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MODULATION AND
CODING TECHNIQUES
A Modular Approach

MODULE 1
 INFORMATION THEORY
OBJECTIVES:

 Familiarize the key terms, concepts, and principles of information theory.

 Use the key concepts of information theory in solving problems.

KEY TERMS

• ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION- it is the transmission, reception, and processing of

information with the use of electronic circuits.

• DIGITAL COMMUNICATION – It is a system where relatively high frequency analog carriers

are modulated by relatively low frequency digital information signals .

• DIGITAL MODULATION – it is the transmittal of digitally modulated carriers between 2 or

more points in a communication system.

• INFORMATION – It is defined as the knowledge communicated or received.

• DIGITAL TRANSMISSION – It is the transmittal of digital pulses between two or more points
in a communication system.

• DIGITAL RADIO – It is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog carrier between two or
more points in a communication system.

ADVANTAGES of DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

1. Ease of processing
2. Ease of multiplexing
3. Noise immunity

DISADVANTAGES of DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

1. Higher cost
2. Circuit complexity

DIGITAL RADIO versus ANALOG RADIO

1. In digital radio the modulating and demodulating signals are digital pulses rather than analog
waveforms.
2. Digital radios used digital modulation schemes.

Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
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INFORMATION THEORY

 It is the study of the efficient use of bandwidth to propagate information through an electronic
communication system.

INFORMATION CAPACITY

 It is the measure of how much information can be propagated through an electronic

communication system and is a function of bandwidth and transmission time.

 It represents the number of independent symbols that can be carried through the system in a
given unit of time (bit rate)

 The unit of information capacity is bit per second (bps).

Hartley’s Law

 For a given time, the information capacity is directly proportional to the bandwidth”. I n symbol,

Where: I =information capacity,bps

B= bandwidth, Hz
t= transmission time

SHANNON LIMIT OF INFORMATION CAPACITY

 It states that the higher the signal to noise ratio, the better the performance and the higher the
information capacity of a system.

Where : I= information capacity, bps

B= bandwidth
S/N= signal to noise ratio, unitless

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. Solve the information capacity for a standard voice band communications channel with a
signal to noise ratio of 30 dB and a bandwidth of 3KHz.
Solution:
(dB) = 10log So: I= 3.32Blog (1+ )

10log I= 3.32 (3000)log (1+1000)

= antilog ( ) Answer: I=29.884 kbps

= 1000

M-ary Encoding

 It is a term derived from the word “binary”.

 M represents a digit that corresponds to the number of conditions, levels, or combinations
possible for a given number of binary variables.

Where:
N= number of bits necessary
M= number of conditions, levels, or combination possible with N bits

Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
2
 Key Terms:
Bit Rate – it is the rate of change of a digital information signal before processing (bps)
Baud Rate - it is the rate of change of a digital information signal after processing (baud)

Nyquist Bandwidth (B)

 It is the minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to propagate a signal.

Where:

fb = channel capacity, bps

B= Nyquist bandwidth,Hz
M= number of discrete signals or voltage levels

Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
3
 EXERCISE NO. 1
INFORMATION THEORY

Name: ____________ Date: _______

Course & Year: ___________ Professor: ____

Solve the given problems. Show all solutions.

1. What is the bandwidth needed to support a capacity of 20,000bps when the ratio of power to
noise is 200? Solve the information density (bps/Hz)

2. What is the channel capacity for a signal power of 200W, noise power of 10W and a
bandwidth of 2KHz of a digital system?

Required Readings:

 PDF pages 55-58 (Tomasi’s book)

Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
4
Disclaimer: The professor does not own some contents and all pictures of this module. Full credits are given to all sources especially
to the book “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems” by Wayne Tomasi
5