MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID

COURSE CODE- EEDO7021

Course Details:
Scheme: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - SEMESTER-VII
Teaching scheme (Contact
Course Objectives: Course Code Course Name Credits Assigned
Hours)
Outcomes: Pract./Tut
Microgrid and Theory Pract./Tut. Theory Total
Syllabus: EEDO7021 .
Smart-grid
Books Recommended: 3 -- 3 3

NPTEL Course: Examination Scheme

Course Theory
Course Name Internal Assessment Exam Term Pract/
Code End Sem. Total
Duration Work Oral
Test 1 Test 2 Avg Exam
(in Hrs)
EEDO702 Microgrid and
20 20 20 80 3 - - 100
1 Smart-grid

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Course Details: Course Objectives:
Scheme: 1. To introduce the fundamental concept, various power architectures and control of distributed
Course Objectives: generation and microgrids.
Outcomes: 2. To review various regulatory standards and state of the art of microgrids
Syllabus: 3. To understand the microgrid and Smart Grid deployments for large scale integration of clean
Books Recommended: energy sources, various technologies, automation and ICT infrastructure requirements
NPTEL Course:

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Course Details: Course Outcomes:
Scheme: Students will be able-
Course Objectives: 1. To identify and describe the impact of renewable energy integration for mitigating energy
Outcomes: crises and sustainable future.
Syllabus: 2. To identify and describe the concept of Microgrid and its various topologies, modes of
operation control and communication architecture.
Books Recommended:
NPTEL Course: 3. To identify and describe the concept of Smart Grid, its features and the state of the art.
4. To understand various Smart Grid technologies, automation, resiliency and its adoption in
current power system

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Course Details: Module 1:Introduction: Energy crises and sustainable alternatives, review of conventional and non-
Scheme: conventional energy sources and power generation; Comparison of renewable technologies: Solar
Photovoltaics, Wind Energy systems, Fuel Cells, micro-turbines, biomass, and tidal sources. Impact
Course Objectives:
of grid integration of renewable energy resources on existing power system: reliability, stability and
Outcomes: power quality issues (5 Hours)
Syllabus:
Module 2: Distributed Generations (DG) and Microgrids: DG topologies, regulatory standards/
Books Recommended:
framework: IEEE 1547 series, Limits on operational parameters: voltage, frequency, THD, response
NPTEL Course: to grid abnormal operating conditions, islanding issues; Concept of microgrid, review of sources of
microgrids, typical structure and configuration of a microgrid, AC and DC Microgrids;
Control architectures of microgrids: Centralised, decentralised and hierarchical control. Local and
system level control functionalities; basics of Power sharing and coordinated control of microgrids.
(8 Hours)
Module 3: Power Conditioning Units (PCUs) for Microgrid Sources: PCUs in DC and AC microgrids,
modes of operation and control of PCUs: Voltage mode control, current mode control. Microgrid
functions: black-start and grid synchronisation. (5 Hours)

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Course Details: Module 4: Microgrid operations and islanding: Grid connected and islanded mode, Active and
Scheme: reactive power control, protection issues, anti-islanding schemes: passive, active and
communication based techniques. Role of energy Storage in Microgrid operations and stability (7
Course Objectives:
Hours)
Outcomes:
Syllabus: Module 5: Introduction to Smart-Grid: Concept of Smart-Grid, Definitions, Need of Smart-Grid,
Books Recommended: Functions of Smart-Grid, Opportunities & Barriers of Smart Grid, Concept of Resilient & Self-
NPTEL Course: Healing Grid, Microgrids role in smart-grid scenario.
Review of Smart Grid Technologies: Introduction to Smart Meters, Real Time Prizing, Smart
Appliances, Automatic Meter Reading(AMR), EV (Vehicle to Grid). (7 Hours)

Module 6: Smart Grid Operations and Automation: Smart Substations, Substation Automation,
Feeder Automation. Intelligent Electronic Devices(IED) & their application for monitoring &
protection, Wide Area Measurement System(WAMS), Phase Measurement Unit(PMU)
Communication Network for Microgrids & Smart Grid: Home Area Network ,Wide Area Network
(WAN), Bluetooth, ZigBee, , Wireless Mesh Network, Cyber Security for Smart Grid. (7 Hours)

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Course Details: Books Recommended:
Scheme: Text Books :
Course Objectives: 1. Microgrids architectures and control Edited by Nikos Hatziargyriou, Wiley, IEEE Press, 2014
Outcomes: 2. A. Keyhani, M. N. Marwali, M. Dai, Integration of Green and Renewable Energy in Electric
Syllabus: Power Systems, Wiley, 2009
Books Recommended: 3. Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza, Miguel Castilla, Microgrids Design and Implementation,
NPTEL Course: Springer 2019

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Course Details: Reference Books:-

Scheme: 1. Yezdani, and Reza Iravani, Voltage Source Converters in Power Systems: Modeling, Control and
Applications, John Wiley Publications, 2010
Course Objectives:
2. Dorin Neacsu, Power Switching Converters: Medium and High Power, CRC Press, 2006
Outcomes:
3. B. M. Buchholz and Z. Styczynski, Smart Grids – Fundamentals and Technologies in Electricity Networks,
Syllabus: Springer, 2014
Books Recommended: 4. C. W. Gellings, The Smart Grid: Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response, CRC Press, 2009
NPTEL Course:
5. J. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins, K. Liyanage, J. Wu, A. Yokoyama, Smart Grid: Technology and Applications, Wiley,
2012
6. J. C. Sabonnadière and N. Hadjsaïd, Smart Grids, John Wiley & Sons and ISTE, 2012
7. IEEE standards ―IEEE-1547-2003: IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric
Power Systems IEEE standards 2003
8. IEEE standards ―IEEE 1547-4-2011: IEEE Guide for Design Operation & Integration of Distributed Resources
Island System with Electric Power System,
9. Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) white paper on Integration of Distributed
Energy Resources: The CERTS Microgrid Concept‘ 2002

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Course Details: NPTEL Course:
Scheme: 1. DC Microgrid and Control System, Prof. Avik Bhattacharya, IIT Roorkee
Course Objectives: 2. Introduction to Smart Grid, By Prof. N. P. Padhy & Prof. Premalata Jena, IIT Roorkee
Outcomes:
Syllabus:
Books Recommended:
NPTEL Course:

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Prerequisites to the Prerequisites to the Course:
Course: ❖ Electrical Power Systems: Knowledge of generation transmission and distribution; Concept
Desirable Knowledge of Grid
for Course: ❖ Renewable Energy Resources: SPV, Wind, Fuel Cell
❖ Energy Storage
❖ Power Electronics : DC-DC Converters and DC-AC Converters
❖ Electronic Circuits: Analog and digital

Desirable Knowledge for Course:

❖ Micro-Controllers
❖ Control Systems
❖ Communication Engg.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Crisis Energy Crisis
▪ Sustainable
alternatives 1. Limited energy resources
▪ Comparison of a) Imports of petroleum 210 billion USD for FY23.
renewable b) Low quality of coal reserves and environmental issues with extraction and use.
technologies 2. Inadequate infrastructure
▪ Impact of grid a) Suffers from power cut and blackouts.
integration of 3. Inadequate investment
renewable energy a) India’s low per capita income and high poverty rates.
resources on existing 4. Regulatory Barriers
power system 5. Climate change

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Crisis
▪ Sustainable
Why ‘I’ need renewable energy?
alternatives
▪ Comparison of
renewable
technologies
▪ Impact of grid I want clean and
integration of I need continuous
green energy for I wish to reduce
renewable energy power for my
resources on existing sustainable future my electricity bills
hospital
power system

Renewable Efficient Resilient

(Sustainable) (Cheaper) (Safe/Secure/ Reliable)

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Crisis 1. A sustainable energy transition is defined as a shift toward a high-efficiency energy
▪ Sustainable system that is well-managed to balance environmental and social costs, risks, and
alternatives benefits such that the shift is deemed to be sustainable (Chen et al., 2019).
▪ Comparison of
renewable 2. The transition also includes the shift from utilizing fossil fuel to using renewable energy
technologies sources in energy generation and the evolution from centralized to decentralized energy
▪ Impact of grid systems (Guidolin and Alpcan, 2019).
integration of
renewable energy 3. Direct replacement of coal with natural gas for power generation has proven to reduce
resources on existing GHG emissions tremendously (Mac Kinnon et al., 2018).
power system
4. The integration of natural gas and renewable energy resources in power generation
ensures energy security and sustainability, while contributing toward a significant
reduction of GHG toward a sustainable energy system (Denchak, 2018).

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Crisis Comparison of renewable technologies
▪ Sustainable
alternatives
▪ Comparison of
renewable
technologies
▪ Impact of grid
integration of
renewable energy
resources on existing
power system

https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/climate-change/sources-energy-
comparison#:~:text=Renewable%20and%20alternative%20energy%20sources,than%20fossil%20fuel%20plants%20do.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Crisis Impact of grid integration of renewable energy resources on existing power system
▪ Sustainable
alternatives
▪ Comparison of
renewable
technologies
▪ Impact of grid
integration of
renewable energy
resources on existing
power system

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Crisis “Greening the Grid” aims to modernize the power system so that it can accommodate largescale
▪ Sustainable integration of variable renewable energy resources.
alternatives
▪ Comparison of When considering grid integration, policymakers, regulators, and system operators consider a
renewable
technologies variety of issues, which can be organized into four broad topics:

▪ Impact of grid • New renewable energy generation

integration of
• New transmission
renewable energy
resources on existing • Increased system flexibility
power system
• Planning for a high RE future.

Ref :https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63033.pdf

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Crisis Impact of High Renewable Energy Penetration on Stability of Grid:
▪ Sustainable Low SPV penetration Medium SPV penetration
alternatives
1.0
▪ Comparison of

Bus Voltage (pu)

renewable
technologies Bus Voltage Profile:
variation after a fault 0.8
▪ Impact of grid (high occurrence of reverse
High SPV
integration of penetration
power flow and overvoltage.
Voltage limit violations due to
renewable energy 0.6 high PV penetration cause
resources on existing inverter disconnections)
power system 5 7 9 11
Time (sec)

• Inverter interfaced RES do not provide rotational inertia as like conventional synchronous
generators, with the increased penetration of such energy sources, inertial support of the
grid reduces ( Inertia resists this drop in frequency, giving the grid time to rebalance supply and demand).
• Consequently, the grid becomes more susceptible to events such as sudden generation loss,
load variation, short circuit fault, etc. and the grid capability to react and arrest the
frequency changes following a disturbance depletes.
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Crisis Microgrid- Power Quality Issues and Solutions:
▪ Sustainable
alternatives
Issues Solutions
▪ Comparison of
renewable ❖ Reliability- Appropriate percentage of Dispatchable Sources
technologies ❖ Voltage Profile- Appropriate percentage of Inertial Sources
▪ Impact of grid ❖ Stability in Island mode- Integration of Energy Storage
integration of
renewable energy ❖ THD- Identification of Poor Quality sources
resources on existing ❖ DC current Injection- Accurate Sensor and Control Implementation
power system
❖ Frequency Variation- Real and Reactive Power Management

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
• Micro grid Main Grid Interconnection of a Microgrid:
• Concept
• Objectives PCC

V E Main
Microgrid
Grid
S1 S2

Microgrid control

Main Grid control

Grid Interconnection Subsystem

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
• Micro grid Concept:
• Concept
• Microgrid is a cluster of various renewable energy sources with energy storage systems
• Objectives and loads operating in control and coordination with each other to act like a power grid.
• Promotes the integration of free and locally available energy sources with suitable energy
storage elements to meet the local community load demand.
• Renewable sources with different nature are connected to the common bus through
power converters with suitable control.
• Microgrids are classified as AC microgrid, DC microgrid and Hybrid microgrid.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
• Micro grid Objectives of Micro grid:
• Concept
• Objectives ❖ Facilitate penetration of distributed generators into the distribution network
❖ Provide high quality and reliable energy supply to critical loads
❖ Easy integration with existing grid system
❖ Provide solution for rapidly depleting fossil fuels through integration of renewable energy
into the existing grid system
❖ Provide support to the main grid in the form of export of real power and reactive power

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Microgrid Microgrid with 3 source:
Micro-source Power Converter- 1 Micro-source Power Converter- 2 Micro-source Power Converter - N
Micro- Micro- Micro-
source source source

Controllers

Controllers
Controllers
Local

Local
Local
VMS-1 ESS VMS-2 ESS VMS-N ESS

PCC VMG
Local

STS
Microgrid Bus Grid Loads
Synch.
Control

IG
ZN
Central
Controller

VG
Main Grid
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Microgrid operation
Transition mode:
▪ Selection ▪ Transition from Grid Connected mode to
IP+ jIQ P+jQ ΔP+jΔQ
▪ PE interfaces used in V
Utility Island Mode
MG Grid ▪ Transition from Island Mode to Grid
CB 1 PCC CB2 Connected mode
▪ Control Architecture
for Microgrid Microgrid

▪ Microgrid’s Control, R L C
IP+ jIQ P +jQ
Power And Pload+ JQload V Utility
Communication V
CB2 Grid
CB 1 PCC
Architecture
Microgrid

(a) Grid-tied mode R L C

P load+ JQ load

(a) Islanded mode

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Energy Resources used in a Microgrid
▪ Selection
▪ PE interfaces used in Microturbines, Diesel Generator, CHP,
MG Dispatchable Solar Thermal, Fuel Cell, Biopower,
Small and Micro-hydro
Inertial
Non-
Flywheel
Dispatchable
Microgrid
Sources
Dispatchable Battery, Ultracapacitors
Non-
Inertial
Non-
Solar PV, WES
Dispatchable

(technologies that have limited ability to adjust their

power output to match electricity demand, as their
source is weather-dependent)
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Selection of Microgrid Sources-
▪ Selection Solar PV and wind energy are characterized as being intermittent in nature and dynamically
▪ PE interfaces used in faster system.
MG Micro grid based only on these two sources may result in having poor dynamic stability and
suffer through the following disadvantages:

❖ No self-excitation or service restoration (generally referred to as ‘black-start’)

❖ Penetration issues
❖ Due to low fault current levels, protection system design with conventional methods
becomes a major concern.
❖ Reliability in the context of power availability becomes a question in situation of no solar
radiation and no wind generation.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources ❖ Inertial sources can provide better dynamic stability to the microgrid, but the running
▪ Selection cost of such sources is generally much higher. Hence, the number of inertial sources to
▪ PE interfaces used in be used in a microgrid and their power generation capacities must be appropriately
MG selected.
❖ Non-inertial but dispatchable sources like batteries and ultra-capacitors can improve the
system’s transient response and can handle the fast changing loads very easily.
❖ If the operating cost is taken into account, use of solar PV and/or wind energy sources in
microgrid is essential in order to harness the freely and abundantly available energy.

Therefore a suitable combination of inertial and non-inertial sources along with

dispatchable and non dispatchable sources must be selected to ensure that the microgrid
achieves its laid down objectives.
While selecting the sources, their installation cost, running cost and the operating life
should also be taken into account.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Selection of Microgrid Sources
▪ Selection Renewable Energy Typical module • Microgrids can use electricity generated from a
▪ PE interfaces used in Technology capacity sizes
wide range of power technologies, using both
MG Small hydro 1–100 MW
renewable and non-renewable energy resources
Micro hydro 25 kW–1 MW
Wind turbine 200 Watt–3 MW
as fuel.
Photovoltaic arrays 20 Watt–100 kW
Solar thermal, central 1–10 MW • The portfolio of generating technologies selected
receiver for a specific microgrid, which might include
Biomass, e.g. based on 100 kW–20 MW • Renewable energy resources,
gasification • Combined heat and power (CHP),
Fuel cells, phosphoric acid 200 kW–2 MW • Energy storage systems
Fuel cells, proton exchange 1 kW–250 kW
present different cost-benefit scenarios.

Fuel cells, solid oxide 250 kW–5 MW

Geothermal 5–100 MW
Ocean energy 100 kW–1 MW
Battery storage 500 kW–5 MW

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Types of PE interfaces used in MG
▪ Selection 1) DC-DC Converters: Isolated / non isolated;
Buck/ Boost / Buck-Boost
▪ PE interfaces used in
MG Second order/ Fourth order
Soft-Switched/ Hard-Switched
2) Inverter: Single phase / Three phase / Three phase with Neutral
3) Multiport converters
4) Matrix Converters

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources MG Architecture: AC Microgrid-Simplified View
▪ Selection
▪ PE interfaces used in PV
MG Inverter
▪ Types of MG
PV Array
▪ Control Architecture
for Microgrid Back-up Generator
▪ Microgrid’s Control, Wind
Power And Inverter
Communication
Architecture
Wind Generator

Bi-
AC Load
directional
Power
Inverter
Battery Bank
AC BUS
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources MG Architecture: DC Microgrid- -Simplified View
▪ Selection
▪ PE interfaces used in PV
MG Controller Battery
Charger
▪ Types of MG PV Array
▪ Control Architecture
Back-up Generator
for Microgrid
▪ Microgrid’s Control, Wind
Power And Charger
Change-over
Communication
switch
Architecture
Wind Generator
Power
Inverter AC Load

Battery Bank DC BUS

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources MG Architecture: Hybrid Microgrid -Simplified View
▪ Selection
PV
▪ PE interfaces used in Controller
MG
▪ Types of MG PV Array
▪ Control Architecture Back-up Generator
for Microgrid
▪ Microgrid’s Control, Wind Bi-
Power And Charger directional
Communication Power
Architecture Inverter
Wind Generator

AC Load

Battery Bank DC BUS AC BUS

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Front end VSC for interfacing the source with the microgrid.
▪ Selection
▪ PE interfaces used in
MG
▪ Control Architecture
for Microgrid
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
Power And
Communication
Architecture
1. The electric power generated by any source is modulated by a power converter controlling
active and reactive power.
2. Regulates the bus voltage and microgrid frequency under different operating
conditions/modes.

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Bi-directional converter for Battery based MG Source
▪ Selection
Lf
▪ PE interfaces used in vabc

Microgrid Bus
MG PV PPV vDC
MPPT
▪ Control Architecture Tracker
for Microgrid VSI

▪ Microgrid’s Control,
Power And
Communication
Architecture Battery bank

Bi-directional
dc-dc converter

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Design of Bi-directional converter for Battery based MG Source
▪ Selection
iL
▪ PE interfaces used in
MG
▪ Control Architecture iBat L vDC
Inverter
for Microgrid
CDC
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
Power And
Communication
Architecture VBAT
Bi-directional
Battery conv. Kp S + Ki
dBAT
I*BAT m 1
S S1
Vdco

S2
IBAT VdcL

Carrier
Current Control for Boost mode of operation of BDC 0 t
Ts
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Design of Bi-directional converter for Battery based MG Source
▪ Selection L iL
▪ PE interfaces used in
MG
vin D R
▪ Control Architecture
for Microgrid
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
Power And
Communication 1 vo
Architecture d
0 0.5
Limiter
vo* Gcv
0 d

vo
Buck Converter : Control strategy to control output terminal voltage
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources In a micro grid environment, the various power converter systems with their sources and energy
▪ Selection storages are functioned operated in different modes:
▪ PE interfaces used in Some of the typical operating modes are listed below:
MG
OPERATING MODES ES VSC
▪ Control Architecture
for Microgrid Energy source converter energy storage converter VSC regulates DC link
delivering maximum is on trickle charging and voltage
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
Power And power regulates
Communication energy storage converter VSC regulates DC link
Architecture controls storage current voltage
Energy storage converter source converter controls VSC controls active and
regulating common DC source current reactive power P, Q.
link voltage, source converter controls VSC controls the microgrid
source current AC bus voltage and
frequency:

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Control Architecture for Microgrid
▪ Selection
Controller 1
▪ PE interfaces used in
Microgrid bus
MG S1
▪ Control Architecture S3
for Microgrid S2
▪ Microgrid’s Control, Controller 3
▪ Centralized Control
Power And Controller 2

Communication ▪ The communication interface is a key element

Architecture Centralized
▪ Supervisory Controller (SC) provides reference
Control
power signals to all Local controllers
(a) Centralized Control
▪ Fast and reliable communication with sufficiently
large bandwidth is desirable
▪ But major challenge is a possibility of a single point
failure of SC or communication network resulting
in complete shutdown

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Controller 1
▪ Selection Microgrid bus

▪ PE interfaces used in S1
MG
S3
▪ Control Architecture
for Microgrid
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
S2
Controller 3
▪ Decentralized Control
Power And ▪ Mange local parameters by Local Controllers (LCs)
Controller 2
Communication ▪ Individual control strategies
Architecture (b) Decentralized Control
▪ No communication or coordination with each other
▪ Power sharing by individual source based on the
capacity are set during installation and planning.
▪ Optimal operation is not possible (poorly utilized
source)

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources
Controller 1
▪ Selection Microgrid bus
▪ PE interfaces used in S1
MG S3
▪ Control Architecture S2
Controller 3
for Microgrid
Controller 2
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
Power And ▪ Hierarchical Control
Communication Supervisory ▪ Primary control is incorporated with local sources
Architecture Control
▪ Optimal utilization of sources, stability of system is
(c) Hierarchical Control achieved through secondary control.
▪ Communication is less stringent but plays an important
role in overall optimization
▪ Demarcation of control range/zone in which various
control level will get activated

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Centralized Control Decentralized Control
▪ Selection

Controller
▪ PE interfaces used in

Comm.
Local Local
Slave Controller
Fast Control
MG Response
Controller
Fast Control
DC/AC

▪ Control Architecture
DC/DC PEM DC/DC DC/AC
PEM Conv
L
Conv
L
Conv O Fuel Conv O
Fuel A
S A
Cell Cell
Y
for Microgrid Central/
Master
D

STS Grid
S
D

STS Grid
Controller T
DC/AC
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
DC/DC DC/DC DC/AC L
PV Conv L E
Conv. O PV Conv. Conv O
Array M A
A Grid Synch Array

Controller
Power And D
D Grid Synch

Comm.
and Island
Slave Local and Island
Slow Control Controller controller
Communication Fast Control Fast Control
controller
Controller
Comm. Response Fast Control
Comm.
Response Local Controller Local
Architecture Slave
Controller
Fast Control PEM DC/DC DC/AC L
Controller
Fuel Conv Conv O (b)
Response Cell A
Global D
Controller Grid
(a) STS
/ Advisor DC/DC DC/AC L
PV Conv. Conv O
A
Array D Grid Synch
and Island
Slow Control controller
Fast Control

Controller
Comm.
Response Comm.
Local Controller
Controller Medium Speed
(c) Control Response

Two level Hierarchical Control

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Two Layer Hierarchical Control Architecture
▪ Selection ▪ The hierarchical control divided into 2 levels: local and supervisory control.
▪ PE interfaces used in ▪ Each source associated with its local controller.
MG
▪ All LCs are communicate with Microgrid Supervisory Control (MSC).
▪ Control Architecture
for Microgrid ▪ Each LC acquires their operational parameters and send them to the MSC.
▪ Microgrid’s Control, ▪ Each LC operates the set point which decided by MSC.
Power And ▪ Multiple operating modes (VMC/CMC/MPPT/DROOP) are programmed into each LC.
Communication
Architecture
▪ MSC generates the power references for each converter based on loading condition and
power availability of each source

MG Bus Voltage Regulation/

Microgrid Supervisory Overall Energy Optimization
Control

Source Optimization, Local

Primary (Local) Control power/energy management

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Three Layer Hierarchical Control Architecture
▪ Selection ▪ The hierarchical control divided into 3 levels: local, emergency, and supervisory control.
▪ PE interfaces used in
MG ▪ The local control acts as the primary control Includes source optimization, power management.
▪ Control Architecture ▪ Supervisor control (Top Layer) to optimizes the overall system performance.
for Microgrid ▪ All LCs are communicate with SC with low band-width communication (LBC) link.
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
Power And ▪ The emergency layer monitors the source and system parameters to ensure their values within
Communication the limits.
Architecture
▪ The emergency control initiates the actions directly to ensure mode selection control logic.
Voltage, Optimal power Energy
Supervisory Management, Stability control
Control

Emergency, Transient
Emergency Condition monitoring and
Protection
Control

Source Optimization, Local

Local power/energy management
Control
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan
 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
▪ Energy Resources Four Layer Hierarchical Control Architecture
▪ Selection
▪ PE interfaces used in
MG
▪ Control Architecture
for Microgrid
▪ Microgrid’s Control,
Power And
Communication
Architecture

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Microgrid’s Operating
States

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Microgrid-System Level Sr. No Type of control Local (Source) level control Microgrid system level control
Control and Local • Feeder flow Control
(Source) Level Control • Unit Power Control Scheme • Zero Energy export/Import
Functionality Real and Reactive • MPPT schemes scheme
1
power Control • DC link Voltage Control • Reactive power support for grid
• Load curtailment and load
management schemes
• Life cost analysis (LCA) control
2 Source optimization • MPPT schemes
• Charge-discharge cycle control
• ESS Management
3 Power Quality • THD control
• Unit Power Control Scheme
• Adaptive protection scheme
• Inverter and source protection • Fault source implementation
4 Protection
• Withdrawal of the source • Isolation of faulty section and
restoration of healthy sections

System stability • Needs to work in coordination • Unit Power Control Scheme

management under with other system controllers • Feeder flow Control
5
grid connected and • Load curtailment and load
island mode • AC bus regulation management schemes

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Microgrid-System Level
Control and Local Sr.
Functions Responsibility of
(Source) Level Control No
Functions-
Responsibility Black start controller, ESS controller, Local
1 Black-start operation
controller, Supervisory controller
2 Grid synchronization or disconnection Grid synchronizer, Supervisory controller
Island detection and transition Island detection system, Supervisory controller,
3
management Local controller, Load controller
4 Real and reactive power flow Local controller, Supervisory controller
Maintenance of operational stability
5 under steady state and transient Local controller, Supervisory controller
conditions
6 Energy storage system management ESS controller, Supervisory controller
Co-ordination within the system under
7 Local controller, Supervisory controller
normal and abnormal conditions

FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan

 MICROGRID AND SMARTGRID
COURSE CODE- EEDO7021
Microgrid-System Level
Control and Local Sr.
Functions Responsibility of
(Source) Level Control No
Functions-
Responsibility Protection system : source, network and Local controller, ESS controller Supervisory
8
ESS controller, Grid synchronizer
Real time source optimization and Local controller, ESS controller, Supervisory
9
system optimization controller
10 Life cost optimization Local controller, Supervisory controller
Grid synchronizer, Supervisory controller, Island
Management of operating modes:
11 detection system, Local controller., Load
Autonomous or grid connected
controller
12 Load management Load controller
13 Power quality management Local controller, Supervisory controller
Forecasting: source, load and
14 operational variations for optimal Supervisory controller
operation.
15 Reliability and Security Supervisory controller
FCRIT, Dept. of Electrical Engg. Ms. Misbah Khan