Programming Language (630203)
Fall 2010/2011 – Lecture Notes # 3
Arithmetic operators in C++
Objectives of the Lecture
Arithmetic operators and Operator Precedence.
Assignment statement.
Increment and decrement operators.
Syntax Errors in C++ program.
Documentation in C++ program
Programming Example: Convert Length
Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence
C++ arithmetic operators:
o + addition
o - subtraction
o * multiplication
o / division
o % modulus operator
+, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-point data types.
% can be used only with integral data types.
Operators can be unary or binary.
Order of Precedence
o All operations inside of () are evaluated first
o *, /, and % are at the same level of precedence and are evaluated next
o + and – have the same level of precedence and are evaluated last
o When operators are on the same level: performed from left to right (associativity)
3 * 7 - 6 + 2 * 5 / 4 + 6 means
(((3 * 7) – 6) + ((2 * 5) / 4 )) + 6
Expressions
o If all operands are integers, expression is called an integral expression and yields an
integral result, for example: 2 + 3 * 5
o If all operands are floating-point, expression is called a floating-point expression and
yields a floating-point result, for example: 12.8 * 17.5 - 34.50
o If the expression has operands of different data types (integers and floating-point),
expression is called mixed expression, examples of mixed expressions are :
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 / 2
Assignment Statement
The assignment statement takes the form:
Expression is evaluated and its value is assigned to the variable on the left side
In C++, = is called the assignment operator.
C++ has special assignment statements called compound assignments
+=, -=, *=, /=, and %=
Example:
x *= y;
Increment and Decrement Operators
Increment operator: increment variable by 1
o Pre-increment: ++variable
o Post-increment: variable++
Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
o Pre-decrement: --variable
o Post-decrement: variable--
What is the difference between the following?
x = 5;
y = ++x;
and
x = 5;
y = x++;
Syntax Errors in C++ program
Errors in syntax are found in compilation
int x; //Line 1 OK
int y //Line 2: error
double z; //Line 3 OK
y = w + x; //Line 4: error
Documentation in C++ program
A well-documented program is easier to understand and modify
You use comments to document programs
Example:
int feet; //variable to hold given feet
int inches; //variable to hold given inches
int totalInches; //variable to hold total inches
double centimeters; //variable to hold length in
Programming Example: Convert Length
Write a program that takes as input a given length expressed in feet and inches and convert and outputs
the length in centimeters
Problem analysis:
Input: length in feet and inches
o Lengths are given in feet and inches.
o Convert the length in feet and inches to all inches:
Multiply the number of feet by 12
Add given inches
o One inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters
Output: equivalent length in centimeters
o Program computes the equivalent length in centimeters
Needed variables
int feet; //variable to hold given feet
int inches; //variable to hold given inches
int totalInches; //variable to hold total inches
double centimeters; //variable to hold length in centimeters
Named Constant
const double CENTIMETERS_PER_INCH = 2.54;
const int INCHES_PER_FOOT = 12;
Programming Example: Body of the Function
• The body of the function main has the following form:
int main ()
{
declare variables
statements
return 0;
}
