PAPER BATTERY

A Seminar Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By

POLAMREDDY HARSHAVARDHANREDDY 20KQ1A04B8

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

T.HARIBABU,,M.Tech,
Associate Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES

(Approved by AICTE, NewDelhi,Accredited by NBA and NAAC with‘A’Grade)
(Permanently Affiliated to Jawaharlal NehruTechnologicalUniversityKakinada,Kakinada)Vallur,NH-16,Ongole,
Prakasam District, A.P- 523272
2020-2024

i
 PACEINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY&SCIENCES
(Approved by AICTE,NewDelhi, Accredited by NBA and NAACwith‘A’Grade)
(Permanently Affiliated to Jawaharla lNehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada)Vallur,NH-
16,Ongole, Prakasam District, A.P- 523272

DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSANDCOMMUNICATIONENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled “PAPER BATTERY” is a bonified work of
POLAMREDDY HARSHAVARDHANREDDY (20KQ1A04B8) in the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award or the degree of Bachelor Of Technology in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING for the academic year 2023-2024. This work is done under my
supervision and guidance.

Signature of Guide Signature of Head of the

Department
T.HariBabu,M.Tech Dr.M.AppaRao,M.Tech,Ph.D
Associate Professor Associate Professor

Signature of the External Examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the almighty for giving us the courage and perseverance in completing the main-project. This
seminar itself is acknowledgements for all those people who have given us their heartfelt co-operation in
making this project a grand success.
We extend our sincere thanks to Dr. M. VENU GOPAL RAO, B.E, M.B.A, D.M.M., chairman of
our college, for providing sufficient infrastructure and good environment in the college tocompleteourcourse.
We are thankful to our secretary Dr. M. SRIDHAR, M.Tech,M.B.A.,for providing the necessary
infrastructure and labs and also permitting to carry out this project.
We are thankful to our principal Dr.G.V.K.Murthy,B.E,MTech,Ph.D.,for providing the necessary
infrastructure and labs and also permitting to carry out this project.
With extreme jubilance and deepest gratitude, we would like to thank Head of the E.C.E.Department,
Dr.M.AppaRao,M.Tech(Ph.D.),for his constant encouragement.
We are greatly indebted to Seminar guide T. HariBabu,M.Tech.,Assistant Professor Electronics and
Communication engineering, for providing valuable guidance at every stage of this project work. We are
profoundly grateful towards the unmatched services rendered by him.
OurspecialthankstoallthefacultyofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineeringandpeersfortheir
valuable advises at every stage of this work.
Last but not least, we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and earnest thanks giving to
our dear parents for their moral support and heartfelt cooperation in doing the main project.

POLAMREDDY HARSHAVARDHANREDDY
20KQ1A04B8

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 CONTENTS

SL.NO INDEX PAGE NO

1. Abstract 5

2. Introduction 6-7

3. Motivation 8

4. Literature Survey 9

5. Objective 10

6. Specification of Paper battery 11-12

7. Construction of Paper battery 13-14

8. Working 15

9. Advantages 16

10. Disadvantages 17

11. Applications 18-19

12. Comparison 20

13. Conclusion 21

14. Future Work 22

15. References 23

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 ABSTRACT
Today the biggest problem faced by the electronics industry is the size of the battery as gadgets
gets thinner and smaller day by day. But at certain point the battery size and its weight creates an
obstacle. To overcome this ‘Paper Battery’ present the ultimate solution. The paper battery is literally a
conducting paper with a lot of power packed inside it. The various problems faced by the commonly
used batteries and how the paper battery offers the solution to all these problems. A detailed
construction of paper battery is explained in this paper. A comparison of SWCNT and MWCNT is also
shown in this paper. This paper also contains the possible applications which could change our lives.
The safety issues of Li-ion batteries, the limitations of NiCad & NiMH and the drawbacks of lead acid
battery are discussed in this paper. The advantage of paper battery over these batteries is also described.

ABBREVIATIONS USED:
1. Carbon Nano tubes (CNT),
2. Single walled carbon Nano tubes (SWCNT),
3. Multi walled carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT),
4. Lithium ion (Li-ion).

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 1. INTRODUCTION
There has been a growing demand for thinner and smaller electronic devices. To
achieve those demands “Paper Battery‟ offers the best solution. Paper battery is actually a
cellulose based „paper‟ with CNT deposited on either side of paper. A stack of such papers
makes a paper battery. Some batteries use Silver Nano Wires instead of CNT. It is extremely
thin, flexible, light weight and stores much power in less space. Recently developed paper
battery combines the Li-ion based chemicals to make a combination of Li-ion and paper
battery.

Figure-1 Paper Battery

1.1 NECESSITY
There are many reasons to research a battery that is safe, thin, & flexible. Let us study some of the
problems of the most commonly used batteries.
Li-ion (Lithium ion batteries)
Li-ion battery is the most commonly used battery for smart phones, laptops, digital cameras and all
sorts of home appliances. It is basically a rechargeable battery with lithium as a negative electrode.
It is known for its low selfdischarge, high efficiency. But it is expensive, it has safety issues. The
electrolyte needs to be kept pressurized. It also requires an electronic monitoring system to avoid
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over charging, overheating, over voltage etc. So, it needs temperature sensor, voltage regulator etc.

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which increases cost. The electrolyte is highly inflammable, reactive and hazardous. In September
2016, Samsung recalled 2.5 million galaxies Note 7 because the battery design caused both the
electrodes to touch which caused short circuit and they busted into flames. In January, 2013
Boeing 787 Dreamliner of japan airlines caught fire at Boston airport. The batteries were
responsible. Luckily, no one got hurt, but had it caught fire while flying the results would have
been worst. Today most of the smartphone users have no idea of how dangerous the Li-ion
batteries are. Recent studies have recommended using Li-ion along with CNT to get a better, much
safer battery.
NiCad & NiMH (Nickel cadmium Nickel Metal Hydrate)
These are the most commonly used batteries for Hybrid cars, Satellites, novelties and for Backup
power. The problem of these batteries include that they contain highly toxic metals like Cd
(cadmium) they exhibit negative temperature coefficient, this causes charging problems. NiMH
produces hydrogen gas which can rupture the cell. The temperature affects the capacity and
performance. They have high self-discharge rate. They have been replaced by Li-ion in recent
years. But still due to low cost than Li-ion they are used in toys, remote controls &other portable
electronics. Lead acid batteries These are oldest rechargeable batteries and widely used for large
scale applications like power backup, automobiles, submarines, and also in some hybrid vehicles.
The problem associated are Sulfation and Stratification of electrolyte, Corrosion of plates, toxic
nature of lead etc.

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 2. MOTIVATION
After studying the problems associated with the most commonly used batteries, we can
conclude that paper batteries along some modifications like Li-ion + CNT paper or some
other possible combinations can replace the commonly used batteries. And making them
much safer, flexible and light weight. If that happens, we will be able to power a hybrid
vehicle with a newspaper sized paper battery or we can have foldable laptops that can fit in
our pocket. The possibilities are endless.

2.1 THEME
Paper Battery either CNT based or Li-ion based provides a better solution for energy storage.
The electronic gadgets can get even thinner, smaller and flexible. The Li-ion based paper
battery can recharged efficiently and is much safer than conventional Li-ion batteries. The
CNT based paper battery is bio degradable, eco-friendly and can be cycled many times. They
have a wide range of operating temperature. The overall efficiency of the paper battery is
high.

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 3. LITERATURE SURVEY
There has been a constant search for super battery. The ones Which can combine the
properties of a capacitor and a battery. A super capacitor can be cycled millions of time, it
charges in seconds but at the same time it has high self-discharge and much expensive. A
battery might have low Self-discharge but need more time charge and doesn’t have indefinite
recyclability. So, a compromise between battery and capacitor produces the paper battery
which have combined properties of both. The recent developments of the paper batteries
utilize CNT as electrode and an integrated design of layer of electrolyte to create thin and
flexible battery.
Significant works have been carried out independently, notable among which are by
Pushparaj et al. [2007] and YiCui et al. [2010] in the field of preparing the first prototypes.
Previous designs of flexible energy-storage devices have been based on separated thin-
electrode and spacer layers, proving less-than-optimum in performance and handling because
of the existence of multiple interfaces between the layers. Pushparaj et al. demonstrated the
fabrication of “electrode-spacer electrolyte” integrated nanocomposite units to build a variety
of thin flexible energy-storage devices. The robust integrated thin-film structure allows not
only good electrochemical performance but also the ability to function over large ranges of
mechanical deformation, record temperatures and with a wide variety of electrolytes. The
attempt to integrate the components on to a single unit was revived by Yi Cui et al. with a
much simpler and more promising approach. In this paper, they integrated all of the
components of a Li-ion battery into a single sheet of paper with a simple lamination process.
Although a paper-like membrane has been used as the separator for other energy storage
systems including super capacitors, it was the first demonstration of the use of commercial
paper in Li-ion batteries, where paper is used as both separator and mechanical support.
Another significant attempt to exploit the properties of Paper batteries was made by Dr.
Mangilal Agrawal, Louisiana Tech University. Having done much work with biosensors and
bio-capacitors, he successfully demonstrated how the relative proportion of CNT and Paper
could be used to customize the voltage output of the Paper Battery.

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 4. OBJECTIVE
To study the
following;
 The use of self-rechargeable thin film batteries, their performance and application.
 The glucose activated paper battery based on glucose oxidized enzyme.
 Ultra-fast all polymer paper-based batteries.

Figure 1.1 Sample of Paper Batter

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5. Specification of Paper Battery’s
5.1 Construction
Paper battery combines cellulose based paper with CNT the paper can act both high
energy paper battery and super capacitor depending on the design. Cellulose is complex
organic substance found in paper and pulp. CNT‟s are main ingredients of paper battery.

CNT’s where discovered by Japanese scientist name Iijima in 1991. They are now
considered as top-class subject in academic researches and industrial areas CNT‟s are
allotropes is carbon made of graphite and have be constructed in cylindrical tubes with
Nano meter scale in diameter and several millimetres in length.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) consist exclusively of carbon atoms arranged in a series of

condensed benzene rings rolled up into a tubular structure. This novel artificial
nanomaterial belongs to the family of fullerenes, the third allotropic form of carbon along
with graphite and diamond which are both natural sp2 (planar) and sp3 (cubic) forms,
respectively.

Based on the number of layers, structures of, CNTs are classified into two types: single-
walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)

Figure.2 Structure of CNT

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Table:1

Three main techniques generally used for

SWCNTs and MWCNTs productions are:

Arc-Discharge method (using arc vaporization of two carbon rods), Laser Ablation
method (using graphite), and Chemical Vapour Deposition (using hydrocarbon sources:
CO, methane, ethylene, acetylene). After preparation, CNTs are submitted to purification
by acid refluxing, surfactant aided sonication, or air oxidation procedure in order to
eliminate impurities such as amorphous carbon, fullerenes, and transition metals
introduced as catalysts during the synthesis. Pristine CNTs are now synthesized and
marketed by many chemical firms worldwide.

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 6. Construction of a Paper Battery

Figure 3. Construction of paper battery

A paper battery construction involves the following components:

• Cathode: Carbon Nanotube (CNT)
• Anode: Lithium Metal (Li+)
• Electrolyte: All electrolytes (including bio Electrolytes like sweat, blood etc.)
• Separator: Paper (Cellulose)

Construction of a paper battery mainly includes these steps:

Step 1: Black carbon ink is applied on a cellulose-based paper.
Step 2: Black Carbon ink is being spread on a paper spread on the paper.
Step 3: A thin lithium film is laminated over the exposed cellulose surface.
Step 4: The cellulose paper is heated at 80oC for 5 minutes.
Step 5: Next, the film is peeled off from the substrate.
Step 6: The film acts as electrodes of the paper battery. One film is connected to the
electrolyte LTO (Li4Ti5012) and another film is pasted to the electrolyte LCO (LiCo02).
Step 7: Next, connect a LED on both the ends of the battery and check its functionality

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 Structure

Figure 3.1 Structural view of a Paper Battery

.

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 7. WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY
A conventional battery or Rechargeable battery contains a number of separate components that
produce electrons through a chemical reaction between the metal and the electrolyte of the
battery. The Paper battery works when the paper is dipped in the ion-based liquid solution;
next a chemical reaction occurs between the electrodes and liquid. The electrons move from
the cathode to anode to generate electricity. The paper electrode stores energy while
recharging within 10 seconds because the ions flow through the thin electrode quickly. Figure
4 shows the working of a paper battery. The best method to increase the output of the battery is
to stack different paper batteries one over the other.

Figure 4. Working of Paper Battery

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 8. Advantages of paper battery’s
• Non-toxic, biodegradable • Eco friendly, biocompatible
• Easy to recycle
• Durable: shelf life of three years
• Works during extreme conditions -75°C to 150 °C
• Rechargeable
• No leakage of electrolyte
• No over heating
• Light weight and flexible
• Easily mouldable in desired shape
• Can work as super capacitor
• More power in less space
• Customizable output voltage by staking, slicing

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 9. Disadvantages of paper Battery’s
• Low shear strength can be torn easily
• CNT production technique is expensive
• Nano-toxic for CNT manufacturing workers
• Can cause fibrosis in lungs
• Aquatic like damaged by CNT

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 10. Possible Application
• RFID tags and other tracking
• Smart Newspapers
• Credit/Debit cards
• Greeting card with audio, light
• Hybrid cards
• Laptops, smartphones etc.
• Aircraft and spacecraft
• Blood and sugar monitoring portable devices
• Toys and novelties
• Calculator and wrist watches
• Wireless mouse, keyboards other computer accessories
• Bluetooth headphones, microphones etc.
• Digital camera
• Printed circuit board (PCB)

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Figure 5. Applications

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11. COMPARISION BETWEEN PAPER BATTERY
AND LITHIUM-ION BATTERY

Table:2

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12. CONCLUSION
After analysis of paper battery, we can conclude that the major component of paper battery is CNT. The CNT
manufacturing techniques are inefficient which obviously increases the cost, making the paper battery expensive.
If the cost is kept economical the batteries will revolutionize the electronics industry. The shear strength of paper
battery can be increased by adding glass fibre, resins, plastics etc.

Further research is needed in Nano toxicology to make CNT‟s non-hazardous for our health. The use of lithium as
an electrode in paper battery can solve most of the safety issues of Li-ion batteries. With paper batteries we can
predict a whole a new world of possibilities and endless applications which will one day change our daily lives.

Figure 6. Paper Battery

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13. FUTURE WORK
There are many technologies which are coming in future which may use it. One important technology is
about Transformers. Transformer is a Turkish company named Let vision make it possible they have
converted a BMW Z4 model into a working prototype of transformers. They might be interested in using
the paper battery because they need a convenient, light-weight source of energy which provide sufficient
energy and even consume less space they might use the paper battery. There is recently in news about the
case of giant mobile company SAMSUNG they have created there most powerful smart phone NOTE 7
using li-ion battery but it starts exploding it may be due to the battery issue. But it won’t happen if they
used the paper.

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 14. REFERENCE
[1] B. G. P. Singh, C. Baburao, V. Pispati et al., “Carbon nanotubes. A novel drug delivery
system,” International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 523–532,
2012.

[2] V. L. Pushparaj, M. M. Shaijumon, A. Kumar, S. Murugesan, L. Ci, R. Vajtai, R. J. Linhardt, O.

Nalamasu, and P. M. Ajayan, “Flexible energy storage devices based on Nano composite paper,”
PNAS, Aug. 2007, vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 13574– 13577.

[3] Nojan Aliahmad, Mangilal Agarwal, Sudhir Shrestha, and Kody Varahramyan, “IEEE Paper-
Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Carbon Nanotube-Coated Wood Microfibers”, IEEE Transactions
on Nanotechnology, May 2013, Vol.12, No. 3.
[4] Hu, L. C., J.; Yang, Y.; La Mantia, F.; Jeong, S.; Cui, Y. Highly Conductive Paper for Energy
Storage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 2009, 106, 21490–21494.