Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Last Modified: February 13, 2024

Blue text indicates an update from the 2023 version of this document.
Typically, greenhouse gas emissions are reported in units of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e). Gases are converted to CO2e by multiplying by their global warming potential (GWP). In most cases, the emission factors listed in this document generally have not been converted to CO 2e.
To do so, multiply the emissions by the corresponding GWP listed in the table below.

Gas 100-Year GWP

CH4 28
N2O 265
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment
Report (AR5), 2013. See the source note to Table 11 for further explanation.
Notes:
These GWP values represent a change from the previous version of this document. In alignment with the U.S. Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-2021 Inventory Report, the recommended GWP values have been updated to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment Report
(AR5) values.

Table 1 Stationary Combustion

Fuel Type Heat Content (HHV) CO2 Factor CH4 Factor N2O Factor CO2 Factor CH4 Factor N2O Factor
mmBtu per short ton kg CO2 per mmBtu g CH4 per mmBtu g N2O per mmBtu kg CO2 per short ton g CH4 per short ton g N2O per short ton
Coal and Coke
Anthracite 25.09 103.69 11 1.6 2,602 276 40
Bituminous 24.93 93.28 11 1.6 2,325 274 40
Sub-bituminous 17.25 97.17 11 1.6 1,676 190 28
Lignite 14.21 97.72 11 1.6 1,389 156 23
Mixed (Commercial Sector) 21.39 94.27 11 1.6 2,016 235 34
Mixed (Electric Power Sector) 19.73 95.52 11 1.6 1,885 217 32
Mixed (Industrial Coking) 26.28 93.90 11 1.6 2,468 289 42
Mixed (Industrial Sector) 22.35 94.67 11 1.6 2,116 246 36
Coal Coke 24.80 113.67 11 1.6 2,819 273 40
Other Fuels - Solid
Municipal Solid Waste 9.95 90.70 32 4.2 902 318 42
Petroleum Coke (Solid) 30.00 102.41 32 4.2 3,072 960 126
Plastics 38.00 75.00 32 4.2 2,850 1,216 160
Tires 28.00 85.97 32 4.2 2,407 896 118
Biomass Fuels - Solid
Agricultural Byproducts 8.25 118.17 32 4.2 975 264 35
Peat 8.00 111.84 32 4.2 895 256 34
Solid Byproducts 10.39 105.51 32 4.2 1,096 332 44
Wood and Wood Residuals 17.48 93.80 7.2 3.6 1,640 126 63
mmBtu per scf kg CO2 per mmBtu g CH4 per mmBtu g N2O per mmBtu kg CO2 per scf g CH4 per scf g N2O per scf
Natural Gas
Natural Gas 0.001026 53.06 1.0 0.10 0.05444 0.00103 0.00010
Other Fuels - Gaseous
Blast Furnace Gas 0.000092 274.32 0.022 0.10 0.02524 0.000002 0.000009
Coke Oven Gas 0.000599 46.85 0.48 0.10 0.02806 0.000288 0.000060
Fuel Gas 0.001388 59.00 3.0 0.60 0.08189 0.004164 0.000833
Propane Gas 0.002516 61.46 3.0 0.60 0.15463 0.007548 0.001510
Biomass Fuels - Gaseous
Landfill Gas 0.000485 52.07 3.2 0.63 0.025254 0.001552 0.000306
Other Biomass Gases 0.000655 52.07 3.2 0.63 0.034106 0.002096 0.000413
mmBtu per gallon kg CO2 per mmBtu g CH4 per mmBtu g N2O per mmBtu kg CO2 per gallon g CH4 per gallon g N2O per gallon
Petroleum Products
Asphalt and Road Oil 0.158 75.36 3.0 0.60 11.91 0.47 0.09
Aviation Gasoline 0.120 69.25 3.0 0.60 8.31 0.36 0.07
Butane 0.103 64.77 3.0 0.60 6.67 0.31 0.06
Butylene 0.105 68.72 3.0 0.60 7.22 0.32 0.06
Crude Oil 0.138 74.54 3.0 0.60 10.29 0.41 0.08
Distillate Fuel Oil No. 1 0.139 73.25 3.0 0.60 10.18 0.42 0.08
Distillate Fuel Oil No. 2 0.138 73.96 3.0 0.60 10.21 0.41 0.08
Distillate Fuel Oil No. 4 0.146 75.04 3.0 0.60 10.96 0.44 0.09
Ethane 0.068 59.60 3.0 0.60 4.05 0.20 0.04
Ethylene 0.058 65.96 3.0 0.60 3.83 0.17 0.03
Heavy Gas Oils 0.148 74.92 3.0 0.60 11.09 0.44 0.09
Isobutane 0.099 64.94 3.0 0.60 6.43 0.30 0.06
Isobutylene 0.103 68.86 3.0 0.60 7.09 0.31 0.06
Kerosene 0.135 75.20 3.0 0.60 10.15 0.41 0.08
Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel 0.135 72.22 3.0 0.60 9.75 0.41 0.08
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) 0.092 61.71 3.0 0.60 5.68 0.28 0.06
Lubricants 0.144 74.27 3.0 0.60 10.69 0.43 0.09
Motor Gasoline 0.125 70.22 3.0 0.60 8.78 0.38 0.08
Naphtha (<401 deg F) 0.125 68.02 3.0 0.60 8.50 0.38 0.08
Natural Gasoline 0.110 66.88 3.0 0.60 7.36 0.33 0.07
Other Oil (>401 deg F) 0.139 76.22 3.0 0.60 10.59 0.42 0.08
Pentanes Plus 0.110 70.02 3.0 0.60 7.70 0.33 0.07
Petrochemical Feedstocks 0.125 71.02 3.0 0.60 8.88 0.38 0.08
Propane 0.091 62.87 3.0 0.60 5.72 0.27 0.05
Propylene 0.091 67.77 3.0 0.60 6.17 0.27 0.05
Residual Fuel Oil No. 5 0.140 72.93 3.0 0.60 10.21 0.42 0.08
Residual Fuel Oil No. 6 0.150 75.10 3.0 0.60 11.27 0.45 0.09
Special Naphtha 0.125 72.34 3.0 0.60 9.04 0.38 0.08
Unfinished Oils 0.139 74.54 3.0 0.60 10.36 0.42 0.08
Used Oil 0.138 74.00 3.0 0.60 10.21 0.41 0.08
Biomass Fuels - Liquid
Biodiesel (100%) 0.128 73.84 1.1 0.11 9.45 0.14 0.01
Ethanol (100%) 0.084 68.44 1.1 0.11 5.75 0.09 0.01
Rendered Animal Fat 0.125 71.06 1.1 0.11 8.88 0.14 0.01
Vegetable Oil 0.120 81.55 1.1 0.11 9.79 0.13 0.01
Biomass Fuels -
Kraft Pulping Liquor, by Wood
Furnish
North American Softwood 94.4 1.9 0.42
North American Hardwood 93.7 1.9 0.42
Bagasse 95.5 1.9 0.42
Bamboo 93.7 1.9 0.42
Straw 95.1 1.9 0.42
Source:
Federal Register EPA; 40 CFR Part 98; e-CFR, (see link below). Table C-1 and Table C-2 (78 FR 71950, Nov. 29, 2013, as amended at 81 FR 89252, Dec. 9, 2016), Table AA-1 (78 FR 71965, Nov. 29, 2013).
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-98
Notes:
Emission factors are per unit of heat content using higher heating values (HHV). If heat content is available from the fuel supplier, it is preferable to use that value. If not, default heat contents are provided.
All CO2 emission factors assume that 100 percent of the carbon content of the fuel is oxidized to CO2, as is recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The CH4 and N2O emission factors provided represent emissions in terms of fuel type and by end-use sector (i.e., residential, commercial, industrial, electricity generation).
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only and do not represent upstream emissions.
Blue text indicates an update Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories
from the 2023 version
Table 2 ofMobile
this document. Last Modified: 13 February 2024
Combustion CO2

Fuel Type kg CO2 per unit Unit

Aviation Gasoline 8.31 gallon
Biodiesel (100%) 9.45 gallon
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 0.05444 scf
Diesel Fuel 10.21 gallon
Ethanol (100%) 5.75 gallon
Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel 9.75 gallon
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 4.50 gallon
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) 5.68 gallon
Motor Gasoline 8.78 gallon
Residual Fuel Oil 11.27 gallon
Source:
Federal Register EPA; 40 CFR Part 98; e-CFR, (see link below). Table C-1 (78 FR 71950, Nov. 29, 2013, as amended at 81 FR 89252, Dec. 9, 2016)
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-98
Notes:
LNG: The factor was developed based on the CO2 factor (kg CO2 per mmBtu) for Natural Gas from Table 1 and the higher heating value (HHV) LNG fuel density factor (btu/gallon) from the GREET1 2023 Model, Argonne National Laboratory published December 21, 2023
(Fuel_Specs worksheet).

More information on GREET can be found here: https://greet.anl.gov/greet_excel_model.models

The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

Table 3 Mobile Combustion CH4 and N2O for On-Road Gasoline Vehicles

CH4 Factor N2O Factor

Vehicle Type Model Year
(g CH4 / vehicle-mile) (g N2O / vehicle-mile)
Gasoline Passenger Cars 1973-1974 0.1696 0.0197
1975 0.1423 0.0443
1976-1977 0.1406 0.0458
1978-1979 0.1389 0.0473
1980 0.1326 0.0499
1981 0.0802 0.0626
1982 0.0795 0.0627
1983 0.0782 0.0630
1984-1993 0.0704 0.0647
1994 0.0617 0.0603
1995 0.0531 0.0560
1996 0.0434 0.0503
1997 0.0337 0.0446
1998 0.0240 0.0389
1999 0.0215 0.0355
2000 0.0175 0.0304
2001 0.0105 0.0212
2002 0.0102 0.0207
2003 0.0095 0.0181
2004 0.0078 0.0085
2005 0.0075 0.0067
2006 0.0076 0.0075
2007 0.0072 0.0052
2008 0.0072 0.0049
2009 0.0071 0.0046
2010 0.0071 0.0046
2011 0.0071 0.0046
2012 0.0071 0.0046
2013 0.0071 0.0046
2014 0.0071 0.0046
2015 0.0068 0.0042
2016 0.0065 0.0038
2017 0.0054 0.0018
2018 0.0052 0.0016
2019 0.0051 0.0015
2020 0.0050 0.0014
2021 0.0050 0.0014
Gasoline Light-Duty Trucks 1973-1974 0.1908 0.0218
(Vans, Pickup Trucks, SUVs) 1975 0.1634 0.0513
1976 0.1594 0.0555
1977-1978 0.1614 0.0534
1979-1980 0.1594 0.0555
1981 0.1479 0.0660
1982 0.1442 0.0681
1983 0.1368 0.0722
1984 0.1294 0.0764
1985 0.1220 0.0806
1986 0.1146 0.0847
1987-1993 0.0813 0.1035
1994 0.0646 0.0982
1995 0.0517 0.0908
1996 0.0452 0.0871
1997 0.0452 0.0871
1998 0.0412 0.0787
1999 0.0333 0.0618
2000 0.0340 0.0631
2001 0.0221 0.0379
2002 0.0242 0.0424
2003 0.0221 0.0373
2004 0.0115 0.0088
2005 0.0105 0.0064
2006 0.0108 0.0080
2007 0.0103 0.0061
2008 0.0095 0.0036
2009 0.0095 0.0036
2010 0.0095 0.0035
2011 0.0096 0.0034
2012 0.0096 0.0033
2013 0.0095 0.0035
2014 0.0095 0.0033
2015 0.0094 0.0031
2016 0.0091 0.0029
2017 0.0084 0.0018
2018 0.0081 0.0015
2019 0.0080 0.0013
2020 0.0079 0.0012
2021 0.0079 0.0012
Gasoline Heavy-Duty Vehicles ≤1980 0.4604 0.0497
1981-1984 0.4492 0.0538
1985-1986 0.4090 0.0515
1987 0.3675 0.0849
1988-1989 0.3492 0.0933
1990-1995 0.3246 0.1142
1996 0.1278 0.1680
1997 0.0924 0.1726
1998 0.0655 0.1750
1999 0.0648 0.1724
2000 0.0630 0.1660
2001 0.0577 0.1468
2002 0.0634 0.1673
2003 0.0602 0.1553
2004 0.0298 0.0164
2005 0.0297 0.0083
2006 0.0299 0.0241
2007 0.0322 0.0015
2008 0.0340 0.0015
2009 0.0339 0.0015
2010 0.0320 0.0015
2011 0.0304 0.0015
2012 0.0313 0.0015
2013 0.0313 0.0015
2014 0.0315 0.0015
2015 0.0332 0.0021
2016 0.0321 0.0061
2017 0.0329 0.0084
2018 0.0326 0.0082
2019 0.0330 0.0091
2020 0.0332 0.0100
2021 0.0332 0.0100
1960-1995 0.0070 0.0083
Gasoline Motorcycles 1996-2005 0 0
2006-2020 0.0070 0.0083
Source: EPA (2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 (Annexes). All values are calculated from Tables A-81 through A-85.
Notes:
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

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Table 4 Mobile Combustion CH4 and N2O for On-Road Diesel and Alternative Fuel Vehicles

CH4 Factor N2O Factor

Vehicle Type Fuel Type Model Year
(g CH4 / vehicle-mile) (g N2O / vehicle-mile)
1960-1982 0.0006 0.0012
Passenger Cars Diesel 1983-2006 0.0005 0.0010
2007-2021 0.0302 0.0192
1960-1982 0.0011 0.0017
Light-Duty Trucks Diesel 1983-2006 0.0009 0.0014
2007-2021 0.0290 0.0214
1960-2006 0.0051 0.0048
Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles Diesel
2007-2021 0.0095 0.0431
Methanol 0.0130 0.0040
Ethanol 0.0130 0.0040
Light-Duty Cars CNG 0.1330 0.0040
LPG 0.0130 0.0040
Biodiesel 0.0360 0.0010
Ethanol 0.0140 0.0050
CNG 0.1440 0.0050
Light-Duty Trucks LPG 0.0140 0.0050
LNG 0.1440 0.0050
Biodiesel 0.1270 0.0010
CNG 1.8070 0.0340
LPG 0.1810 0.0340
Medium-Duty Trucks
LNG 1.8070 0.0340
Biodiesel 0.0400 0.0050
Methanol 0.0730 0.0270
Ethanol 0.0730 0.0270
CNG 0.9210 0.0170
Heavy-Duty Trucks LPG 0.0920 0.0170
LNG 0.9210 0.0170
Biodiesel 0.0140 0.0020
Methanol 0.1930 0.0290
Ethanol 0.1930 0.0290
CNG 2.7530 0.0170
Buses
LPG 0.2750 0.0170
LNG 2.7530 0.0170
Biodiesel 0.0160 0.0030
Source: EPA (2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 (Annexes). All values are calculated from Tables A-84 through A-85.
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks
Notes:
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

Table 5 Mobile Combustion CH4 and N2O for Non-Road Vehicles

CH4 Factor N2O Factor

Vehicle Type Fuel Type
(g CH4 / gallon) (g N2O / gallon)
Residual Fuel Oil 1.10 0.31
Gasoline (2 stroke) 4.64 0.08
Ships and Boats
Gasoline (4 stroke) 2.26 0.01
Diesel 6.41 0.17
Locomotives Diesel 0.80 0.26
Jet Fuel 0 0.30
Aircraft
Aviation Gasoline 7.06 0.11
Gasoline (2 stroke) 6.92 0.47
Gasoline (4 stroke) 1.94 1.21
Gasoline Off-Road Trucks 1.94 1.20
Agricultural EquipmentA
Diesel Equipment 1.27 1.07
Diesel Off-Road Trucks 0.91 0.56
LPG 0.33 0.95
Gasoline (2 stroke) 7.98 0.12
Gasoline (4 stroke) 2.85 1.47
Gasoline Off-Road Trucks 2.85 1.47
Construction/Mining EquipmentB
Diesel Equipment 1.01 0.94
Diesel Off-Road Trucks 0.91 0.56
LPG 0.59 0.50
Gasoline (2 stroke) 7.29 0.31
Gasoline (4 stroke) 3.00 1.49
Lawn and Garden Equipment
Diesel 0.66 0.49
LPG 0.41 0.63
Gasoline 1.02 1.07
Airport Equipment Diesel 1.89 1.16
LPG 0.35 0.89
Gasoline (2 stroke) 7.13 0.50
Gasoline (4 stroke) 2.74 1.54
Industrial/Commercial Equipment
Diesel 0.42 0.60
LPG 0.44 0.64
Gasoline (2 stroke) 9.68 0
Logging Equipment Gasoline (4 stroke) 3.24 2.06
Diesel 0.49 1.27
Gasoline 3.24 1.81
Railroad Equipment Diesel 0.40 0.95
LPG 2.00 0.01
Gasoline (2 stroke) 9.80 0.11
Gasoline (4 stroke) 2.72 1.48
Recreational Equipment
Diesel 0.73 0.66
LPG 0.43 0.61
Source: EPA (2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 (Annexes). All values are calculated from Tables A-88 and A-92.
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks
Notes:
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.
A
Includes equipment, such as tractors and combines, as well as fuel consumption from trucks that are used off-road in agriculture.
B
Includes equipment, such as cranes, dumpers, and excavators, as well as fuel consumption from trucks that are used off-road in construction.

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from the 2023 version
Table 6 ofElectricity
this document. Last Modified: 13 February 2024

Total Output Emission Factors Non-Baseload Emission Factors

eGRID Subregion Acronym eGRID Subregion Name CO2 Factor CH4 Factor N2O Factor CO2 Factor CH4 Factor N2O Factor
(lb CO2 / MWh) (lb CH4 / MWh) (lb N2O / MWh) (lb CO2 / MWh) (lb CH4 / MWh) (lb N2O / MWh)
AKGD ASCC Alaska Grid 1,052.1 0.088 0.012 1,224.5 0.123 0.017
AKMS ASCC Miscellaneous 495.8 0.023 0.004 1,587.9 0.069 0.012
AZNM WECC Southwest 776.0 0.051 0.007 1,205.2 0.065 0.009
CAMX WECC California 497.4 0.030 0.004 1,055.0 0.049 0.006
ERCT ERCOT All 771.1 0.049 0.007 1,194.9 0.067 0.009
FRCC FRCC All 813.8 0.048 0.006 1,044.4 0.056 0.007
HIMS HICC Miscellaneous 1,155.5 0.124 0.019 1,619.2 0.157 0.025
HIOA HICC Oahu 1,575.4 0.163 0.025 1,810.3 0.177 0.028
MROE MRO East 1,479.6 0.133 0.019 1,672.9 0.147 0.021
MROW MRO West 936.5 0.102 0.015 1,794.7 0.183 0.026
NEWE NPCC New England 536.4 0.063 0.008 923.3 0.073 0.010
NWPP WECC Northwest 602.1 0.056 0.008 1,515.7 0.134 0.019
NYCW NPCC NYC/Westchester 885.2 0.023 0.003 971.8 0.021 0.002
NYLI NPCC Long Island 1,200.7 0.135 0.018 1,316.7 0.039 0.005
NYUP NPCC Upstate NY 274.6 0.015 0.002 920.1 0.043 0.005
PRMS Puerto Rico Miscellaneous 1,593.5 0.087 0.014 1,670.9 0.074 0.013
RFCE RFC East 657.4 0.045 0.006 1,278.7 0.097 0.013
RFCM RFC Michigan 1,216.4 0.116 0.016 1,597.3 0.149 0.021
RFCW RFC West 1,000.1 0.087 0.012 1,843.6 0.178 0.026
RMPA WECC Rockies 1,124.9 0.101 0.014 1,676.4 0.129 0.018
SPNO SPP North 952.6 0.100 0.014 1,943.0 0.198 0.029
SPSO SPP South 970.4 0.072 0.010 1,528.2 0.105 0.015
SRMV SERC Mississippi Valley 801.0 0.040 0.006 1,220.7 0.073 0.010
SRMW SERC Midwest 1,369.9 0.151 0.022 1,808.6 0.186 0.027
SRSO SERC South 893.3 0.064 0.009 1,354.8 0.092 0.013
SRTV SERC Tennessee Valley 933.1 0.082 0.012 1,671.0 0.152 0.022
SRVC SERC Virginia/Carolina 623.0 0.047 0.007 1,308.8 0.099 0.014
US Average US Average 823.1 0.066 0.009 1,405.3 0.107 0.015
Source: EPA eGRID2022, January 2024 (Summary Tables - Table 1. Subregion Output Emission Rates)
https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/egrid2022_summary_tables.xlsx
Notes:
Total output emission factors can be used as default factors for estimating GHG emissions from electricity use when developing a carbon footprint or emissions inventory. Annual non-baseload output emission factors should not be used when developing a carbon
footprint or emissions inventory, but can be used to estimate GHG emissions reductions on the grid from changes in electricity use.
For technical information, reference the EPA's eGRID Technical Guide
https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/egrid2022_technical_guide.pdf
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

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from the 2023 version
Table 7 of thisand
Steam document.
Heat Last Modified: 13 February 2024

CO2 Factor CH4 Factor N2O Factor

(kg CO2 / mmBtu) (g CH4 / mmBtu) (g N2O / mmBtu)
Steam and Heat 66.33 1.250 0.125
Notes:
Emission factors are per mmBtu of steam or heat purchased. These factors assume natural gas fuel is used to generate steam or heat at 80 percent thermal efficiency.
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

Scope 3 Emission Factors

Scope 3 emission factors provided below are aligned with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions, version 1.0 (Scope 3 Calculation Guidance). Where applicable, the specific calculation method is referenced. Refer to the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance for more
information (http://www.ghgprotocol.org/scope-3-technical-calculation-guidance)

Table 8 Scope 3 Category 4: Upstream Transportation and Distribution and Category 9: Downstream Transportation and Distribution
These factors are intended for use in the distance-based method defined in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance. If fuel data are available, then the fuel-based method should be used, with factors from Tables 2 through 5.

CO2 Factor CH4 Factor N2O Factor

Vehicle Type Units
(kg CO2 / unit) (g CH4 / unit) (g N2O / unit)
Medium- and Heavy-Duty Truck 1.247 0.011 0.035 vehicle-mile
Passenger Car A 0.175 0.005 0.003 vehicle-mile
Light-Duty Truck B 0.955 0.026 0.023 vehicle-mile
Medium- and Heavy-Duty TruckC 0.168 0.0015 0.0047 ton-mile
Rail 0.022 0.0017 0.0005 ton-mile
Waterborne Craft 0.082 0.0326 0.0021 ton-mile
Aircraft 0.905 0 0.0279 ton-mile

Source:
CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions data for road vehicles are from Table 2-13 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 data.
Vehicle-miles and passenger-miles data for road vehicles are from Table VM-1 of the Federal Highway Administration Highway Statistics (January 2024): 2021 data.
CO2e emissions data for non-road vehicles are based on Table A-107 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 data, which are distributed into CO 2, CH4, and N2O emissions based on fuel/vehicle emission factors.
Freight ton-mile data are from Table 1-50 of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics (June 2022): 2020 data.

Notes:
Vehicle-mile factors are appropriate to use when the entire vehicle is dedicated to transporting the reporting company's product. Ton-mile factors are appropriate when the vehicle is shared with products from other companies.
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.
Changes from prior year values partially due to a methodology change in the allocation of emissions to vehicle type.
A
Passenger car: includes passenger cars, minivans, SUVs, and small pickup trucks (vehicles with wheelbase less than 121 inches).
B
Light-duty truck: includes full-size pickup trucks, full-size vans, and extended-length SUVs (vehicles with wheelbase greater than 121 inches).
C
Medium- and Heavy-Duty Truck: includes Combination Trucks and single frame trucks that have 2-Axles and at least 6 tires or a gross vehicle weight rating exceeding 10,000 lbs.

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Table 9 Scope 3 Category 5: Waste Generated in Operations and Category 12: End-of-Life Treatment of Sold Products

These factors are intended for use in the waste-type-specific method or the average-data method defined in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance for category 5 and category 12. Choose the appropriate material and disposal method from the table below. For the average-
data method, use one of the mixed material types, such as mixed MSW.

Metric Tons CO2e / Short Ton Material

Anaerobically Digested Anaerobically Digested

Material Recycled A
Landfilled B
CombustedC CompostedD (Dry Digestate with (Wet Digestate with
Curing) Curing)
Aluminum Cans 0.06 0.02 0.01 NA NA NA
Aluminum Ingot 0.04 0.02 0.01 NA NA NA
Steel Cans 0.32 0.02 0.01 NA NA NA
Copper Wire 0.18 0.02 0.01 NA NA NA
Glass 0.05 0.02 0.01 NA NA NA
HDPE 0.21 0.02 2.80 NA NA NA
LDPE NA 0.02 2.80 NA NA NA
PET 0.23 0.02 2.05 NA NA NA
LLDPE NA 0.02 2.80 NA NA NA
PP 0.20 0.02 2.80 NA NA NA
PS NA 0.02 3.02 NA NA NA
PVC NA 0.02 1.26 NA NA NA
PLA NA 0.02 0.01 0.13 NA NA
Corrugated Containers 0.11 1.00 0.05 NA NA NA
Magazines/Third-class mail 0.02 0.46 0.05 NA NA NA
Newspaper 0.02 0.39 0.05 NA NA NA
Office Paper 0.02 1.41 0.05 NA NA NA
Phonebooks 0.04 0.39 0.05 NA NA NA
Textbooks 0.04 1.41 0.05 NA NA NA
Dimensional Lumber NA 0.17 0.05 NA NA NA
Medium-density Fiberboard NA 0.07 0.05 NA NA NA
Food Waste (non-meat) NA 0.67 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.11
Food Waste (meat only) NA 0.69 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.11
Beef NA 0.64 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.11
Poultry NA 0.73 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.11
Grains NA 2.06 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.11
Bread NA 1.49 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.11
Fruits and Vegetables NA 0.28 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.11
Dairy Products NA 0.72 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.11
Yard Trimmings NA 0.36 0.05 0.14 0.11 NA
Grass NA 0.28 0.05 0.14 0.09 NA
Leaves NA 0.28 0.05 0.14 0.12 NA
Branches NA 0.58 0.05 0.14 0.15 NA
Mixed Paper (general) 0.07 0.89 0.05 NA NA NA
Mixed Paper (primarily residential) 0.07 0.86 0.05 NA NA NA
Mixed Paper (primarily from offices) 0.03 0.84 0.05 NA NA NA
Mixed Metals 0.23 0.02 0.01 NA NA NA
Mixed Plastics 0.22 0.02 2.34 NA NA NA
Mixed Recyclables 0.09 0.75 0.11 NA NA NA
Food Waste NA 0.68 0.05 0.11 NA NA
Mixed Organics NA 0.54 0.05 0.13 NA NA
Mixed MSW NA 0.58 0.43 NA NA NA
Carpet NA 0.02 1.68 NA NA NA
Desktop CPUs 0.01 0.02 0.40 NA NA NA
Portable Electronic Devices 0.02 0.02 0.89 NA NA NA
Flat-panel Displays 0.02 0.02 0.74 NA NA NA
CRT Displays NA 0.02 0.64 NA NA NA
Electronic Peripherals 0.05 0.02 2.23 NA NA NA
Hard-copy Devices 0.01 0.02 1.92 NA NA NA
Mixed Electronics 0.02 0.02 0.96 NA NA NA
Clay Bricks NA 0.02 NA NA NA NA
Concrete 0.01 0.02 NA NA NA NA
Fly Ash 0.01 0.02 NA NA NA NA
Tires 0.10 0.02 2.21 NA NA NA
Asphalt Concrete 0.004 0.02 NA NA NA NA
Asphalt Shingles 0.03 0.02 0.70 NA NA NA
Drywall NA 0.02 NA NA NA NA
Fiberglass Insulation 0.05 0.02 NA NA NA NA
Structural Steel 0.04 0.02 NA NA NA NA
Vinyl Flooring NA 0.02 0.29 NA NA NA
Wood Flooring NA 0.18 0.08 NA NA NA
Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery (December 2023) Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Factors used in the Waste Reduction Model (WARM). Factors from tables provided in the Management Practices Chapters and Background Chapters.
WARM Version 16, December 2023 release. Additional data provided by EPA, WARM-16 Background Data.
Notes:
These factors do not include any avoided emissions impact from any of the disposal methods. All the factors presented here include transportation emissions, which are optional in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance, with an assumed average distance traveled to the processing facility.
AR4 GWP values are used to convert all waste emission factors into CO2e.
Short ton = 2000 lbs.
A
Recycling emissions include transport to recycling facility and sorting of recycled materials at material recovery facility. This is consistent with the GHG Protocol Scope 3 guidance, and includes the voluntary transportation emissions, with an assumed average distance traveled to the processing facility.
B
Landfilling emissions include transport to landfill, equipment use at landfill and landfill CH4 emissions from anaerobic decomposition of biogenic carbon compounds. Landfill CH4 is based on typical landfill gas collection practices, average landfill moisture conditions, and U.S.-average non-baseload electricity grid mix.
C
Combustion emissions include transport to waste-to-energy facility and combustion-related non-bigenic CO 2 and N2O. This is consistent with the GHG Protocol Scope 3 guidance, and includes the voluntary transportation emissions, with an assumed average distance traveled to the processing facility.
D
Composting emissions include transport to compost facility, equipment use at compost facility and CH4 and N2O emissions during composting. This is consistent with the GHG Protocol Scope 3 guidance, and includes the voluntary transportation emissions, with an assumed average distance traveled to the processing
facility.

Table 10 Scope 3 Category 6: Business Travel and Category 7: Employee Commuting

These factors are intended for use in the distance-based method defined in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance. If fuel data are available, then the fuel-based method should be used, with factors from Tables 2 through 5.

CO2 Factor CH4 Factor N2O Factor

Vehicle Type Units
(kg CO2 / unit) (g CH4 / unit) (g N2O / unit)
Passenger Car A 0.175 0.005 0.003 vehicle-mile
Light-Duty Truck B 0.955 0.026 0.023 vehicle-mile
Motorcycle 0.377 0 0.019 vehicle-mile
Intercity Rail - Northeast Corridor C 0.058 0.0055 0.0007 passenger-mile
Intercity Rail - Other Routes C 0.150 0.0117 0.0038 passenger-mile
Intercity Rail - National Average C 0.113 0.0092 0.0026 passenger-mile
Commuter Rail D 0.133 0.0105 0.0026 passenger-mile
Transit Rail (i.e. Subway, Tram) E 0.093 0.0075 0.0010 passenger-mile
Bus 0.071 0 0.0021 passenger-mile
Air Travel - Short Haul (< 300 miles) 0.207 0.0064 0.0066 passenger-mile
Air Travel - Medium Haul (>= 300
0.129 0.0006 0.0041 passenger-mile
miles, < 2300 miles)
Air Travel - Long Haul (>= 2300
0.163 0.0006 0.0052 passenger-mile
miles)
Source:
CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions data for highway vehicles are from Table 2-13 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021 data.
Vehicle-miles and passenger-miles data for highway vehicles are from Table VM-1 of the Federal Highway Administration Highway Statistics (January 2024): 2021 data.
Fuel consumption data and passenger-miles data for rail are from Tables A.14 - A.16, 10-10, and 7.3 - 7.4 of the Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 40 (June 2022): 2019 data. Fuel consumption was converted to emissions by using fuel and electricity emission factors presented in the tables above.
Intercity Rail factors from communication with Amtrak, March 2020. These are based on 2019 values.
Air Travel factors from 2022 Guidelines to Defra / DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting. Version 2.0 June 2022. Defra air travel emission factors held constant from 2022 release (2018 activity data) to more accurately reflect the current state of business travel as the 2023 Defra release reflects
significantly reduced load factors during COVID-19.

Notes:
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.
Changes from prior year values partially due to a methodology change in the allocation of emissions to vehicle type.
A
Passenger car: includes passenger cars, minivans, SUVs, and small pickup trucks (vehicles with wheelbase less than 121 inches).
B
Light-duty truck: includes full-size pickup trucks, full-size vans, and extended-length SUVs (vehicles with wheelbase greater than 121 inches).
C
Intercity rail: Amtrak long-distance rail between major cities. Northeast Corridor extends from Boston to Washington D.C. Other Routes are all routes outside the Northeast Corridor.
D
Commuter rail: rail service between a central city and adjacent suburbs (also called regional rail or suburban rail).
E
Transit rail: rail typically within an urban center, such as subways, elevated railways, metropolitan railways (metro), streetcars, trolley cars, and tramways.

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Blue text indicates an update Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories
from the 2023 version of this document. LastGlobal
Modified: 13 February
Warming 2024
Potential

Table 11 Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Industrial Designation or
Chemical Formula 100-Year GWP
Common Name
Carbon dioxide CO2 1
Methane CH4 28
Nitrous oxide N2O 265
HFC-23 CHF3 12,400
HFC-32 CH2F2 677
HFC-41 CH3F 116
HFC-125 CHF2CF3 3,170
HFC-134 CHF2CHF2 1,120
HFC-134a CH2FCF3 1,300
HFC-143 CH2FCHF2 328
HFC-143a CH3CF3 4,800
HFC-152 CH2FCH2F 16
HFC-152a CH3CHF2 138
HFC-161 CH3CH2F 4
HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3 3,350
HFC-236cb CH2FCF2CF3 1,210
HFC-236ea CHF2CHFCF3 1,330
HFC-236fa CF3CH2CF3 8,060
HFC-245ca CH2FCF2CHF2 716
HFC-245fa CHF2CH2CF3 858
HFC-365mfc CH3CF2CH2CF3 804
HFC-43-10mee CF3CHFCHFCF2CF3 1,650
Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 23,500
Nitrogen trifluoride NF3 16,100
PFC-14 CF4 6,630
PFC-116 C2F6 11,100
PFC-218 C3F8 8,900
PFC-318 c-C4F8 9,540
PFC-31-10 C4F10 9,200
PFC-41-12 C5F12 8,550
PFC-51-14 C6F14 7,910
PFC-91-18 C10F18 7,190
Source:
100-year GWP values from IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2013. Chapter 8, Table 8.A.1, Lifetimes, Radiative Efficiencies and Metric Values.
IPCC AR5 was published in 2013 and is among the most current and comprehensive peer-reviewed assessments of climate change. AR5 provides revised GWP values of several GHGs relative to the values provided in previous assessment reports, following advances in scientific knowledge on the radiative efficiencies
and atmospheric lifetimes of these GHGs.

Table 12 Global Warming Potential (GWP) for Blended Refrigerants

ASHRAE # 100-year GWP Blend Composition

R-401A 18 53% HCFC-22 , 34% HCFC-124 , 13% HFC-152a
R-401B 15 61% HCFC-22 , 28% HCFC-124 , 11% HFC-152a
R-401C 21 33% HCFC-22 , 52% HCFC-124 , 15% HFC-152a
R-402A 1,902 38% HCFC-22 , 60% HFC-125 , 2% propane
R-402B 1,205 60% HCFC-22 , 38% HFC-125 , 2% propane
R-403B 3,471 56% HCFC-22 , 39% PFC-218 , 5% propane
R-404A 3,943 44% HFC-125 , 4% HFC-134a , 52% HFC-143a
R-406A 0 55% HCFC-22 , 41% HCFC-142b , 4% isobutane
R-407A 1,923 20% HFC-32 , 40% HFC-125 , 40% HFC-134a
R-407B 2,547 10% HFC-32 , 70% HFC-125 , 20% HFC-134a
R-407C 1,624 23% HFC-32 , 25% HFC-125 , 52% HFC-134a
R-407D 1,487 15% HFC-32 , 15% HFC-125 , 70% HFC-134a
R-408A 2,430 47% HCFC-22 , 7% HFC-125 , 46% HFC-143a
R-409A 0 60% HCFC-22 , 25% HCFC-124 , 15% HCFC-142b
R-410A 1,924 50% HFC-32 , 50% HFC-125
R-410B 2,048 45% HFC-32 , 55% HFC-125
R-411A 15 87.5% HCFC-22 , 11% HFC-152a , 1.5% propylene
R-411B 4 94% HCFC-22 , 3% HFC-152a , 3% propylene
R-414A 0 51% HCFC-22 , 28.5% HCFC-124 , 16.5% HCFC-142b , 4% isobutane
R-414B 0 50% HCFC-22 , 39% HCFC-124 , 9.5% HCFC-142b , 1.5% isobutane
R-417A 2,127 46.6% HFC-125 , 50% HFC-134a , 3.4% butane
R-422A 2,847 85.1% HFC-125 , 11.5% HFC-134a , 3.4% isobutane
R-422D 2,473 65.1% HFC-125 , 31.5% HFC-134a , 3.4% isobutane
R-424A 3,104 50.5% HFC-125 , 47% HFC-134a , 1% butane , 0.9% isobutane , 0.6% isopentane
R-426A 1,371 5.1% HFC-125 , 93% HFC-134a , 1.3% butane , 0.6% isobutane
R-428A 3,417 77.5% HFC-125 , 20% HFC-143a , 1.9% isobutane , 0.6% propane
R-434A 3,075 63.2% HFC-125 , 16% HFC-134a , 18% HFC-143a , 2.8% isobutane
R-507A 3,985 50% HFC-125 , 50% HFC-143a
R-508A 11,607 39% HFC-23 , 61% PFC-116
R-508B 11,698 46% HFC-23 , 54% PFC-116
Source:
100-year GWP values from IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2013. Chapter 8, Table 8.A.1, Lifetimes, Radiative Efficiencies and Metric Values.
GWP values of blended refrigerants are based only on their HFC and PFC constituents, which are based on data from https://www.epa.gov/snap/compositions-refrigerant-blends.

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