Lecture 3- Angle Modulation

By Tafari Lemma
 Angle Modulation
▪ Angle modulation is either phase or frequency of the carrier
is varied according to the message signal
▪ The general form of an angle modulated wave is
s(t) = Ac cos 2 f c t +  (t) 
where fc = carrier freq, (t) is the time-varying phase and
varied by the message m(t)

▪ The instantaneous frequency of s(t) is

1 d  (t)
f i (t) = f c +
2 dt

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Representation of FM and PM signals
❑ For phase modulation (PM), we have
 (t) = k p m(t) where kp = phase deviation
constant

❑ For frequency modulation (FM), we have

1 d where kf = frequency
fi (t) − f c = k f m(t) =  (t)
2 dt deviation constant

❑ The phase of FM is
 (t) = 2 k f  m( )d
t

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Distinguishing Features of PM and FM

❑ No perfect regularity in spacing of zero crossing

◼ Zero crossings refer to the time instants at which a waveform
changes between negative and positive values

❑ Constant envelop, i.e. amplitude of s(t) is constant

❑ Relationship between PM and FM
m(t)  m(t)dt Phase FM wave
integrator modulator

AC cos 2f c t + k p  m(t)dt 
AC cos(2f c t)

Discuss the
properties of FM
d
m(t)
m(t) dt PM wave
differentiator Frequency
A cos2f t + 2k m(t)
modulator
C c f

AC cos(2f c t)
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Example: Sinusoidal Modulation
Sinusoid
modulating wave
m(t)

FM wave

d
m(t)
dt

PM wave

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Example: Square Modulation
Square
modulating wave
m(t)

FM wave

PM wave

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FM by a Sinusoidal Signal

❑ Consider a sinusoidal modulating wave

m(t) = Am cos(2fmt)
❑ Instantaneous frequency of resulting FM wave is
fi (t) = fc + k f Am cos(2fmt) = fc + f cos(2fmt)

where f = k f Am is called the frequency deviation, proportional

to the amplitude of m(t), and independent of fm.
❑ Hence, the carrier phase is
f
 (t) = 2  ( f i ( ) − f c )d =
t
sin(2 f mt)
0 fm
=  sin(2 f mt)
Where  = f f m is called the modulation index
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Example

❑ Problem: a sinusoidal modulating wave of amplitude 5V and

frequency 1kHz is applied to a frequency modulator. The frequency
sensitivity is 40Hz/V. The carrier frequency is 100kHz. Calculate (a) the
frequency deviation, and (b) the modulation index

❑ Solution:
◼ Frequency deviation f = k f Am = 40  5 = 200Hz

◼ Modulation index  = f = 200 = 0.2

f m 1000

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Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave
❑ The FM wave for sinusoidal modulation is
s(t) = Ac cos2f c t +  sin(2f m t)
= Ac cos sin(2f m t)cos(2f c t) − Ac sin sin(2f m t)sin(2f c t)

In-phase component
Quadrature-phase component
s I (t) = Ac cos sin(2 f m t) sQ (t) = Ac sin sin(2f mt)

❑ Hence, the complex envelop of FM wave is

~
s (t) = s I (t) + jsQ (t) = Ace j sin(2f mt )
❑ ~s (t) retains complete information about s(t)

  
s(t) = Re Ace j 2f ct +  sin(2f mt )  = Re ~
s (t)e j 2f ct 
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❑~s (t) is periodic, can beexpanded in Fourier series as
s (t) =  cne j 2nf mt
~ ~
s (t) = Ace j sin( 2f t )m

n=−
where
cn = f m 
1/(2 f m )
~
s (t)e − j 2nf mt dt
−1/(2 f m )

e j sin(2 f m t )−2 nf m t 
1/(2 f m )
= f m Ac  dt
−1/(2 f m )

❑ Let x = 2fmt

  exp  j ( sin x − nx )dx
A
cn = c 
2 −

❑ n-th order Bessel function of the first kind Jn() is defined as

1 
J n ( ) =  exp  j ( sin x − nx )dx

2
❑ Hence,
cn = Ac J n (  )

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❑ Substituting cn into ~
s (t) c(t) = Ac J n (
 )
s (t) = Ac  J n (  ) exp( j2nf mt )
~
n= 

❑ Hence, FM wave in time domain can be represented by

  
s(t) = Ac Re   J n (  ) exp  j2 ( f c + nf m )t 
 n=− 

= Ac J n ( ) cos 2 ( f c + nf m )t
n=−

❑ In frequency-domain, we have


S( f ) =
Ac
2c
J n ( ) ( f − f c − nf m ) +  ( f + f c + nf m )
n=−

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▪ Property 1:Narrowband FM (for small ≤0.3 )
– Approximations
J 0 ( )  1 ? In what ways do a
conventinal AM wave and
J1 ()   2 a narrow band FM wave
J n ( )  0 , n  1 differ from each other
– Substituting above into s(t)
Ac
s(t)  Ac cos(2 f c t) + cos2 ( f c + f m )t 
2
−A c
cos2 ( f c − f m )t
2

J n ( ) → 0 as  → 
 J n (  ) , n even
J −n (  ) = 
− J n ( ) , n odd
10/4/2004 2009/ 12
❑ Property 2: Wideband FM (for large >1 )
◼ In theory, s(t) contains a carrier and an infinite number of side-
frequency components, with no approximations made
❑ Property 3: Constant average power
◼ The envelop of FM wave is constant, so the average power is
also constant, 2
P = Ac / 2

◼ The average power is also given by s(t) = Ac J n (  ) cos2 ( f c + nf m )
n=−

A2c A 2
P=
2
 J n2 ( ) = 2c
n


J 2
n ( ) = 1
n=−

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Example
❑ Goal: to investigate how the amplitude Am, and frequency fm,
of a sinusoidal modulating wave affect the spectrum of FM wave
❑ Fixed fm and varying Am  frequency deviation f = kfAm and
modulation index  =f/fm are varied

1.0 1.0

=5
 =1
fc fc
2f 2f

◼ Increasing A m increases the number of harmonics in the

bandwidth
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❑ Fixed Am and varying fm  f is fixed, but  is varied
1.0 1.0

 =5  =1

fc fc
2f 2f

◼ Increasing fm decreases the number of harmonics but

at the same time increases the spacing between the
harmonics.

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Effective Bandwidth of FW Waves

❑ Theoretically, FM bandwidth = infinite

❑ In practice, for a single tone FM wave, when  is large, B is

only slightly greater than the total frequency excursion 2f.
when  is small, the spectrum is effectively limited to
[fc – fm , fc + fm]

❑ Carson’s Rule approximation for single-tone modulating wave

of frequency fm

B  2f + 2 f m = 2(1+  ) f m

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❑ 99% bandwidth approximation
◼ The separation between the two frequencies beyond which
none of the side-frequencies is greater than 1% of the
unmodulated carrier amplitude
◼ i.e B  2nmax f m where nmax is the max n that satisfies

J n (  )  0.01

 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 30

2nmax 2 4 4 6 8 16 28 50 70

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❑ A universal curve for evaluating the 99% bandwidth
◼ As  increases, the bandwidth occupied by the significant side-
frequencies drops toward that over which the carrier frequency
actually deviates, i.e. B become less affected by 

20

0.2 2

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FM by an Arbitrary Message

❑ Consider an arbitrar m(t) with highest freq component W

❑ Define deviation ratio D = f / W, where f = k f max m(t)
D   and W  fm
❑ Carson’s rule applies as

B  2f + 2W = 2W (1+ D )

❑ Carson’s rule somewhat underestimate the FM bandwidth

requirement, while universal curve yields a somewhat
conservative result
❑ Assess FM bandwidth between the bounds given by
Carson’s rule and the universal curve
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Example
❑ In north America, the maximum value of frequency
deviation f is fixed at 75kHz for commercial FM
broadcasting by ratio.
❑ If we take the modulation frequency W = 15kHz, which is
typically the maximum audio frequency of interest in FM
transmission, the corresponding value of the deviation ratio
is D = 75/15 = 5
❑ Using Carson’s rul , the approximate value of the
transmission bandwidth of the FM wave is
B = 2 (75+15) = 180kHz
❑ Using universal curve,
B = 3.2 f = 3.2 x 75 = 240kHz
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Exercise
❑ Assuming that m(t) = 10sinc (104 t ) , determine the
transmission bandwidth of an FM modulated signal
with k f = 4000

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Generation of FM waves
❑ Direct approach
◼ Design an oscillator whose frequency changes with the
input voltage => voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
❑ Indirect approach
◼ First generate a narrowband FM signal first and then
change it to a wideband single
◼ Due to the similarity of conventional AM signals, the
generation of a narrowband FM signal is
straightforward.

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Generation of Narrow-band FM

❑ Consider a narrow band FM wave

s1 (t) = A1 cos2f1t + 1 (t)
t f1 = carrier frequency
1 (t) = 2k1  m( )d
0 k1 = frequency sensitivity

❑ Given 1(t) <<1 with  ≤ 0.3, we may use

cos1 (t) 1

sin1 (t)  11 (t)
❑ Correspondingly, we may approximate s1(t) as
s1 (t) = A1 cos(2  f1t )− A1 sin (2  f1t )  1 (t)
= A1 cos(2f1t )− 2k1 A1 sin(2f 1t ) m( )d
t

0
Narrow-band FW wave
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▪ Narrow-band frequency modulator
m(t) Product -
integrator
Modulator
+
Narrow-band
+ FM wave 1 t
A1 sin(2f1t)

-900 phase Carrier wave

shifter A1 cos(2f1t)

▪ Next, pass s1(t) through a frequency multiplier, which

consists of a non-linear device and a bandpass filter.
Narrow-band Wideband FM
FM wave Wave
Memoryless Band-pass
nonlinear device filter

– The input-output relationship of the non-linear device is

modeled as
s2 (t) = a1s1 (t) + a2 s12 (t) +…+ an s1n (t)
– The BPF is used to Pass the FM wave centred at nf1 and with
deviation nf1 and suppress all other FM spectra
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Example: frequency multiplier with n = 2

▪ Problem: Consider a square-law device based frequency multiplier

s (t) = a s (t) + a s 2 (t)
2 1 1 21
with
s1 (t) = A1 cos 2f1t + 2k1  m( )d 
 t

 0 
▪ Specify the midband freq. and bandwidth of BPF used in the freq.
multiplier for the resulting freq. deviation to be twice that at the input
of the nonlinear device
▪ Solution:
 t

s2 (t) = a1 A1 cos 2f 1t + 2k1  m( )d  + a2 A1 cos  2f1t + 2k1  m( )d 
2 2
t

 0   0 
  a2 A12 2a A12
= a1 A1 cos  2 f1t + 2k1  m( )d  + cos 4f1t + 4k1  m( )d 

t t
+
 0  2 2  0 
fc=2f1
Removed by BPF with BW > 2f = 4f1
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❑ Thus, connecting the narrow-band frequency modulator
and the frequency multiplier, we may build the
wideband frequency modulator
s1 (t) = A1 cos 2f1t + 2k1  m( )d 
 t

 0 
Messag Wideband
signal Narrow-band FM signal
Frequency
Integrator phase
multiplier
modulator
Ac cos(2 f1t)
Crystal-controlled
oscillator

fc = nf1
k f = nk1
s(t) = Ac cos 2f ct + 2k f  m( )d 
 t

 0 
f = nf 1
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Mixer
❑ fc = nf1 may not be the desired carrier frequency. The
modulator performs an up/down conversion to shift
the modulated signal to the desired center freq.
❑ This consists of a mixer and a BPF
v1(t) Band-pass v2(t)
s(t)
filter

cos(2flt)

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Exercise: A typical FM transmitter

❑ Problem: Given the simplified block diagram of a typical FM

transmitter used to transmit audio signals containing frequencies in
the range 100Hz to 15kHz.
❑ Desired FM wave: fc = 100MHz, f = 75kHz.
❑ Set 1 = 0.2 in the narrowband phase modulation to limit harmonic
distortion.
❑ Specify the two-stage frequency multiplier factors n1 and n2

0.1MHz 9.5MHz

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 Demodulation of FM
Balanced Frequency Discriminator

Given FM wave s(t) = Ac cos 2f ct + 2k f  m( )d 

t
❑
 0 
d
dt
 
s(t) = − Ac 2f ct + 2k f m(t) sin 2f ct + 2k f  m( )d

t

0


Hybrid-modulated wave with AM and FM

❑ Differentiator + envelop detector = FM demodulator

❑ Frequency discriminator: a “freq to amplitude” transform device
Slope circuit Envelop
Baseband
H1(f) detector +
FM signal
wave
-
Slope circuit Envelop
H2(f) detector

 j2a ( f − f c + B / 2 ), fc − B / 2  f  fc + B / 2
H1 ( f ) =  j2a( f + f c − B / 2 ), − f c − B / 2  f  − f c + B / 2 H 2 ( f ) = H 1 (− f )
 0,
 elsewhere
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❑ Circuit diagram and frequency response

30
Think …
❑ Compared with amplitude modulation, angle
modulation requires a higher implementation
complexity and a higher bandwidth occupancy.

❑ What is the usefulness of angle modulation systems?

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Application: FM Radio broadcasting

❑ As with standard AM radio, most FM radio receivers are

of super-heterodyne type
▪ Typical freq parameters
– RF carrier range = 88~108
Limiter MHz
– Midband of IF = 10.7MHz
discriminator – IF bandwidth = 200kHz
– Peak freq. deviation = 75KHz
Baseband
low-pass filter
loudspeaker
Audio amplifier
with de-emphasis

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FM Radio Stereo Multiplexing
ml(t) +
❑ Stereo multiplexing is a form of FDM 
designed to transmit two separate +
mr(t) + + m(t)
signals via the same carrier. 
+

❑ Widely used in FM broadcasting to -
K
send two different elements of a
program (e.g. vocalist and Frequency
doubler
accompanist in an orchestra) so as to
cos(2f c t)
give a spatial dimension to its
perception by a listener at the m(t) = ml (t) + mr (t)
receiving end
+ ml (t) − mr (t)cos(4f ct)
▪ The sum signal is left unprocessed in its
baseband form + K cos(2fct)
▪ The difference signal and a 38-kHz
fc = 19kHz
subcarrier produce a DSBSC wave
▪ The 19-kHz pilot is included as a
reference for coherent detection
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❑ FM-Stereo Receiver

Baseband ml(t)+mr(t) + 2ml(t)

LPF 
+
+
To two loudspeakers
m(t)
BPF centered Baseband
at 2fc=38kHz LPF - 
ml(t)-mr(t) 2mr(t)

Frequency
doubler

Narrow-band
filter tuned to
fc=19kHz

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Comparison of Analog-Modulation
❑ Bandwidth efficiency
◼ SSB is the most bandwidth efficient, but cannot effectively
transmit DC
◼ VSB is a good compromise
◼ PM/FM are the least favorable systems
❑ Power efficiency
◼ FM provides high noise immunity
◼ Conventional AM is the least power efficient
❑ Ease of implementation (transmitter and receiver)
◼ The simplest receiver structure is conventional AM
◼ FM receivers are also easy to implement
◼ DSB-SC and SSB-SC requires coherent detector and hence is
much more complicated.

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Applications
❑ SSB-SC:
◼ Voice transmission over microwave and satellite links
❑ VSB-SC
◼ Widely used in TV broadcasting
❑ FM
◼ High-fidelity radio broadcasting
❑ Conventional AM
◼ AM radio broadcasting
❑ DSB-SC
◼ Hardly used in analog signal transmission!

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Thank You !!

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