Module 3

The History of Criminal Profiling

As far back as the late 19th century, investigators used psychology to

understand and attempt to apprehend infamous killers such as Jack the Ripper.
In those days however, law enforcement often lacked reliable information to
follow up on, relying instead on witness testimony and conclusions they could
draw from victims and crime scenes. Since those rudimentary examinations, the
tools and techniques available to law enforcement officers have evolved
significantly, including advances in technology and improvements in forensic
science.

Pioneers such as former FBI Special Agent John Edward Douglas were able to
master and develop a criminal profiling methodology that is still in use today.
By interviewing serial killers, terrorists and other violent criminals, Douglas
was able to research the psychopathologies and behavioral abnormalities of
serious criminals, beginning the process of identifying patterns and correlating
behaviors.

The Advancement of Criminal Profiling

Using modern technology and databases such as the Violent Criminal

Apprehension Program (ViCAP), today’s investigators can link cases and
evidence that may have previously been overlooked. What is involved in
criminal profiling has changed significantly, enabling the FBI to establish a
more reliable standard of evidence-based profiling. By working with members
of law enforcement and forensic scientists, profilers are able to better
understand and analyze psychological, behavioral and other angles of a case.

Criminal Profiling’s Role in Law Enforcement

In many violent crimes, the victim is often somehow related to or acquainted

with their attacker. But what often sets criminals such as serial killers or
terrorists apart is their motive. It is not specific to the victim, but rather to the
crime itself. By carefully studying patterns of behavior, profilers can formulate
theories of when and how a criminal will act next, facilitating their
apprehension before they commit another crime.

Criminal Profilers in Action

Profilers are especially effective in cases involving hostage takers, rapists,

arsonists, sexual murders and the identification of writers of threatening letters.
By using psychology, profilers are better able to predict the behaviors of these
criminals. What is unique to criminal profiling is that many of these crimes do
not follow common patterns or motives, making perpetrators less predictable
and more difficult to apprehend.

The examination of methodology, criminal signature and forensic connections

aid in the creation of a criminal profile by identifying patterns of behavior.
Studying the psychology behind a crime allows profilers to establish probable
cause for search warrants and assist detectives in compiling evidence for their
legal case. Furthermore, the understanding of criminal behavior and the
connections between details of a crime produce a basis on which criminal
profilers can provide testimony in court as expert witnesses.

Criminal Profilers and Cybercrime

In the early days of criminal profiling, the technology to commit cybercrime

had not yet been invented. Today however, cybercrime has become one of the
fastest growing types of illegal activity and greatest threats to national security,
making the skills and knowledge to address it a vital focus in current training
programs. Combining the coordination of technological skills and the
implementation of traditional core methodologies, profilers can aid in the
apprehension of cyber criminals.

Criminal Profilers Working in Law Enforcement

What is unique about criminal profiling is that practitioners can serve as

intermediaries between organizations in law enforcement. While they are not a
substitute for skilled detective work, profilers can provide detectives with
interrogation techniques or a profile of a suspect. In local and state law
enforcement, profilers can also be hired as detectives or criminal investigators,
assisting in cases of multijurisdictional scope and facilitating the collection of
evidence.

Criminal Profilers in Federal Agencies

The FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
employ profilers who have undergone specialized training to address recurring
or unusual violent crimes. Practicing criminal investigative analysis, profilers
provide behavioral-based operational support to partner agencies. As technical
experts in the field, they can build a profile by conducting an examination,
evaluation and interpretation of a crime, as well as providing technical training,
research and intelligence reports.

Requirements for federal criminal profilers include a bachelor’s degree in a

related field such as criminal justice or psychology and completion of the FBI’s
Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) training program. Prior to applying, applicants
typically have logged a minimum of 7 to 15 years of investigative experience to
understand and properly integrate behavior into law enforcement strategy. After
completing the program, candidates gain experience through on-the-job
training, working alongside experts on active cases.

Law Enforcement and Profiling in Tandem

Building an accurate criminal profile involves the thorough examination of a

crime scene to identify notable psychological traits of the suspect such as
psychopathologies, behavioral patterns or demographic variations.
Understanding what is behind criminal profiling takes many years of experience
and training, making the available roles in profiling both limited and highly
competitive. Fortunately for those inspired by profiling, there are several other
avenues in criminal justice, psychology or forensics available.

Forensic Sciences and Profiling

Without forensic sciences to support criminal profiling, it would be nearly

impossible to build an evidence-based case to argue effectively in court. While
a profile can aid forensics teams to locate or give context to evidence, it is the
evidence itself, collected by forensic scientists, that becomes the backbone of a
case. Forensic science and digital forensics professionals have the advanced
technological skills to assist in prosecuting both traditional crimes and
cybercriminal activity.

Few pointers for history of criminal profiling

1. Early Developments: The early roots of criminal profiling can be seen in the
work of figures like Dr. Thomas Bond, a 19th-century British surgeon who
provided psychological insights into the Jack the Ripper case in 1888. Bond's
analysis of the crime scenes and the nature of the murders provided early
insights into the potential psychological profile of the killer.

2. Psychological Profiling Emerges: In the 20th century, particularly during the

1940s and 1950s, psychologists such as Dr. James Brussel began to apply
psychological principles to criminal investigations. Brussel famously provided
assistance in the case of the "Mad Bomber" in New York City in the 1950s,
where he created a detailed profile of the suspect that eventually led to his
capture.
3. The FBI's Behavioral Science Unit (BSU): One of the most significant
developments in criminal profiling occurred with the establishment of the FBI's
Behavioral Science Unit in 1972. This unit, led by agents like John E. Douglas
and Robert Ressler, pioneered the systematic study of criminal behavior and
developed techniques for creating offender profiles. Their work was influenced
by psychology, criminology, and sociology.

4. Criminal Profiling in Practice: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, criminal

profiling gained prominence in high-profile cases such as the Ted Bundy
murders, the Green River Killer case, and the Unabomber investigation.
Profilers worked closely with law enforcement agencies to analyze crime
scenes, victimology, and offender behavior to develop profiles that could assist
in identifying and apprehending suspects.

5. Advancements and Criticisms: Over the years, criminal profiling techniques

have evolved with advancements in psychology, forensic science, and
technology. However, profiling has also faced criticism regarding its reliability,
validity, and potential for bias. Critics argue that profiling may be based on
subjective interpretations and can lead to false assumptions about suspects.

6. Global Influence: Criminal profiling techniques developed by organizations

like the FBI have had a global influence, with law enforcement agencies in
various countries adopting similar methods and approaches in their
investigations.

Overall, the history of criminal profiling is characterized by a gradual evolution

from early intuitive insights to systematic, evidence-based techniques used in
modern criminal investigations. While profiling has its limitations, it continues
to be a valuable tool in the arsenal of law enforcement agencies around the
world.

Theoretical Foundations of criminal Psychology

Criminal profiling, also known as offender profiling or psychological profiling,
is a method used by law enforcement agencies to identify likely suspects and
provide investigative leads based on behavioral analysis. While it has gained
popularity through media portrayals, its theoretical foundations are rooted in
various disciplines, including psychology, criminology, sociology, and forensic
science. Here are some of the key theoretical foundations of criminal profiling:

1. Psychological Theories:
- Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud's theories about the unconscious
mind and personality development have influenced early approaches to criminal
profiling. Profilers often consider unconscious motivations and conflicts that
may drive criminal behavior.
- Trait Theory: This perspective suggests that certain personality traits or
characteristics predispose individuals to engage in criminal behavior. Profilers
may look for traits such as impulsivity, aggression, or sensation-seeking
tendencies in their analysis.

2. Criminological Theories:
- Routine Activity Theory; This theory posits that crime occurs when three
elements converge: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a
capable guardian. Profilers may analyze crime scenes to understand offender
motivation and target selection.
- Social Learning Theory: According to this theory, individuals learn criminal
behavior through associations with others, reinforcement of criminal acts, and
exposure to criminal models. Profilers may consider an offender's social
environment and past experiences in their analysis.

3. Biological and Neurobiological Theories:

- Biological theories: suggest that biological factors, such as genetics and
neurochemistry, may contribute to criminal behavior. Profilers may consider
factors like brain injuries, abnormalities, or genetic predispositions when
analyzing offenders.
- Neurobiological theories explore how brain structure and function influence
behavior. Research in this area may inform profilers about the neurological
basis of certain criminal behaviors, such as aggression or impulsivity.
4. Environmental and Social Theories :
- Social Disorganization Theory: This theory suggests that crime is more
prevalent in communities with weak social ties and ineffective social control
mechanisms. Profilers may consider the social context in which crimes occur
and how it influences offender behavior.
- Strain Theory: According to this theory, individuals may engage in criminal
behavior when they experience strain or stress due to a discrepancy between
their aspirations and their ability to achieve them. Profilers may consider how
environmental stressors contribute to criminal behavior.

5. Forensic Science and Criminal Justice Theories:

- Profilers often draw on principles of forensic science, including crime scene
analysis, victimology, and forensic psychology, to develop profiles of offenders.
- They may also utilize theories related to criminal justice processes, such as
investigative techniques, criminal law, and procedural justice, to guide their
analysis and recommendations.

Overall, criminal profiling is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various

theoretical perspectives to understand and interpret criminal behavior. While it
remains a valuable tool in criminal investigations, it is important to
acknowledge its limitations and the ongoing debate surrounding its
effectiveness and reliability.

Crimes by females

Introduction
Before we talk about female criminality, it is necessary to understand the social
theory proposed by Sir Ralph Linton and George Herbert Mead, recognized by
the name of the “role theory”. According to this theory, “different expectations
of standard behaviour appear to be important in the genesis of women’s
crime”. Put simply, the theory discusses how females are taught by their
families in which they are brought up to be passive, quiet, polite, well-behaved,
and non-violent. By this fact, females try to suppress their violent nature, anger,
frustration, and their voice to live up to society’s expectations. This prevents
women from possessing the technical ability to be involved in violent crimes
like gang fights, armed robberies, etc. But many studies have found that women
generally commit three kinds of offences namely;

1. Property offences;
2. Offences against the person;
3. Other offences include any kind of crime that affects the law and order
of society.
This article discusses the nature of offences, and the causes for such offences to
be committed by women.

Kinds of offences
As have been mentioned previously, the three broad kinds of offences that
locate greater involvement of female criminals in comparison to the males have
been explained hereunder.

Property offence

Property offences involve offences like theft, pick-pocketing, purse-chain

snatching, shop-lifting and cheating. Females can get tempted whenever they
carry shopping bags, purses, etc along with them. This can specifically be
noticed among maid-servants who observe a lot of objects around them while
they work in someone’s house and that is what gives rise to the urge of
possessing something that belongs to someone else. This draws them towards
criminal activities. Lombroso in his book “The Female Offender”, and Pollak
have observed that shoplifting is another kind of property offence that is
feminine by nature, which is also the result of desire.

Further, Lombroso, and Smith in their book “Women in Prison: A study in

Penal Methods” took note that females commit property offences because they
get the scope for doing the same as they are involved in domestic work. Studies
have noticed that offences like cheating are often committed by male offenders
with females being their accomplices.

Offences against person

Rape, murder, kidnapping, abduction are offences that fall within the category
of offences against a person. In the case of females committing offences against
individuals, it is relevant to note the victim-offender relationship which appears
to be meaningful in female homicide due to the restrictive social environment of
women in India. Homicide is at times the consequence of prolonged frustration
that a woman faces in her day to day life. As Ahuja Ram and Pollock in their
books “Female Offenders in India”, and “The Criminality of Women”
respectively, state that offences against persons involved cases in which the
victim was a member of the female criminal’s family. This shows the relevance
of stressful situations within a family which play a significant role in female
criminality. When it comes to the offence of kidnapping, females are mostly
involved in selling their girl child, or relatives in brothels.

Other offences

The category of “other offences” is not exhaustive, instead of inclusive by

nature. In general, “other offences” include the Immoral Traffic Act,
1956, NDPS Act, 1985 and Passport Act, 1967. The majority of the female
offenders are used to accepting their earnings from disapproved business
practices. Offences of such sort are either carried out by the female offenders
independently, or by someone’s assistance, or they being an accomplice in
certain cases. To be involved in “other offences”, a female does not need to
travel much, instead, even by sitting at home, she can carry out illegal activities
in the quest of earning profit.

In the Ferozepur central prison situated in the state of Punjab, the total capacity
of the prison is to house 1000 men and women but at the time of study in
January- February 2010, there were 1600 men and women imprisoned in this
prison. There were 81 women of which 31 were convicts and 50 were under
trial, living in two barracks.

Nature of female crimes

The nature of female crimes that have been the consequences of several
postulations have been provided hereunder;

Education and nature of the offence

It has been observed that females who have not received basic education or are
illiterate, lack reasoning and logic in their activities that are reflected in their not
so properly socialized criminal instinct. Knowing the law and committing a
crime vis a vis unknown about the law and committing an offence showcase
that the former will be having an upper hand over the latter.

Studies which have been done by Ahuja, Rani, Nagla, Joseph, William and
Christopher have shown that when the literacy rate decreases, the crime rate
increases. The studies make it quite evident that in the prisons of Ferozepur,
Jaipur, and Varanasi, the majority of women were illiterate. While in Ferozepur
the percentage of illiterate women was 67.7, the Varanasi prison had 71 percent
illiterate women and in Jaipur, 61.3 percent women were illiterate.

Religion and nature of the offence

Human behaviour has always been influenced by the strong forces of religion,
whichever religion it may be. Therefore, it is through this religion only that the
clues necessary to understand the varying incidence of crime rate among
different sections of the community, can be found out.

India’s first convicted female serial killer was KD Kempamma who has been
familiar with the name of Cyanide Mallika. She killed six women over eight
years. Her way of killing people was by portraying herself as a pious diety
which attracted a lot of women to worship her. In return, she used to ask them to
appear before her in their best clothes, and jewellery and offered them cyanide
to drink in the name of “holy water”. She was eventually sentenced to death.

Caste and nature of the offence

Caste plays an important role in determining the social status of a person in

society. What can be generally noticed is that the upper caste women are more
drawn towards committing offences against an individual when placed in
comparison with women belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and
N.T./D.T. (Nomadic Tribes /Denotified Tribes) who are found to be more
involved in committing property offences. What can be inferred from such
understanding is that the level of satisfaction, desire, and urge varies based on
social status and position.

Marital status and nature of the offence

Marital status is necessary to be considered while discussing female offenders
because it is this status that connects a female with social responsibilities and
fulfilling expectations which becomes a pressure for the females. When such
pressures turn the wrong way, the consequences are criminal activities that are
adopted by the females. Married women are mostly involved in offences against
persons whereas unmarried respondents show greater involvement in offences
related to property and other offences.

Occupation and nature of the offence

Offences also vary among different females on the basis of the occupation they
acquire. For instance, women who are housewives, are predominant over
offences against individuals in comparison to the females whose professions
range from services to that of business, and domestic help, as they incline more
towards offences against property.

On 18th February 2021, the Andhra Pradesh police arrested a woman and also
took a minor into custody for their alleged involvement in two different
property offence cases. They were allegedly stealing a bag that contained
valuables of Rs 1.50 lakh, from a car that was parked in the parking basement of
a hotel situated near Beach Road. It is necessary to note that the woman had
already pursued her MBA degree, and was professionally a homemaker. This
also says that because the frustration, and pressure is more in being a housewife
than a servicewoman, the offences committed are also of a higher degree for the
former in comparison to the latter.

Income and nature of the offence

In this 21st century, many people of the society consider that economic
independence is the highest level of independence an individual can attain.
Removal of dependency specifically for women from that of the males in their
family has a lot to do when it comes to the discussion concerning female
criminality. The income of an individual affects his or her behaviour towards
society. Crimes vary according to the same.

Family and nature of the offence

Families play a pivotal role in shaping the personality, and values of an

individual. It has been often noticed that females coming from disturbed
families tend to get involved more in offences against individuals. Those with a
background of a nuclear family are involved in property offences whereas
females coming from joint families are involved in offences against persons.

A woman in the southern Indian state of Kerala had confessed to killing six
family members within fourteen years by adding cyanide to their food. A
popular member of the community in Kozhikode, Jolly Thomas was allegedly
motivated by wanting control of the family finances and property that led her to
commit the murder.

Causes of female criminality

The reasons behind female criminality and its evolution can be perceived from
three different viewpoints, namely the biological viewpoint, the psychological
viewpoint, and the sociological viewpoint. Each of these viewpoints has its set
of reasons to offer to explain the causes behind female criminality and the rise
in the same in the current society.

Biological point of view

The biological viewpoint of female criminality can be understood with the help
of various observations as having been provided hereunder;

1. The contribution of Caesar Lombroso is considered the root of the

scientific study on female criminality. His views state that “female
deviance as rooted in the biological makeup or as an inherent feature
of the female species”. Put simply, Lombroso observed that female
criminals are much more terrible in comparison to male offenders
because of the refined, and diabolic traits that female cruelty possesses
and which is very unlikely to present in a cruel act by a male.
2. Lombroso & Ferrero in their book “The Female Offender” (1895) put
forth the thought that biologically females are considered to be morally
deficient and lack the intelligence to participate in the crime. However,
it appears that in the case of Indian women, this observation weakens
as females in India are inclined towards committing more crimes as a
consequence of their socio-economic deprivation since childhood.
3. Pollak’s view in his book “The Criminality of Women” (1950),
elucidated the effect of hormonal changes during menstruation,
menopausal stage and pregnancy period of the females as a
contributory factor in the commission of crimes. Mood swings,
 abnormal cravings, impulses are the major factors behind frustration in
a female leading her to commit an offence.
The three thoughts that have been put forth, provides a picture of crime as an
inherent human trait. With technology merging with the daily lives of humans,
the theories that have been discussed above seem to be unreasonable and
unscientific to some extent.

Psychological point of view

The psychological viewpoint can be best understood by a non-fictional

reference which is the story of Phoolan Devi, a well-known dacoit of the
Chambal valley. Being subjected to unfortunate incidents during her childhood,
Phoolan Devi remains a classic example of the negative effect of incidents like
harassment, harsh living conditions, rape, prolonged beating that had caused her
to be framed as the most wanted criminal by the police authorities. The idea that
females are supposed to be passive, fails to apply in reality. From “supposed to
be”, the passive trait changes its nature to “has to be”. Thus when something
turns around from being a choice to that of a necessity, anger, feelings and
frustration starts burdening a female. The consequence of such burdening is a
female turning herself from a victim to that of a victimizer. This viewpoint is
noticed to be applicable in the Indian scenario as crimes here are majorly
committed by females because of depression and frustration.

Sociological viewpoint

The sociological viewpoint is one such ideology that can be related in a much
more convenient way in comparison to the previous two viewpoints. Inequality
is faced by women all over the world in every phase of their life. The major
reason behind such disparity is social oppression and dependency on men in
every aspect of their lives. The four major convenors of this viewpoint have
been provided below;

1. Klein in his writing “The etiology of female crime: A review of the

literature” (1973) mentions that offences such as shoplifting, abortions,
sexual crimes, poisoning of family members, etc., may not only be
psychological in nature but can also be viewed from socio-economic
lenses.
2. Adler in “Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal”
(1975), studied prostitution, drug addiction, and juvenile law-breaking
among females. By doing the same she endorsed such crimes as being
 the first step towards the liberation movement of females and their
assertiveness.
3. C. Sharma in “Crime and Women: A Psycho-Diagnostic Study of
Female Criminality” (1963) summarized the main causes of
frustrations among females that is the reason behind the commission of
crimes.
4. Writers like Bilimoria, and Kuckreja in their works “A Socio-
Demographic Study of Women Prisoners” (1987), and “A Socio-
Demographic Study of Women Prisoners” (1986) respectively stated
that role conflict in families has been the catalyst in female criminality.
Thus the role of the family in female criminality has been evident and
a proven fact.

Conclusion
There has been a considerable rise in the rate of female criminality over the
years. Technology, exposure, and awareness have added to the rise. But it is
necessary to prevent crimes from taking place in society irrespective of the
gender of the offender. Therefore, preventive measures such as legal awareness,
sex education, social action movement, pre-marital, and post-marital
counselling, public awareness, help, and support to the females who feel left out
or lonely by their families, etc must be adopted by appropriate authorities,
educational institutes, media to curb the excessive increase in female criminals
in the society. Further, female criminals who have been detained must be
provided with proper rehabilitative, and supportive advice which can help them
develop their personality, and make them acknowledge what is right, and what
has been categorized as wrong. These constrictive steps can help female
criminality to take a positive turn towards slowing down, gradually.

The ethics of criminal profiling

The ethics of criminal profiling are subject to debate and scrutiny, as the
practice involves making assumptions about individuals based on behavioral
patterns and characteristics. Here are some key ethical considerations
surrounding criminal profiling:
1. **Accuracy and Reliability**: Profiling techniques often rely on
generalizations and assumptions about certain behaviors or traits associated
with particular crimes. There is a risk of inaccuracies and biases, which could
lead to wrongful accusations or misidentification of suspects. It's crucial for
profilers to use scientifically validated methods and acknowledge the limitations
of their analyses.

2. **Presumption of Innocence**: Central to ethical considerations in criminal

profiling is the principle of "innocent until proven guilty." Profiling should not
lead to prejudicial treatment of individuals based solely on behavioral
characteristics or demographic factors. There is a danger of unfairly
stigmatizing certain groups or individuals who fit a particular profile.

3. **Privacy and Civil Liberties**: Profiling techniques often involve collecting

and analyzing personal information about individuals, raising concerns about
privacy and civil liberties. It's important for law enforcement agencies and
profilers to adhere to legal and ethical standards regarding the collection,
storage, and use of personal data.

4. **Cultural Sensitivity and Diversity**: Profilers must be sensitive to cultural

differences and avoid stereotyping based on race, ethnicity, religion, or other
demographic factors. Cultural biases can influence interpretations of behavior
and lead to unjust outcomes. Profilers should receive training in cultural
competence and be aware of the diverse backgrounds of both perpetrators and
victims.

5. **Transparency and Accountability**: Ethical profiling practices require

transparency and accountability in the methods used and conclusions drawn.
Profilers should be prepared to explain and justify their analyses, and their
findings should be subject to scrutiny and review by peers and relevant
authorities.
6. **Mitigating Harm and Promoting Justice**: The primary aim of criminal
profiling should be to assist law enforcement in solving crimes and promoting
public safety while upholding principles of fairness and justice. Profilers should
consider the potential impact of their analyses on suspects, victims, and
communities and strive to minimize harm while pursuing the truth.

7. **Continuous Evaluation and Improvement**: Ethical profiling practices

necessitate ongoing evaluation and improvement based on feedback, research
findings, and evolving ethical standards. Profilers should be open to criticism
and willing to adapt their methods to address emerging ethical concerns and
advancements in the field.

In conclusion, ethical considerations are paramount in criminal profiling to

ensure fairness, accuracy, and respect for the rights and dignity of individuals
involved. Profilers must navigate complex ethical dilemmas while striving to
uphold the principles of justice, integrity, and accountability in their practice.

Development of criminal profiling

Offender profiling, also known as criminal profiling or psychological profiling,
typically follows a structured format that involves gathering and analyzing
information about a crime, the victims, and the offender's behavior. While
different profilers and agencies may have variations in their approach, a typical
offender profiling format often includes the following components:

1. **Initial Assessment and Case Review**:

- Profilers review all available information related to the crime(s), including
crime scene photos, autopsy reports, witness statements, and forensic evidence.
- They also gather information about the victims, their backgrounds,
relationships, and any potential connections between them and the offender.

2. **Crime Scene Analysis**:

 - Profilers carefully examine the crime scene(s) to identify patterns,
signatures, and modus operandi (MO) of the offender.
- They look for evidence of planning, organization, and any unusual or
ritualistic behaviors exhibited by the offender.

3. **Victimology**:
- Profilers study the characteristics of the victims, including age, gender,
occupation, lifestyle, and any commonalities among them.
- They assess whether the victims were specifically targeted or if they were
chosen at random.

4. **Offender Characteristics**:
- Profilers develop a profile of the offender based on the evidence and
behavioral analysis.
- This may include the offender's likely age, gender, race, occupation,
education level, personality traits, and possible psychological disorders.
- Profilers consider whether the offender is likely to be familiar with law
enforcement procedures or have a criminal record.

5. **Motivation and Fantasy Analysis**:

- Profilers attempt to understand the underlying motivations behind the
crime(s) and the fantasies or rituals that may have influenced the offender's
behavior.
- They explore possible triggers, stressors, and emotional factors that may
have contributed to the commission of the crime.

6. **Geographical and Temporal Analysis**:

- Profilers examine the geographical locations and timing of the crimes to
identify potential patterns or trends.
 - They consider factors such as proximity to the offender's residence or
workplace, as well as any seasonal or temporal patterns in the commission of
the crimes.

7. **Profile Development**:
- Based on the analysis of the crime scene, victimology, and offender
characteristics, profilers create a detailed profile of the offender.
- The profile may include physical descriptions, behavioral traits, possible
motives, and suggestions for investigative strategies to identify and apprehend
the offender.

8. **Feedback and Revision**:

- Profilers work closely with law enforcement investigators to provide
ongoing feedback and guidance throughout the investigation.
- They may revise the profile based on new evidence, developments in the
case, or additional insights gained during the investigation.

Overall, offender profiling is a dynamic and iterative process that involves

careful analysis, collaboration between profilers and investigators, and a
continual refinement of the profile based on emerging information and
evidence.