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Physics Class Notes PDF - Compressed

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Neeraj Ralh
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114 views35 pages

Physics Class Notes PDF - Compressed

Goooood

Uploaded by

Neeraj Ralh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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© displacemen # distance travelled Cee epeed ConsYONE Stortest oistance measured “ trom the SS 0 6: ame + sunigivy motion “sgon=urire Position -eq istance in (~ Unequal distance’ displacement: SS aoe Bal i Mt Ca squad nteriay | 19 eae! int 4 time. ee ~Nelocity constant} velocity cart Sohne Ge AAD athlete one youndMot a circus lap Ig speed = TOES eSton ee ay total Gime jaxen ro Frack of diamétet (100m (in acted What Willebe “Hye displactment after Nude P15. BADEGHVENY jemeeaee er - displacement =e ever 20Gec. displ: _ +f ime ispo. om | dscelerotiony = change iovelodty, + Om¢ loo (a) Hime taken 2) Crcular track radius = 200m © mp _1815 4tevolusion gosec- ¥y After A:30min displacement =? © tenth Zid mts A tev. - 20sec. ap F ; ase Sots CS) Pee ta — Vector gosec — 0m F a“ Speed - scalar nS: losec = 2002 =400m at [oeacce\eration azo. eS ee i 2) A tain Kec: from abtemth to 4 uniform @hecelerakian + SY jemlh in losec: Find ace. 4 — velocity increase or decteases| dig tance. ay equal Amount in equal = * eae athe Swink Interval | time —— : Speed q en object nov na definite direction v =Sh Emlh = Seng = 1s mls t=10 Gee Neu +ab = (Gi “4a Udistancd®) )) 2 S=10X10 + LX0-5 xfl0) gO ge x 50 WOoX L X08 X10 oe pk ae Bering ct 9 peed 4 = (00425 AL EmIh Slowed down to |ekmh Cy OVE a/distance G 4om bull rest Accelerate talculate the retardation, 3] A bulicart ak Fest Accelerated by sale 40 Q Speed Speed is constant intevval i Aime » palscti) is Mok ewnstank - PeoR hy — angen to the {Aechmea age | \ Co Li n po ale ss) BP. | 4) be | Lolitas Wr i, Time Accel. — tnwords 7A they): rroves ot aa velocity he height g ‘its? cons) > time aul will Wot, ow with me. ~ 2k wit) be a ease Nine Parallel 40 the o- anis ¥ 4" sie gettin: ~ Nelod ty ~ fene maph is q Ses line. f Pecorican: | represention| ff Mieifomne mntion: t 4 dist: Vos 4 time — Jor uniform Speed distance travelled inst time is a straight tine. Ano tial \ LybbNN ge ee ul ema time qrerh can have ean Shape Ea Jaw) motion] iso calted lod 4 Inerbiq. if Lessee Woe with o constant Speed unless external qpree ~Felathon beth Veloei ty + time ota sae Pal OH @_ * Measured ——> mass * MOE mass = more inertia # 18 jaw % moHon + ~wihen an unbalenced externa fPrce Acts on object ity Nelodity changes. vate change % Momentum 4% an Sbject is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction q force telation bho PSition + Hme ae l>) herons =mv a= chonge in Velocity. fv 2G time t brmq (e: shang in oom) Fz mly-uj E F= my-my a © core _ KAms® @ neoton Q. fF The mom, 4 a body is tripled its KEL 4D eNery action there is an equal) CE and opposite reaction © fath © 3times hwo forces are altoays equal in| \Gyg times eye’ but opposite direcHon: | ke =f am RE = hm re =™mgh Pam | Ry Foom 9 GF the mom of a body get fe 4 f ‘i Rec L ] = 2% doubled “1kS -R-EY Wit ace @ incre: by atime (| Ca fence] OT b time T @ nat fu OF the KE oF a Bedy) becomes © becomes £ times q old ke 4 times tnoen What will be the change in Momyentum) eee pz 7 ke = p2 am pre Ke = QF um KE = f= eee 0 = 8 famke — P= 2Rim UPC ELLLPLLLPIPN GS IF STEELER ESSEC CESS C0000, —— See Cn et ETM emmrera gooNt Pzfamake | Pemy is Numer: equal +o 145 eE, then | =X IRV the Welbela A the pay isd @P = famaake ¢ P-omy aes ae . Awott= 4A TI5 aI © peony Q af the Velocity Vs doubled ther 4 Jowe = Anim tkw = 1OooWatts a = ‘ane gi | a © 1ms" Pe ® rms? bt = ae @ aim Ty bit om Ee VO none. rs ee © v =2ms : ee Sore GF both mass and velocity t on © velocity = me"! Q bal is boubled the K-E becomes) <9 © Acc =mg? @4 oe eT Kes Lmvt o2 S ‘6 4 @- KE of bod: S.Num- SP ice a et. in MD ese = xem xyy® 3 Velocity Gthe body? RE = gla <2 O° he = ae: wo? Oy Ke = Smom | eee $5 MGT (202110 academy <2 Lovts anew | LEERY = power x time taxen| 2 Ba le 4 mom: 4 ey Qtimes, HE bY 4 Hm = Lmyavt) ae # | electici Moe “brave [sehen conmin anit = Ro | kee 4 myt ra SUV ba tise alae Ae cect bulb j ai = t se [work] done = Force x displacement wed {or per day. cal: the WHFS canits? g energy consumed in one a "y the bulb: moss Work has ral ar 036 unit Emevay = power xi iV © ago unit No Oivection. Ose unit. Gow - 1 T Ke is the energy) + The eneray possessed by an obj! transterred fo fay object is stored af potensia)_eneriy ccdsasasaa due to its motion f © Ket —speed tv) \, peeameh «Kee =hmv™ WSPE OF ane obj: f with iké sHeishly __ seen | | i —_ | ee a gee loow — 2h ina @| ee * ag ee conctont What is the ost sels ik" Gilet PE = mechanical = fr 2B dea set Ctunit = s eupee]. eect ee pai @ Bena = ees Rote (oow = (oo ny Youre | B68 jooo KW A © 600 © veloci 4 — densi 4 y Oise eee . Velocity 4 - densi hy 4 S07 XQ (a day =o ° density f any object sink Paes ee 28 das 5.9 X98 ® during eve et caerall $b: = 5+ 6 vant fit Kee = Increase. dunit=S wuppe pe = decrease. = 5:6 %3 Fics | g: find the energy possessed an object of mass 1okq wihen it ig ak a height of 6m above the ground: (a= $'8) energy can only be converted from one grom to another wuebbubits m= OK Te cs lk can Neithey be credited G ; 4 = 9:8 destroyed: > 3 potentia) energy = ah = \0X9R x6 = SB8T ® jee Oa eee 4 : | Zero becawe Neo Zeno - + A povter MES (fo Inulggae ‘ais 2 ‘= 2 + : 4 4 —° fom hes AT PES On| © Cla his cad hsdamgpaband—rne Ground] © on : cuculabe theswork done ac ona) mv. ‘ s he langage - L ere: = zi fa\ 4 the Object continues 2 ge the PE Would deck ‘ ts E . Rae caisp:) i ecrease While : i. KE would increase: te Work FS — xS 3 ae ® When jhe sobiecthaidisbout a0 Ve = ASKIOKNS reach the ground Le = 225'Kg mé ry 4 i 3 s053 = 2055 ney \ Y= will be Phalest: AMT tooo 7 Pte cee enna + menchaniect) ereray @ ad the eneyy consumed ers in whe by 4 devices we u ISIS ase IN i a aD Paw oe Energy = power Xt | © AW = 1000W o aD « AkW = Ipo0Fs"! n= aaa = OS kW = I + Luh = 3600000 7 si) €@=0°S xI0 9 Rboy! {MASS SURG hns upg Nee cL ; =i = © oie Staircase AS S¥@BS in gs. "74 - TSR 3s Stee in ge Prone device OL He Os OF each) Shep is Siem cL tnd higMpowers (=lomis) | So bias | | © =20units eT — | tee “TL weight ass x gravity) = ¢| : | Q. Qing the energy consumed ls | Wem | by 10 bulb q GOW each in, “Ik Wi SDXKI0 S hows NIK w =500 N P=60_ Fa - © 20 kwh araopaanene a ® so000Kwy P=0-06xK5- “fee P= 0-0 kWh Sk WH P=0-80xlo “™& P= Skwh — Hight of the Staircase ha 4S X1S mm 100 H= 6-45m P= wosedone _ Mah time take as P= SOOK 6-95 m ara Q- & Wow bulb is wed dor stw daily and qouy Sw bul tor ae calculedte the energ Consumed in the month of jan. | LUCERO ceneett set (3/0 ib i 2 (2/2/29 P= Jeo ie ol Sacro: cmon A= OS Q Pos SO 9-057 100% ~~ — Eq = 00S XS 62-025 €2 = Ons RU od kui! —©, tal energy = Er REL =ostt & =1-5 RAH = 5x 3)Gan) ~4oes kilt Wp = F4bw a Path is aceoy towards the centere. { sy b an eet Pitas & the earth 3 Gt x10" etygt @ tac tometersy - determine the Purity oF sample of milk. © Hydrometers - determine densi a Uigquids aa be pore dlong the circular se force + moon move Around the by force bl them & © became 4 th 16 ® became 4 Hme @ gets deubied 1@becames fsa F=G@mxme i (ag)% = Gm Xz | =< | ud* Tux doe mu KA | o> ee Bobect ft the mass @rdic by 2 times © ine Byles times: 5 Toy the distance blw a0 object is doubled the qravit- % What happens 40 the qfovee bh one 4 he pedi is doubled and dist. get halveel - ee FeGorm ® dec by 1b times au @ dec. by © times “Em xm, spasans: Cecheneeeeteteessassys3sasa344. a universal Jaw ravitakion, Soy explained: ) the force that binds us to the earth: | | li) the motion the moon around the earth: ii) Phe moon of planets around | she sun the | w) the tides due to the moond sur. ¥ We geN we Fema x * Beet ee” | a> cB ROS Radius «4 earth TF Pbeomed genter at poles: Han equator | c-® weight: Varies from place ‘ 40 place force % 4 Attrackor ear on an ob. mae es ~ moon WADLULUDLLLLLLLL ELL C CS SL LODGES 5 = te mweight 4 the eaut| \> Earth = 5-gg xt (mass) MSOF) <= 7-JbxIdY? (macs) ihude sf this bucdan | depends om the deosity uid: force g. mass an object is 108@ wWhad is 15 Weight 7 the earth 9 object Weight ION when meastted on the Surface | the earth What Would, be it5— neigh teWlhen meas Fed) On Fhe] suntace | thelnavon ae moon = 6 x weight on eaurk 4 the force Retin onan object PerPenducwar to the Gubtace fs called Ynxust- PY the watet on the bottle is Known as upthrust @D bueyant: tovce. G what happens te the wei Ye person when i ye down vith Acceleratow: | Weiyak the mon | | | becomes zero es G What Wit! happen co o persons Weigt when heis in a movin elevatty ak a constant speed 4 Weight Wil! wot ee + Archimedes Principle { wed \ o's Ships + Submarines i or) 4 <" Es GA ball is tHreown verticaiy sa Spwcids vith a-velocity of 44'ms colculake - D tre max: meg he 40 Which ir vises i) the total me jt takes +o “yehurn fo the Gieface 9 the — v=o Ws 4G G=-9:8 (Howe hight) ) v= uP =205 o% ho 2 2x¢-98)Xh gr =-2X98Kh Aime Sem Neu a 0 =ho 918 XE 99t \ ease = ary total time =Sx2=\05 GA srone is thrown vertical upward with © @ initial Velocity 4 4Om|s -(Tohiin 9=\0) ® find the max. Weaght reached bt the Stove: A ~ KEE v =O Fina) velocity w= 40 = 10 myjs® We? Vi-ut z2a0¢ Tow) distance 160 O-1600 =-9 xX 10x}, = -20x h= 1609 5 @®e ‘) RPE ee ese VW) Abe Reeeereaiory ASHE R= a eee a ae weigick ae PEVSON, Vete pecs with, OT Re Sais a then: soson ith 4 anist 4. = face: iScorg};—" s3 acta) = get ise 41 cath 90 rere oa Deel an “ w= 60(to+2) -op 4) 22 R= me) uy Apparent eight to lift ~nowmal force [E =ma} G The app. weight “4.9 person in Ja fife moving dowawards with Kece- £5 pal} his ope. uaciaue Moving upward In the some hfe . | With same Ace? Le at = _ #49) = 4 Alea) ‘eeu Oa 2 wy fe ot 2g-20= ta bacacuc} | 2g 9 +39 a as 5 = 3q _dowvoant: | ae | aan eit —— f 4) BI fh -tpersdhh as MASS EG kl io Wt calculate ange tn Apparent WE R@oN 720-390 = 240 a : a O wamoyay | © — eReimeray 22 ein] P moving | ott ha oe up 14 ta down x a i is 2 (ie=mig-a) © EB onl go [HS > vtec i \ ey Lh " " : ? Which %}, the ree is not present in Vaccum & ® “ght vB sound cs mechanics wave * oneness wave. * \ any do not require Medium. Fordhaet fo ner) ‘ tow presse ¥ comprescion la 4 ‘se Pressure & iy ls aiiic1 ao liven move —~ determines the loudness ae nS —™ Size 4 vibration Sound v GOFL sound (Amp-4) * jouder soy cucge CAmy Oscialiate blo mat. yalue min: value. t St chiteyS AZ Loudness t Le Ae MGyeed = C- Speed c=yxA Y- Frequency d 7 Ssvel engi @. Hod much Hee wil) taken bud Bound wave Hoe o (eaten * toxgnate ound produced inthe! $s Voice box. 2 & Mavelenstn Aoem $0 Sie tel 3 * Range 5 Heas _ a Hearing tees Y= 4uWz =4x1000 =000HZ | mas "Radio Waves: min. | ' | = 4oem = Ag = 04m Sasa eo To microwave AISA aap aes © » * Enjrared: ice *) ne speed = WY * autsihtectyee | = or X 4 000 * Witrowolet ©= 1600 : Sag | | t+ 4006 * Gamma raags t max 1660 east wavelength + ‘sound Wave % k sounds, Waren. a age go A BSE peer eats sat: | : / How tong TO ton to travel] ‘SZMORRIEE the Hime period 4 |) MebeossS) reo cremeyy Seconds $ WIL ik FOE 4p trawve Plame \ V= 2Hz>= 20002 lew Az HOCM = D4 R= 35m = 035m © ws T =0-00056 pbbbu bbe bibbbabbs oe © eq t-@ ali d= 1Skm = 1s00m ® *% d= 4000m: 28 a cey ae peed cc) = vk » ae = 2000 X0.35 C= amnxe-4 i = 400 m)s 7 tA = B00 mis —— time = Distance — Speed t = Rom oS % peed ound solid) liquid Y gas Eransveremwave | xongitadinaowave! + TUR F creasts if yetraction , | * travels ont in Compression ae * Travel - all stabe “Y Matter es =parallel| \ os Pert ‘mactehsaiealh rave: | particl nT the direction Prepeqation ye might ¥ Grd Gq GoGnd in ditterens media ak osc: 7 | State | Substemce | sreed mis. (SSNS! janie 285 Nickel 6040 5960 S350 4700 3980 steel Iron @tass Glass 153) 1498 120 0% 1284 ses 346 wader csea) Water (dist!) Ethano| methano| Haagen Het, Gurface grom the Gource Air Bub on qen Sulphur dioxide - 213 - 316 % time interva) Hd oni Ana) + retlected sound - 045) 9: A person clapped his hands Teahla’y) crip Gnd! heard th e=echo AF te 2G- Wiha iS she distanee § the aitt qrrom the persen Eth Kpeed 5 the Qsaund CY) = 3.46 a “aidstsstsssnass: IS! itt Speed F sound =S46- d= Sxt d= S46X2 B= 692 690 et echo (min dist) = [= s4bm) 9. €0 1s heord in Sq. what is the distance | the reflecting ver 2 Hat the speed § lund is 3420 eles $242 ang O=Q d= ayaxs d= 10% m * a unit 4 alrcartt aspeed 4 knot oa ae + cudible range a + childven (stage) : degs _—— = | ‘© qourenantetemmniest . ST wave as heay " travel ae vaccum. sbESESEESES ETE cb = le “bleowy20Hz above 2okHz) ‘ * whales soa Speed speed + elephanig™® SO ts sound Tiga “POT Poise Inaudible \ (3) rene seh beh sits * karthequer¢ srtz etd 1 aut «72 ocak i. =a <2 = do oe middle ate * robino 4y | Pinna * Hommer ie tl el : . * Anvil) i v< | aollec op * ag | toon + stip” ate use: Ultrasonic Waves to ig eee ae measure the distance Radios canal. et (under water) wl . + dittraction + Nghe hus a cae 40 bend. t [Fea Reflection | tight] | | ® © AM lie in the “Kame plane y Bmage formed : Poaage: formed aways €4U0) in size. ——$——— ‘Te Tmages are laterall inverted: 4 2 es ~ Real 4 inverted © x NON- SPherica) Shini, can generally be consid Pine" maine. Ceos-2021] Sp00n red ee ile < «te ie alm te & ca % a = «= <2 = << 2? 2 -? =? =s =s =2 =2 ae a 29 ae 3 a 2 virtual ¢ erect | $ Number 4 "mage = odd no ne seo $60. is ees | & Sone) ee is odd] g wo 4 ig je formed ay the com b. Coos mittor 1S Jonglet n © 45° ay ® = oF a0 — =9 we 360 40° Q- HOO mirior inclined at some angle @ An object is placed bjud + there © Se formed Of © ou" @ 63" 1s* ® None 360 © op 300 = Soy —o r Z ‘alert surface “Guved tawards” ; ©= \ies in front 4 it 7 comers ng riety j PAGE Caleh ire (burn) due to cancave Mirror. | aes @ forches @ Starch Nights | vehicles headlights { . © rind mitroy ~large Image q face. © dentists © produce heat in Solar furnaces. * centre q PORES Woemind hye mirror SBE Mirror ts culere< ry © Rew view Going ) eseseeccaceeeee in vehicles b are = Nivtug) 4 eect a Plane mirror Ste “mitrot, # [kpertue - diameter q the Seay Surtace . * (daidlusuq Wea ¢ py R= 2h (4 focal Jeuigth) Curvature is not a part the mirror. 8 — (AB Are rrr Position a object abe L_tofinity tmage fermation § BRET. | POSI Hon q Le | AL Focus (F) size q mage Highly diminished Real + inverted HLL ELLE | Beyond ..¢ Be Fc Diminished Real 4 inverted At c I At aren . Rea) ¢ reverted ge te | Beyond ¢ Enlarged Rea) + inverted < ALE | AR Snfinity | Highly eniarged | Real + inverted | se ptr | erred he miroe feo vitua) 4 creck fe —— Vobbbbebbbbbbbbbbbbbbl bbb bb At worst Bet? toitinity Polece) 4 mirror [Creat # TaveFted ) C3 Lee sia - ERE ir | Position oF object At Focus (F) | set Ptr | behind the mirror “ | behind the mittor. 5] Tmage Form, Right (vitrud + erect) Se Psion @ mige [oa 4 ogy Hiqly diminished | _poind size Diminished Right Natur 12 Image : virtua) Fereck vittual { erec}- convex lens conve x concave mirror BEDS Mirror — | Lert ‘side SmRIRE aie = Pave + tive + Rea ; + Nitta seus SFO call eme ey N= © (Real) + V=@) (vivtual) |. 1 “Ve Image distance coWemipod” Wo Caley distance @- An obj- 4eem tm size is Placed at 25cm in Front of 8 Concave mirror °F Foca) pesaeh IScmO Tmage distant @ Nature @) size 2 Btscm, Rea) hi = Gem ® o4-5cm, vittua po Ge) @ 45m , rea) pea % Se None poorest See vbbes pvbibbk a 2 _ssg ys pales . a = fg @ A concave mirror produce 3 time magni tied teal salle placed at hae ~8tS x4 locm in twond V= 2 2s" oe ° Bem behind the mirror 1g @ soem wont q mirror hes - ears ® socm » @ conver mmi¥ray “used oy Peal y ae View 9 AneAutomobe ‘has q ~s m=-3 YASiNS OF scturvatures of 300m, U=-I0 Tf @ BUS is located at Soom . View rom tHIS Hmitror tind the lpos fi o m= -V Nature, Size q image % aa ee IM = [hom AT 4 ==sim N=30 Cre) rs — eet nat Sian oe uw 5 Ape fe aa Ny, seen St > - ee * Ve4+ve 210 ree ties m= -N yey) |e meaty : Wee ea fu ie mov y = o+3 ney 1S a @ ve hism ORS, ——S a PRRetraction Light J] qZ Denger_to Rarer | Faction |. Reflection i" . one medium @ |* one medium Second medium 5 Change direction |° a direction Songle same | bend wen yom Normal - al Frc dinuoader appers SNghHy Bs yaistd above its actual position ae ef ; ras in second medium,| eros | © Gpeed increase 4 ee | He ors ae pa = DERSEh ee Aiy —= Rarer | due do refraction a light: - Ligier. \quig Pepeasel | | * Speed of Nght © [ovjeee P to penser] | + Ar medium > denser median Eom 1 | = vaccum > Air ca or row | RT | ab etass The ratio ay alle § rocidenc (ap) do the oe q ang le Fe{raction is ae: @gpeed slod down i Bends % towards the Normal. eile sf sink = (rowards + @ Rarer to denset - [to y This oe: Vojue @) oensey eto Reh 1 speed OSes tt PebboeouGE + tens has two principle Focl = Fite peed 4 light in-medium 9 speed | Nigh in medium § 2 é Ls center point of lens is optical centre Frais A] t tek 4 Nght through the optical centre oF lens pass voithouwd + kir suytering any deviation pete: | ee |* Apevture + e¢tective diameter % = Alcohol | the circular outline of a Spherical Bererceoe | Nens is cated Aperture. 3 | : * Genzene g | eapertute tess—than radius * crown Glass iz | 5 curvadare . * canada gajsam | * Rock (salt ¥ vere * Defise Flint Giass ca aaa * Sapphire | a ro Right @) * iamond * virtual * Real | “42 Gre auways ee cn ancn ane : a * Y= © virtuay += @ real convex. lens concave. eng conver gin divergin, ws ae toverted sha Sys) enemys 5 = (-Ve) (concave ) = (Ye) (conve) Y= ve) - virtday V=(-ve) - peal ° BN -@ —- m 7 TL V=© —~ m= eve) (Rew) ' virtual U= -ve always Ve veered V =(=). Vivtual m7 aa U = Ve (Virtual 4 = (Ave) convex tens (Ve) concave 1ens bai] Hv =@) —-+ me-ve (Real) YON 2 Sa ve TE position q object Position 9 Image [Relative ize q | Nahike ise 4 4 “ image 4 maida. iui Highly diminished] yixtua) ae intiuity At Focus (f) ae z ; point sized a at " may i Ben us Fy - Bet” Jnfinity 4 optical _ : Re avesoieniens optical centre 0 Uomished aa a a e «1 : et et et eq “7 “FT eT eT eT | tromflfe ten = -15em V = -10cm PULDUUUC LEE b bb bbb bbbbbk @- A concave lens has focal length iscm. AL distance showd Forms an image of 10 We ewplens be Placed Ss? au q tense the power q lenS igyde}ined Qs the teciprocad of its docal heh Paes j * Stunit 9 power - gineraay | + $=m =e-0 + 40 = 4m! Power CElecicity= J Ig. current & O5R 1S drawn ce ee \ a filament q an electric bulb gov +ve @ Ne a —— lo minwes- find the Amount % { ov. yo tee electric charge that flow Hough + ST unit coulomb (c) ee Grell G%xi0!* electrons ~ =0-5A t = 10min: = 10xbo0 =6005 corpastarpscasess aera Charge current = _ i en Line od OP 05X60 G Q= Z00¢. S =—— a * st unit 4 Curren — Ampere.(A) ha lieiBee anes Potensial ditt: *amK = 103A (minii-) Stat — w) i? = io-bp (micro) | * Ava connected in parallel Measure electric current in circuit| Ajways connected in Geries a prs connected in| . series Clectric current flow @ to eo there 18 4 ditterence | @ v= potensial ditterence Electric pressure. electrons moves only if * © 2 - current oe i charge YL = wnstant == eg) —', ResiStance Sstunit Py — volt (v) J \ i J propesty aye conductor fo Q- Ho much! Work 15 dome in | resist some i flow Charge - pend Gcharge Of 2C across | ‘, ‘ +22 points i’ gl a potensiad h 6E unit = -t (ohm) ditsevence tay? a, | =z V= lov | @ -2¢ © WY the resistance is doubled | the current gets halved ira Proportional to length bGLoGbbbbbbbbbbobbbosouyrooouuets Mey Proportiona) fo area J Nostuve X tthe materia) % theostort + used ; ‘i \ -asgulakor ber 2 paper dry + charge the vesistaunce saintoranel in the citcuit a} ebonite 4] Hard rubber ne J (dtass a [ Resistance s| ‘AIOYSH ¢] Nichrom | 3] manganin (eutayiomenensi)) - higher Risistance = poor conductor 8) constan ton Gantoyorncuepeniy | 5 erry + Yow Resistance = “es conductor 9) mangnese 18] meres chromium © Pew Cenger) iq] won @mers> By Nickel A Wy TENgsten 4 Is) ALUMINUM, oS ‘G' Is}> CPR EX | NTSiwer g A wite @ given material baring dength J, Area A hos resis- —stunit=-1| 4 ohm what would be the res- Se : A another wire a same maleri havi 4 ansulabnr ) aay » conductor ving dength 4 and ared 2A“ (wax) ea! ee Cae ae ' Beevyesnerogs; aii (miny * Wich iS correct ‘ocreasing over resistdindtey © Tungten < Nichrome < cass. GA wite J rengthid Resis: ®© is Stretened SO thak the length is 2 © pie @ pbobbesbes Sbbbbbbbbes i) © Resistivity does _not depend op @ Brea or Sength “Ie % depend or sts ® materia) @ emp. @ Nahe vobbbs pbbpebbbbes DA cylindrica) wire A tength 4 4 ~mdius(@) hae a ves © the tesis J auother wire q some material tout hav} {Our time its fergth € hay} its radius will be R=64 _¢) Maren (A) = Th Rape Tet doubled and Area halved —~ Dhow will Resis- ae @ ResieTO Lith =a OL R A | Hu used for domastic \plipase Taded @ [fue vive Goad bre | low ae point, f mh visiStance + 10K [ oh Resistor in, . aaa - Paurautle:y 1S ‘SevieS is equal equal tO the sum +0 the © across q the Fecipmcay the individual 3 the ingnidu resis to ree aia Yesistance. 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Lspeed min.) ™ indigo —™ Blue ~~ Green — yellow He hak causes of Rainbow t — Bispergin g light ® Rainbow — always formed in a disection Opposite to the sun ail Bairce Gunrise ¢ Welayed sunset — the sun is Visible to ug about comintuies BSH before the actual sunrise, ond about 2 minutes after! the actual Sunset because akmaspherie refraction” Kiscottering of yt —= The blue colour of the Sky. colouk Of water in deep sea ® =— blue colouk 15 max: Cecatter: — Red colour is jess scatter — ue has ek wavelength — ped — mee Wavelength. — Red light has Wavelength about (bg times greater than blue light —~ sun ved becauie P scattering — en oe = Accommodation < ‘Jig the human eye can focus on * at different distance by rhe jocal Yength of the this is due to objects adyesting eye lens <€ LTPP PPL, A AAAAA LA ALAA LARS SEALER EAS

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