scientific
council for the specialization.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

 Blueprint Outlines:

No. Section Percentage

1 Evidence Based Orthodontics 20%
2 Basic and Advanced Orthodontic topic 25%
3 Orthognathic Surgery 20%
4 Interdisciplinary Treatment & Adult Orthodontics 15%
5 Occlusion and Temporomandibular Dysfunction (TMD) 10%
6 Behavioral Sciences & Psychology 10%

Total 100%

• All sections incorporate applied Basic Science assessment which includes but not
limited to Physiology, Pharmacology, Anatomy, Physics, and Equipment.

Notes:

• Blueprint distributions of the examination may differ up to +/-5% in each category.

• Percentages and content are subject to change at any time. See the SCFHS website
for the most up-to-date information.

• Research, Ethics, Professionalism, and Patient Safety are incorporated within

various domains.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

Suggested References:

Evidence Based Orthodontic

Respiratory Function and Orthodontics

1. Fields HW, Warren DW, Black K, Phillips CL. Relationship between vertical dentofacial
morphology and respiration in adolescents. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1991 Feb 1;99(2):147-54.
2. Hartgerink DV, Vig PS. Lower anterior face height and lip incompetence do not predict nasal
airway obstruction. The Angle Orthodontist. 1989 Mar;59(1):17-23.
3. Kluemper GT, Vig PS, Vig KW. Nasorespiratory characteristics and craniofacial morphology.
The European Journal of Orthodontics. 1995 Dec 1;17(6):491-5.
4. de Magalhaes Bertoz AP, Souki BQ, Lione R, Webber SA, Bigliazzi R, Oliveira PM, Moro A,
Cozza P. Three-dimensional airway changes after adenotonsillectomy in children with
obstructive apnea: Do expectations meet reality?. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2019 Jun 1;155(6):791-800.
5. Izuka EN, Feres MF, Pignatari SS. Immediate impact of rapid maxillary expansion on upper
airway dimensions and on the quality of life of mouth breathers. Dental press journal of
orthodontics. 2015 May;20:43-9.
6. Feres MF, Muniz TS, Andrade SH, Lemos MD, Pignatari SS. Craniofacial skeletal pattern: is it
really correlated with the degree of adenoid obstruction?. Dental press journal of
orthodontics. 2015 Jul;20:68-75.

Tissue Reactions to Tooth Movement

1. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part I: the
basic science aspects. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002 Apr;72(2):175-9.
2. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption. Part II: The
clinical aspects. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002 Apr;72(2):180-4.
3. Polson AM, Subtelny JD, Meitner SW, Poison AP, Sommers EW, Iker HP, Reed BE. Long-term
periodontal status after orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1988 Jan 1;93(1):51-8.
4. Sameshima GT, Sinclair PM. Predicting and preventing root resorption: Part II. Treatment
factors. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2001 May
1;119(5):511-5.
5. Wennström JL, Stokland BL, Nyman S, Thilander B. Periodontal tissue response to
orthodontic movement of teeth with infrabony pockets. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1993 Apr 1;103(4):313-9.
6. Gopal R, Tulika T, Rai P. Periodontal procedures – An adjunct to orthodontic treatment. Heal
Talk Orthodontics. 2017;10(2):41-2.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

 Treatment Rationale :Tooth Size and Emergence

1. Bishara SE. Third molars: a dilemma! Or is it?. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1999 Jun 1;115(6):628-33.
2. Braun S, Kusnoto B, Hnat WP. A new accurate approach to the anterior ratio with clinical
applications: Part II: A nomographic solution. American journal of orthodontics and
dentofacial orthopedics. 1999 May 1;115(5):494-7.
3. Germane N, Staggers JA, Rubenstein L, Revere JT. Arch length considerations due to the
curve of Spee: a mathematical model. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics. 1992 Sep 1;102(3):251-5.
4. Lewis TE. Incidence of fractured anterior teeth as related to their protrusion. The Angle
Orthodontist. 1959 Apr;29(2):128-31.
5. Peck H, Peck S. An index for assessing tooth shape deviations as applied to the mandibular
incisors. American journal of orthodontics. 1972 Apr 1;61(4):384-401.
6. Stifter J. A study of Pont's, Howes', Rees', Neff's and Bolton's analyses on class I adult
dentitions. The Angle Orthodontist. 1958 Oct;28(4):215-25.

Treatment Rationale :Extraction consideration

1. Stephens CK, Boley JC, Behrents RG, Alexander RG, Buschang PH. Long-term profile changes in
extraction and nonextraction patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics. 2005 Oct 1;128(4):450-7.
2. Kim TW, Årtun J, Behbehani F, Artese F. Prevalence of third molar impaction in orthodontic
patients treated nonextraction and with extraction of 4 premolars. American journal of
orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003 Feb 1;123(2):138-45.
3. Kokich VG, Shapiro PA. Lower incisor extraction in orthodontic treatment: four clinical reports.
The Angle Orthodontist. 1984 Apr;54(2):139-53.
4. Jerrold L, Chay C, Accornero M. The extraction of teeth: Part 1 diagnostic and treatment
considerations. Seminars in Orthodontics 2019 Dec 1 (Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 309-317). WB Saunders.
5. Jerrold L, Accornero M, Chay C. The extraction of teeth: Part 2 considerations regarding which
teeth to extract. Seminars in Orthodontics 2019 Dec 1 (Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 318-322). WB
Saunders.
6. Vilhjálmsson G, Zermeno JP, Proffit WR. Orthodontic treatment with removal of one mandibular
incisor: Outcome data and the importance of extraction site preparation. American Journal of
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2019 Oct 1;156(4):453-63.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

Treatment Rationale (Early Treatment : Extraction: Expansion

1. Hägg U, Tse A, Bendeus M, Rabie AB. A follow-up study of early treatment of pseudo Class III
malocclusion. The Angle Orthodontist. 2004 Aug;74(4):465-72.
2. Hsieh TJ, Pinskaya Y, Roberts WE. Assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes: early
treatment versus late treatment. The Angle Orthodontist. 2005 Mar;75(2):162-70.
3. Luppanapornlarp S, Johnston Jr LE. The effects of premolar-extraction: a long-term
comparison of outcomes in “clear-cut” extraction and nonextraction Class II patients. The Angle
Orthodontist. 1993 Dec;63(4):257-72.
4. Tulloch JC, Phillips C, Proffit WR. Benefit of early Class II treatment: progress report of a two-
phase randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.
1998 Jan 1;113(1):62-74.
5. George SM, Campbell PM, Tadlock LP, Schneiderman E, Buschang PH. Keys to Class II
correction: A comparison of 2 extraction protocols. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2021 Mar 1;159(3):333-42.
6. Yezdani A, Nandhini N, Padmavati R. Serial extraction in orthodontics–A review. European
Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. 2020;7(2): 6432-6441.

Anchorage - Lip Bumper, Implants & Miniscrews

1. Deguchi T, Takano-Yamamoto T, Kanomi R, Hartsfield Jr JK, Roberts WE, Garetto LP. The use
of small titanium screws for orthodontic anchorage. Journal of dental research. 2003
May;82(5):377-81.
2. Geron S, Shpack N, Kandos S, Davidovitch M, Vardimon AD. Anchorage loss—a multifactorial
response. The Angle Orthodontist. 2003 Dec;73(6):730-7.
3. Hodge JJ, Nanda RS, Ghosh J, Smith D. Forces produced by lip bumpers on mandibular
molars. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 1997 Jun
1;111(6):613-22.
4. Kokich VG, Shapiro PA, Oswald R, Koskinen-Moffett L, Clarren SK. Ankylosed teeth as
abutments for maxillary protraction: a case report. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1985
Oct 1;88(4):303-7.
5. Ödman J, Lekholm U, Jemt T, Thilander B. Osseointegrated implants as orthodontic
anchorage in the treatment of partially edentulous adult patients. The European Journal of
Orthodontics. 1994 Jun 1;16(3):187-201.
6. Umemori M, Sugawara J, Mitani H, Nagasaka H, Kawamura H. Skeletal anchorage system for
open-bite correction. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1999
Feb 1;115(2):166-74.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

Extraoral Force

1. Bondemark L, Karlsson I. Extraoral vs intraoral appliance for distal movement of maxillary

first molars: a randomized controlled trial. The Angle Orthodontist. 2005 Sep;75(5):699-706.
2. Brosh T, Portal S, Sarne O, Vardimon AD. Unequal outer and inner bow configurations:
comparing 2 asymmetric headgear systems. American journal of orthodontics and
dentofacial orthopedics. 2005 Jul 1;128(1):68-75.
3. Fenderson FA, McNamara Jr JA, Baccetti T, Veith CJ. A long-term study on the expansion
effects of the cervical-pull facebow with and without rapid maxillary expansion. The Angle
Orthodontist. 2004 Aug;74(4):439-49.
4. Kim KR, Muhl ZF. Changes in mandibular growth direction during and after cervical headgear
treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2001 May
1;119(5):522-30.
5. Melsen B, Dalstra M. Distal molar movement with Kloehn headgear: is it stable?. American
journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003 Apr 1;123(4):374-8.
6. Taner TU, Yukay F, Pehlivanoglu M, Çakırer B. A comparative analysis of maxillary tooth
movement produced by cervical headgear and pend-x appliance. The Angle Orthodontist.
2003 Dec;73(6):686-91.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

Orthopedics and Class II Treatment

1. Bernstein L, Ulbrich RW, Gianelly AA. Orthopedics versus orthodontics in Class II treatment: an
implant study. American journal of orthodontics. 1977 Nov 1;72(5):549-59.
2. Brousseau M, Kubisch RG. Continuous versus intermittent extraoral traction: An experimental
study. American journal of orthodontics. 1977 Jun 1;71(6):607-21.
3. Burkhardt DR, McNamara Jr JA, Baccetti T. Maxillary molar distalization or mandibular
enhancement: a cephalometric comparison of comprehensive orthodontic treatment including
the pendulum and the Herbst appliances. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics. 2003 Feb 1;123(2):108-16.
4. Erickson LP, Hunter WS. Class II, Division 2 Treatment and Mandibular Growth. The Angle
Orthodontist. 1985 Jul;55(3):215-24.
5. Popowich K, Nebbe B, Heo G, Glover KE, Major PW. Predictors for Class II treatment duration.
American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2005 Mar 1;127(3):293-300.
6. Melsen B, Enemark H. Effect of cervical anchorage studied by the implant method. The
European Journal of Orthodontics. 2007 Apr 1;29(suppl_1):i102-6.
7. Pancherz H, Anehus-Pancherz M. The headgear effect of the Herbst appliance: a cephalometric
long-term study. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 1993 Jun
1;103(6):510-20
8. Zierhut EC, Joondeph DR, Artun J, Little RM. Long-term profile changes associated with
successfully treated extraction and nonextraction Class II Division 1 malocclusions. The Angle
Orthodontist. 2000 Jun;70(3):208-19.
9. Baccetti T, Franchi L, Toth LR, McNamara Jr JA. Treatment timing for Twin-block therapy.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2000 Aug 1;118(2):159-70.
10. O’Brien K, Wright J, Conboy F, Sanjie Y, Mandall N, Chadwick S, Connolly I, Cook P, Birnie D,
Hammond M, Harradine N. Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block
appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects.
American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003 Sep 1;124(3):234-43.
11. Haralabakis NB, Halazonetis DJ, Sifakakis IB. Activator versus cervical headgear:
superimpositional cephalometric comparison. American journal of orthodontics and
dentofacial orthopedics. 2003 Mar 1;123(3):296-305
12. Patel HP, Moseley HC, Noar JH. Cephalometric determinants of successful functional appliance
therapy. The Angle Orthodontist. 2002 Oct;72(5):410-7.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

 Orthopedics and Class III Treatment
1. Chen F, Terada K, Hanada K. A special method of predicting mandibular growth potential for
class III malocclusion. The Angle Orthodontist. 2005 Mar;75(2):191-5.
2. Ghiz MA, Ngan P, Gunel E. Cephalometric variables to predict future success of early
orthopedic Class III treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.
2005 Mar 1;127(3):301-6.
3. Iwasaki H, Ishikawa H, Chowdhury L, Nakamura S, Iida J. Properties of the ANB angle and the
Wits appraisal in the skeletal estimation of Angle's Class III patients. The European Journal of
Orthodontics. 2002 Oct 1;24(5):477-83.
4. Tahmina K, Tanaka E, Tanne K. Craniofacial morphology in orthodontically treated patients of
Class III malocclusion with stable and unstable treatment outcomes. American Journal of
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2000 Jun 1;117(6):681-90.
5. Mousoulea S, Tsolakis I, Ferdianakis E, Tsolakis AI. The effect of Chin-cup therapy in class III
malocclusion: a systematic review. The open dentistry journal. 2016;10:664.
6. Foersch M, Jacobs C, Wriedt S, Hechtner M, Wehrbein H. Effectiveness of maxillary protraction
using facemask with or without maxillary expansion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Clinical Oral Investigations. 2015 Jul;19(6):1181-92.
7. Liu W, Zhou Y, Wang X, Liu D, Zhou S. Effect of maxillary protraction with alternating rapid
palatal expansion and constriction vs expansion alone in maxillary retrusive patients: a single-
center, randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics. 2015 Oct 1;148(4):641-51.

Orthopedics :Expansion
1. Handelman CS, Wang L, BeGole EA, Haas AJ. Nonsurgical rapid maxillary expansion in adults:
report on 47 cases using the Haas expander. The Angle Orthodontist. 2000 Apr;70(2):129-44.
2. Baccetti T, Franchi L, Cameron CG, McNamara Jr JA. Treatment timing for rapid maxillary
expansion. The Angle Orthodontist. 2001 Oct;71(5):343-50.
3. Bukhari A, Kennedy D, Hannam A, Aleksejūnienė J, Yen E. Dimensional changes in the palate
associated with slow maxillary expansion for early treatment of posterior crossbite. The Angle
Orthodontist. 2018 Jul;88(4):390-6.
4. Mucedero M, Fusaroli D, Franchi L, Pavoni C, Cozza P, Lione R. Long-term evaluation of rapid
maxillary expansion and bite-block therapy in open bite growing subjects: A controlled clinical
study. The Angle Orthodontist. 2018 Sep;88(5):523-9.
5. Lagravere MO, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. Long-term dental arch changes after rapid maxillary
expansion treatment: a systematic review. The Angle Orthodontist. 2005 Mar;75(2):155-6.
6. Lione R, Franchi L, Cozza P. Does rapid maxillary expansion induce adverse effects in growing
subjects? The Angle Orthodontist. 2013 Jan;83(1):172-82.
7. Chamberland S, Proffit WR. Short-term and long-term stability of surgically assisted rapid
palatal expansion revisited. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.
2011 Jun 1;139(6):815-22
8. Cameron CG, Franchi L, Baccetti T, McNamara Jr JA. Long-term effects of rapid maxillary
expansion: a posteroanterior cephalometric evaluation. American journal of orthodontics and
dentofacial orthopedics. 2002 Feb 1;121(2):129-35.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

 Vertical Dimension
1. Turley PK. Orthodontic management of the short face patient. Semin Orthod 2(2):138-153,
1996.
2. Budi Kusnoto and BernardJ. Schneider. Control of the Vertical Dimension. Semin Orthod
2000;6:33-42
3. Thomas J Cangialosi, Skeletal Morphologic features of anterior open bite. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 1984; 85:28-36.
4. Vaden JL, Pearson LE. Diagnosis of the vertical dimension. In Seminars in Orthodontics 2002
Sep 1 (Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 120-129). WB Saunders.
5. Pisani L, Bonaccorso L, Fastuca R, Spena R, Lombardo L, Caprioglio A. Systematic review for
orthodontic and orthopedic treatments for anterior open bite in the mixed dentition. Progress
in orthodontics. 2016 Dec;17(1):1-4.
6. Sankey WL, Buschang PH, English J, Owen III AH. Early treatment of vertical skeletal dysplasia:
the hyperdivergent phenotype. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.
2000 Sep 1;118(3):317-27.

Soft Tissue
1. Bishara SE, Hession TJ, Peterson LC. Longitudinal soft-tissue profile changes:
a study of three analyses. American Journal of Orthodontics. 1985 Sep
1;88(3):209-23.
2. Mamandras AH. Linear changes of the maxillary and mandibular lips.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1988 Nov
1;94(5):405-10.
3. Roden-Johnson D, Gallerano R, English J. The effects of buccal corridor spaces
and arch form on smile esthetics. American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2005 Mar 1;127(3):343-50.
4. Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the
smile arc. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2001
Aug 1;120(2):98-111.
5. Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part
2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. American journal of orthodontics
and dentofacial orthopedics. 2003 Aug 1;124(2):116-27.
6. Desai S, Upadhyay M, Nanda R. Dynamic smile analysis: changes with age.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2009 Sep
1;136(3):310-e1.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

 Retention and Relapse

1. Zachrisson BU. Important aspects of long term stability. J Clin Orthod.

1997;31:562-83.
2. Little RM. Stability and relapse of dental arch alignment. British journal of
orthodontics. 1990 Aug;17(3):235-41.
3. Janson, G., Araki, J., Estelita, S., & Camardella, L. T. (2014). Stability of class II
subdivision malocclusion treatment with 3 and 4 premolar extractions. Progress
in orthodontics, 15(1), 67
4. Littlewood SJ, Dalci O, Dolce C, Holliday LS, Naraghi S. Orthodontic retention:
what's on the horizon?. British Dental Journal. 2021 Jun;230(11):760-4.
5. Zawawi KH, Melis M. The role of mandibular third molars on lower anterior teeth
crowding and relapse after orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. The
Scientific World Journal. 2014 Jan 1;2014.
6. Naraghi S, Ganzer N, Bondemark L, Sonesson M. Comparison of post-treatment
changes with and without retention in adolescents treated for maxillary impacted
canines—a randomized controlled trial. European journal of orthodontics. 2021
Apr;43(2):121-7.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

 Interdisciplinary Treatment & Adult Orthodontics

1. Adult Orthodontics. Birte Melsen. 2012, 1st Edition, Wiley- Blackwell, Hoboken. ISBN:
978-1405136198.
2. Chapter 19: Special Considerations in Treatment for Adults in: Contemporary
Orthodontics. William R. Proffit, Henry W. Fields Jr., David M. Sarver. 2012, 5th
Edition, Mosby Inc., Saint Louis. ISBN: 978-0323083171.
3. Bagga DK. Adult orthodontics versus adolescent orthodontics: an overview. J Oral
Health Comm Dent 2010;4:42–7. Buttke TM, Proffit WR. Referring adult patients for
orthodontic treatment. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999 Jan;130(1):73–9.
4. Buttke TM, Proffit WR. Referring adult patients for orthodontic treatment. J Am Dent
Assoc. 1999 Jan;130(1):73–9.
5. Kokich VG. Adult orthodontics in the 21st century: guidelines for achieving
successful results. World J Orthod 2005;6 Suppl:14–23.
6. Zachrisson BU. Orthodontic treatment in a group of elderly adults. World J Orthod
2000;1:55–70.
7. Christensen L, Luther F. Adults seeking orthodontic treatment: expectations,
periodontal and TMD issues. Br Dent J. 2015 Feb 16;218(3):111–7.
8. Abdelkarim A, Jerrold L. Strategies for improved interdisciplinary care and
communication in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017
Nov;152(5):717–21.
9. Spear FM, Kokich VG, Mathews DP. Interdisciplinary management of anterior dental
esthetics. JADA 2006;137(2):160–9.
10. Thilander B. Orthodontic space closure versus implant placement in subjects with
missing teeth. J Oral Rehabil 2008;35:64–71.
11. Hamilton RS, Gutmann JL. Endodontic-orthodontic relationships. Int Endo J
1999;32:343–60.
12. Pinho T, Neves M, Alves C. Multidisciplinary management including periodontics,
orthodontics, implants, and prosthetics for an adult. AJODO 2012 Aug;142(2):235–
45.
13. Capelozza Filho L, Aranha MFB, Ozawa TO, Cavassan AO. Orthodontic treatment in
adults: Restoring smile esthetics. Dental Press J Orthod 2012 Sept- Oct;17(5):53–
63.
14. Kovich V. Esthetics and anterior tooth position: an orthodontic perspective. Part I:
Crown length. J Esthet Dent 1993;5(1):19–23.
15. Kokich V. Esthetics and anterior tooth position: an orthodontic perspective. Part II:
Vertical position. J Esthet Dent 1993;5(4):174–8.
16. Kokich V. Esthetics and anterior tooth position: an orthodontic perspective. Part III:
Mediolateral relationships. J Esthet Dent 1993;5(5):200–7.
17. Ong M, Wang H. Periodontic and orthodontic treatment in adults. AJODO
2002;122:420–8.
18. Mathews D, Kokich V. Managing treatment for the orthodontic patient with
periodontal problems. Semin Orthod 1997;3:21–38.
19. Kokich V. Esthetics: the orthodontic-periodontic restorative connection. Semin
Orthod 1996;2:21–30.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

 20. Sharma AA, Park JH. Esthetic considerations in interdental papilla: remediation
and regeneration. J Esthet Restor Dent 2010;22:18–28.
21. Gkantidis N, Christou P, Topouzelis N. The orthodontic-periodontic
interrelationship in integrated treatment challenges: a systematic review. J Oral
Rehabil 2010 May 1;37(5):377–90.
22. Shekar S, Bhagyalakshmi A, Chandrashekar B R, Avinash B S. Periodontal
considerations during orthodontic treatment. Indian J Oral Health Res 2017;3:1–8.
23. Morris JW, Campbell PM, Tadlock LP, Boley J, Buschang PH. Prevalence of gingival
recession after orthodontic tooth movements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.
2017 May;151(5):851–859.
24. Goyal Amit, Kalra JPS, Bhatiya Pankaj, Singla Suchinder, Bansal Parul.
Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOO) - a review. J Clin Exp
Dent. 2012 Dec; 4(5): e292–e296.
25. Paolone MG, Kaitsas R. Orthodontic-periodontal interactions: Orthodontic extrusion
in interdisciplinary regenerative treatments. Int Orthod 2018;16(2):217–45.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

Behavioral Science & Psychology

1. Humphris G, Ling MS, 2000. Behavioural Sciences for Dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2. Mostofsky DI, Fortune F, 2013. Behavioral dentistry. John Wiley & Sons.
3. Baer DM. Advances and gaps in a behavioral methodology of pediatric medicine. In: Krasgenor,
N.A., Arasteh, J.D. and Cataldo, M.F. Child Health Behavior, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 54-69,
1986.
4. Houlihan D, Jesse V, Levine H, Sombke C. A survey of rewards for use with teenage children.
Child and Family Behavior Therapy. 1991;13,1-12.
5. Blum NJ, Williams GE, Friman PC, Christophersen ER. Disciplining young children: The role of
verbal instruction and reasoning. Pediatrics. 1995;96: 336-341.
6. Friman PC and Leibowitz JM. An effective and acceptable treatment alternative for chronic
thumb- and finger-sucking. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1990;15: 57-65.
7. Van Houten R, Rolider A. The use of response prevention to eliminate nocturnal thumb sucking.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 1984;17: 509-520.
8. Cameron CA. Informed consent in orthodontics. Seminars in Orthodontics. 1997;3: 77-93,
9. Velan E, Kiyak HA, Mouradian WE, Slayton RL, Psoter K. A study of informed consent and health
literacy in a university pediatric dental residency setting. Manuscript in preparation.
10. Jerrold L. Understanding the Basics of the Dentist-patient Relationship, the Standard of Care,
and Informed Consent in Orthodontic Clinical Setting. Seminars in Orthodontics. 2002;8: 177-
197.
11. Mortensen MG, Kiyak HA, Omnell L. Patient and parent understanding of informed consent in
orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124(5): 541-550.
12. Ackerman JL, Proffit WR. Communication in orthodontic treatment planning: Bioethical and
informed consent issues. Angle Orthod. 1995;65: 253-262.
13. 13.Katz, J. Duty and Caring in the Age of Informed Consent and Medical Science: Unlocking
Peabody's Secret. Humane Medicine. 1992;8: 187-197.
14. Jensen, Melsen. Factors of importance for the functional outcome in orthognathic surgery
patients: A prospective study of 118 patients. J Oral & Maxillofac Surg. In press 2010.
15. Motegi E, Hatch JP, Rugh JD, Yamaguchi H. Health-related quality of life and psychosocial
function 5 years after orthognathic surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124: 138-
143.
16. Ackerman MB, McRae MS, Longley WH. Microsensor Technology to help monitor removable
appliance wear. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135: 549-551.
17. Sahm G, Bartsch A, Witt E. Reliability of patient reports on compliance. European Journal of
Orthodontics. 1990;12: 438-446.
18. Machen DE. The uncooperative patient: Terminating orthodontic care. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop. 1990;97(6): 528-529.
19. Ramsay DS, Soma M, Sarason IG. Enhancing patient adherence: The role of technology and its
application to orthodontics. In: J.A. McNamara, Jr. and C.A. Trotman (Eds.), Creating the
Compliant Patient. Volume 33, Craniofacial Growth Series, Center for Human Growth and
Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1997.
20. Sheller B. Orthodontic management of patients with seizure disorders. Semin Orthodontics.
2004;10: 247-251.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1

21. Becker A, Shapira J. Orthodontics for the handicapped child. Eur J Orthod. 1985;18: 262-266.
22. Becker A, Shapira J, Chausa S. Orthodontic Treatment for disabled Children - A Survey of
patient and Appliance Management. Journal of Orthodontics. 2001;28: 39-44.
23. Williams BJ. Modified orthodontic treatment goals in a patient with multiple complicating
factors. Special Care in Dentistry. 1992;12: 251-254.
24. Van Venrooy JR, Proffit WR. Orthodontic care for medically compromised patients: Possibilities
and limitations. Journal of the American Denta lAssociation. 1985;111: 262-266.
25. Muir JD, Calvert EJ. Vomiting during the taking of dental impressions. Two case reports of the
use of psychological techniques. British Dental Journal. 1988;165: 139-141.
26. Bassi GS, Humphris GM, Longman LP. The etiology & management of gagging; A review of the
literature. J Prosthet Dent. 2004;91: 459-467.
27. Ross DM, Ross SA. Childhood pain: The school-aged child's viewpoint. Pain. 1984;20: 179-191.

Occlusion and Temporomandibular Dysfunction (TMD)

1. Okeson JP: Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion, ed 8, Elsevier, 2019.
2. Okeson JP: Evolution of occlusion and temporomandibular disorder in orthodontics: past,
present, and future. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 147(5
Suppl): S216-S223, May 2015.

Orthognathic Surgery
1. Profitt WR, White RP, Sarver DM. Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformities.

Crash Courses:
Outline of each course including suggested reading references given by the
provider.

Note:

This list is intended for use as a study aid only. SCFHS does not intend
the list to imply endorsement of these specific references, nor are the
exam questions necessarily taken solely from these sources.

Saudi Board Promotion Examination; Orthodontics – 2023 – v.1