Classical Sociological Theories

1 of 3 sets

1. In the history of the development of sociology, ------- is known as a period of

remarkable intellectual development and change in philosophical thought.
A. Industrial revolution
B. Period of enlightenment
C. Urbanization
D. Religious change
Answer:B

2. The theorists who were most directly and positively influenced by the
enlightenment thinking were
o m
A. Auguste Comte and Durkheim
. c
B. Saint Simon and Durkheim
te
C. Karl Marx and Karl Manheim
a
M
D. Alexis de Tocqueville and Karl Marx

q
Answer:D
c
3. The most extreme form ofM
opposition to Enlightenment ideas was ------
A. French Catholic counterrevolutionary philosophy
B. Suffrage Movement
C. Orthodox Believers’ Movement
D. Western European Union Philosophy
Answer:A

4. One of the prominent leaders of the French Catholic counterrevolutionary

philosophy was
A. Louis de Bonald
B. Lewis Coser
C. William Hopkins
D. Karl Marx
Answer:A
5. ------------ was greatly influenced by Montesquieu’s ‘The Spirit of the Laws’
A. Machiavelli
B. Auguste Comte
C. Donald Stevenson
D. Alexis de Tocqueville
Answer:D

6. Who coined the term Sociology

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Saint – Simon
C. Auguste Comte
D. Karl Marx
Answer:C

7. The scientific view developed by Auguste Comte is known as

A. Philosophical science
B. Positive philosophy
C. Negative philosophy
D. Scientific philosophy
Answer:B

8. Auguste Comte initially called Sociology ----------

A. Social dynamics
B. Social system
C. Social physics
D. Social science
Answer:C

9. ‘The Law of Three Stages’ is an idea developed by

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Karl Marx
D. George Simmel
Answer:B

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10. Comte developed the Law of Three Stages in his work ----
A. Treatise on Sociology
B. Religion of Humanity
C. The Origin of Sociology
D. The Course in Positive Philosophy
Answer:D

11. Comte used the term Social Statics to indicate

A. Existing social structures
B. Positive effects
C. Social dynamics
D. Social evolution
Answer:A

12. The second stage in ‘the Law of Three stages’ is

A. Theological stage
B. Meta-physical stage
C. Evolutionary stage
D. Positive stage
Answer:B

13. The third stage in the Law of Three Stages is known as

A. Positive stage
B. Theological stage
C. Evolutionary stage
D. Metaphysical stage
Answer:A

14. Comte’s theory of social dynamics is founded on …..

A. Social statics
B. Hierarchy of Sciences
C. The Law of three stages
D. Social physics
Answer:C

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15. The idea of Social dynamics propounded by Comte refers to
A. Sociology
B. Social structures
C. Social change
D. Social thought
Answer:C

16. The sociological perspective developed by Auguste Comte is known as

A. Constructionism
B. Interpretivism
C. Positivism
D. Phenomenology
Answer:C

17. Auguste Comte's law of three stages about the development of society include
A. Feudal, Industrial and mechanical
B. Positive, negative and neutral
C. Theological, metaphysical and positive
D. Inequality, conflict and equality
Answer:C

18. Comte believed that ------------- could be applied to the study of society and
human behaviour
A. Comparative method
B. Phenomenology
C. Longitudinal study
D. Scientific method
Answer:D

19. In which year Auguste Comte was born

A. 1789
B. 1798
C. 1759
D. 1799
Answer:B

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20. Which is not part of the Law of Three Stages according to Auguste Comte?
A. The Theological stage
B. The Metaphysical stage
C. The Metamorphic stage
D. The Positive Stage
Answer:C

21. ‘Principles of Sociology’ is a work done by

A. Auguste Comte
B. Herbert Spencer
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Max Webber
Answer:B

22. Who among the following is known as ‘Social Darwinist’

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:A

23. What were the intellectual forces operative during the nineteenth century?
A. Rationalism
B. Humanitarianism
C. Empiricism
D. All of them.
Answer:D

24. Who is known as the founding father of Sociology?

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:B

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25. Who coined the term “Sociology”?
A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:B

26. Comte, through his ‘Law of Three Stages’ clearly established a close association
between
A. Intellectual evolution and Social progress
B. Social change and Social dynamics
C. Social structures and social statics
D. Social laws and social change
Answer:A

27. For the contemporary sociologists, social statics and social dynamics refers to
A. The study of sociology
B. Social structure and function
C. Social structure and social status
D. Social interdependence
Answer:B

28. ‘Positive Philosophy’ is the work done by

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:B

29. ‘Positive Polity” is written by

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:B

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30. Comte divided the study of Sociology into two broad areas namely
A. Social statics and social dynamics
B. Science and scientific methods
C. Social approach and methods
D. Sociological study and interpretation
Answer:A

31. The term ‘Organic analogy’ is associated with

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:A

32. Who among the following stressed upon the interdependence of different parts
of society
A. Auguste Comte
B. Gerorge Simmel
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Herbert Spencer
Answer:D

33. The concept of ‘Social evolution’ was developed by

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:A

34. Who coined the phrase ‘survival of the fittest’ in the course of social evolution?
A. Auguste Comte
B. Herbert Spencer
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:B

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35. ‘Social statics’ is written by
A. Gerorge Simmel
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Herbert Spencer
D. Auguste Comte
Answer:C

36. ‘First Principle’ is the work by

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:A

37. ‘The Man Versus The State’ is written by

A. Auguste Comte
B. Herbert Spencer
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:B

38. Who among the following viewed society as an organism with interrelated parts
A. Auguste Comte
B. Herbert Spencer
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:B

39. Spencer through hisLaissez-faire doctrine advocates that

A. The state should not intervene in individual affairs except in the rather passive function of
protecting people
B. The state should not let individuals to live free in a society
C. The state shall hold the supreme authority over the matters related to the life of the individuals
D. The state should not be responsible for the crimes committed by the individuals
Answer:A

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40. ‘Principles of Ethics is written by
A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:A

41. In which year Herbert Spencer was born

A. 1920
B. 1821
C. 1820
D. 1870
Answer:C

42. Spencer’s famous work ‘Principles of Sociology’ was published in the year
A. 1880
B. 1870
C. 1845
D. 1854
Answer:A

43. Who argued that the society and living organisms have similarities in structure
and function?
A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:A

44. Emile Durkheim's endeavor to establish sociology as a separate academic

discipline centred on his efforts to:
A. Develop an all-encompassing synthesis of major sociological perspectives.
B. Demonstrate the influence of social forces on people's behavior.
C. Show how an understanding of sociological principles could be used to solve social problems.
D. Chart the evolution of major social institutions.

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Answer:B

45. Durkheim's research suggested that

A. Catholics had much higher suicide rates than Protestants.
B. There seemed to higher rates of suicide in times of peace than in times of war and revolution.
C. Civilians were more likely to take their lives than soldiers.
D. Suicide is a solitary act, unrelated to group life.
Answer:B

46. Anomie refers to

A. A construct, or a made-up model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases
can be evaluated.
B. The study of small groups.
C. A condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of
purpose or ideals
D. A set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behaviour
Answer:C

47. Durkheim introduced the concept of ‘anomie’ was in his study of

A. Suicide
B. Social control
C. Social progress
D. Modernization
Answer:A

48. The Rules of Sociological Method is a famous work of

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:D

49. According to Durkheim, anomie is caused by

A. Division of labour and rapid social change from traditional to modern society
B. Too much pressure from the state

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 C. When poverty is eradicated from a society
D. High educational attainment of a group in a society
Answer:A

50. Who introduced the term ‘anomie’ in the study of society

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:D

51. Durkheim argued that the task of sociology should be the study of ----
A. Social progress
B. Social facts
C. Anomie
D. Consciousness
Answer:B

52. ‘Suicide’ was published in the year

A. 1897
B. 1987
C. 1798
D. 1879
Answer:A

53. ‘Suicide’ is authored by

A. Herbert Spencer
B. Auguste Comte
C. Gerorge Simmel
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:D

54. The Division of Labour in Society is a great work by

A. Emile Durkheim
B. Herbert Spencer

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 C. Auguste Comte
D. Gerorge Simmel
Answer:A

55. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life is written by

A. Karl Marx
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Auguste Comte
D. Gerorge Simmel
Answer:B

56. In his work ‘The Elementary Forms of Religious Life’, Durkheim attributes the
development of religion
A. To the development of anomie
B. To the emotional security attained through communal living
C. To the higher rates of suicide
D. To opium
Answer:B

57. The Rules of Sociological Method was published in the year

A. 1895
B. 1795
C. 1869
D. 1879
Answer:A

58. Durkheim was born in the year

A. 1868
B. 1857
C. 1856
D. 1858
Answer:D

59. Emile Durkheim died in the year

A. 1916
B. 1918

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 C. 1917
D. 1919
Answer:C

60. According to Durkheim the central characteristic of religion was

A. Sacred-profane dichotomy
B. Life after death
C. Highly superstitious
D. Elimination of all forms of discrimination
Answer:A

61. The term used by Durkheim to indicate the communal beliefs, morals and
attitudes of a society
A. Collective morals
B. Collective consciousness
C. Collective behaviour
D. Collective conscience
Answer:D

62. Who said that society is a ‘reality sui generis?’

A. Auguste Comte
B. Herbert Spencer
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Max Webber
Answer:C

63. The Course of Positive Philosophy published in

A. Five Volumes
B. Six volumes
C. Four volumes
D. Three volumes
Answer:B

64. According to Durkheim, social solidarity depends on the extent of

A. Discrimination
B. Alienation

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 C. Division of labour
D. Gender inequality
Answer:C

65. According to Durkheim primitive societies are characterised by

A. Mechanical solidarity
B. Organic solidarity
C. Nominal solidarity
D. Attitudinal solidarity
Answer:A

66. Durkheim denoted the establishment of specified jobs for specific people as
A. The division of gender
B. The division of labour
C. The division of rules
D. The division of solidarity
Answer:B

67. The binding force between individual and society in primitive societies is
regarded as
A. Conscience collective
B. Totemism
C. Social facts
D. Suicide
Answer:A

68. According to Durkheim, modern societies are characterised by

A. Mechanical solidarity
B. Organic solidarity
C. Nominal solidarity
D. Attitudinal solidarity
Answer:B

69. The term conscience collective was used by Durkheim to indicate

A. Shared taboos
B. Fashion sense among the members

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 C. Shared belief system
D. Kinship system
Answer:C

70. The type of social solidarity found among agrarian societies is

A. Mechanical solidarity
B. Organic solidarity
C. Nominal solidarity
D. Attitudinal solidarity
Answer:A

71. According to Durkheim, Australian totemismthe most primitive and simplest

form of --- known to us
A. Mechanical solidarity
B. Religion
C. Polity
D. Economy
Answer:B

72. Durkheim holds the view that the preindustrial societies were held together by
A. Mechanical solidarity
B. Organic solidarity
C. Nominal solidarity
D. Attitudinal solidarity
Answer:A

73. Societies, where individuals were held together by the mechanical solidarity are
characterised by
A. High differentiation between individual and collective conscience
B. No distinction between individual and collective conscience
C. No conscience at all
D. Specialised division of labour and job opportunities
Answer:B

74. According to Durkheim, the industrial societies are characterised by

A. Mechanical solidarity

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 B. Nominal solidarity
C. Attitudinal solidarity
D. Organic solidarity
Answer:D

75. Durkheimian approach to sociology is called

A. Structuralism
B. Socialism
C. Functionalism
D. Interactionism
Answer:C

76. Durkheim held that in industrial societies, ------- is based around an acceptance
of economic and social differences
A. Social order
B. Social differentiation
C. Social acceptability
D. Social thinking
Answer:A

77. According to Durkheim the term anomie refers to a state of

A. Comfortability with high integration
B. High integration and social cohesion
C. Chaos and normlessness
D. High division of labour
Answer:C

78. According to Durkheim, the collective ways of thinking, feeling and acting is
known as
A. Social integration
B. Social solidarity
C. Social norms
D. Social facts
Answer:D

79. Durkheim divided suicide into --- types

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 A. Three
B. Four
C. Five
D. Two
Answer:B

80. Who is regarded as the founding father of functionalist analysis within

sociology?
A. Karl Marx
B. August Comte
C. Durkheim
D. Max Weber
Answer:C

81. According to Durkheim, anomic suicide occurs when

A. A person is too much integrated with the society
B. A person feels disconnected from the society due to lack of social integration
C. A person feels totally detached from the society
D. A person feels extreme social regulation resulting in oppressive conditions
Answer:B

82. Weber’s analysis of modern society centred on the concept of..

A. Rationalization
B. Modernization
C. Bureaucracy
D. Power
Answer:A

83. Who developed the concept of ideal type?

A. Karl Marx
B. Max Weber
C. Talcott Parsons
D. Auguste Comte
Answer:B

84. Max weber was born in the year

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 A. 1764
B. 1864
C. 1865
D. 1765
Answer:B

85. Which of the following is known to be the famous work of Max Weber
A. The German Ideology
B. The Sociology of Diaspora
C. The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism
D. Suicide
Answer:C

86. The concept of Bureaucracy was given by

A. Max Weber
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Herbert Spencer
D. Auguste Comte
Answer:A

87. To Max Weber, ideal types are

A. Social realities
B. Sociological phenomena
C. Material tools
D. Mental constructs
Answer:D

88. How many types of social action are distinguished in Max Weber’s sociology?
A. Six types
B. Four types
C. Three types
D. Five types
Answer:B

89. Zweckrational actions are otherwise known as

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 A. Affective Action
B. Value oriented action
C. Goal oriented action
D. Traditional action
Answer:C

90. A value oriented rational action is otherwise called

A. Wert-rational action
B. Zweckrational action
C. Traditional action
D. Affective action
Answer:A

91. A rational-purposeful action is based on

A. Value rationality
B. Traditional rationality
C. Means-end rationality
D. Affectionate rationality
Answer:C

92. The type of action guided by customs and longstanding beliefs is

A. Wert-rational action
B. Zweck-rational action
C. Traditional action
D. Affective action
Answer:C

93. How many types of authorities have been identified by Max Weber based on its
claim to legitimacy?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Answer:B

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94. When a person enjoys authority by virtue of his inherited status, then that type
of authority is known as
A. Traditional authority
B. Charismatic authority
C. Legal-rational authority
D. Democratic authority
Answer:A

95. Charismatic authority is characterised by

A. The supernatural powers possessed by a person
B. The exceptional personal qualities of a leader
C. The inherited status
D. The status occupied by voting
Answer:B

96. According to Max Weber, the basis for the functioning of the legal-rational
authority is?
A. Non-hierarchy
B. Dysfunctional system
C. Unwritten laws
D. Rules
Answer:D

97. A systematic interpretive process of understanding the meaning of action from

the actor’s point of view refers to
A. Verstehen
B. Functionalism
C. Structuralism
D. Conflict approach
Answer:A

98. ‘The Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism’ was written by
A. Auguste Comte
B. Herbert Spencer
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Max Webber

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Answer:D

99. Who said that ‘Sociology is a science?

A. Karl Marx
B. Georg Simmel
C. Max Weber
D. Emile Durkheim
Answer:C

100. Karl Marx was born in the year

A. 1818
B. 1819
C. 1918
D. 1817
Answer:A

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