Chapter

k
ac
Key Concepts Cr BF3 is hydrolysed as follows:-

Group 13 contains boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium

e_
(Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl). These elements have
outer electronic configuration (ns)2 (np)1, where n varies The fluorides of Al, Ga, In and Tl are ionic while the other
from 2 to 6. Boron is nonmetal while others are metals. halides are generally covalent and exist as dimer.
The atomic radii of Ga, In and Tl are smaller than expected
The trihalides of boron are electron-deficient compounds.
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values due to d-block contraction. The atomic radius of Tl

is a little larger than In due to lanthanide contraction. On Du to back bonding, the electron density on boron in
descending the group, +1 oxidation state becomes more increased. The tendency to form pp-pp bond is maximum
stable than +3 state due to the inert pair effect. is BF3 and falls rapidly on passing to BCl3 to BBr3. The
increasing order of acid strength follows the order BF3 <
The very high melting point of boron is due to its covalent
@

BCl3 < BBr3.

network structure. In boron family, gallium has the lowest
melting point. The ionization energies do not follow the
expected trend of decreasing values on descending the
group. All elements burns in oxygen at high temperatures
forming M2O3. The reaction of aluminium with oxygen
(known as thermite reaction) is strongly exothermic.
Boron belongs to Group 13 of the periodic table. The chief
Aluminium is amphoteric. It dissolves in dilute minerals minerals of boron are borax (Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O), i.e.,
acids and in aqueous sodium hydroxide. Na2B4O7. 10H2O, colemanite (Ca2[B3O4(OH)3]2.2H2O)
The acidic character of hydroxides decreases on i.e., Ca2B6O11.5H2O and kernite (Na2[B4O5(OH)4].2H2O)
descending the group. i.e., Na2B4O7.4H2O.
Boric acid is a very weak monobasic acid. It does not Boron is isolated by converting its mineral into boron
liberate hydrogen ion but accepts a hydroxyl ion. In the trioxide followed by its reduction with magnesium.
presence of cis-diol (glycerol, mannitol or sugars), boric
Na2(B4O5(OH)4).8H2O + 2HCl 2NaCl +
acid behaves as a strong acid and can be titrated with
borax 5H2O + 4H3BO3
NaOH in the presence of phenolphthalein indicator.
orthoboric acid
 7.2

2H3BO3 B2O3 + 3H2O

B2O3 + Mg 2B + 3MgO
Crystalline boron is obtained by the reduction of boron
trichloride with zinc or dihydrogen at the high temperatures. Group 14 contains carbon (C), silicon (Si), germination
(Ge), tin (Sn) and lead (Pb). Their outer electronic
2BCl3 + 3Zn 1200
 K
→ 3ZnCl2 + 2B configuration is (ns)2 (np)2, where n varies from 2 to 6. The
2BCl3 + 3H2 1200
 K
→ 2B + 6HCl metallic character of elements increases on descending the
Boron is an extremely hard refractory solid of high melting group; C and Si are nonmetals, Ge is nonmetal but also has
point, low density and very low electrical conductivity. some metallic characterstics, and Sn and Pb are metals.
Boron is quite inert to chemical attack at ordinary The melting points decreases on descending the group,
temperature. It reacts with strong oxidising agents such as with the exception of Pb whose melting point is slightly
fluorine and concentrated HNO3 at room temperature. At higher than that of Sn. Carbon has extremely high melting
elevated temperatures, it combines with metals (forming point. This is due to the stronger C–C bonds in the network
borides) and nonmetals. of carbon atoms. The ionization energies decrease from C

k
to Si, but then change in an irregular way because of the
Diborane is B2H6. It has two coplanar BH2 groups and the
effects of filling d and f sub-shells.

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remaining two hydrogen atoms lie centrally between BH2
groups in a plane perpenticular to the plane containing Carbon forms single, double and triple bonds with carbon
BH2 groups. itself and with other elements. The tendency to form
multiple bond by other elements is rare. However, silicon
In borax two boron atoms are in a trianglular geometry can form double bond due to back bonding in which the
and two boron atoms are in tetrahedral geometry.
Cr lone pair in p orbitals of an atom is extended to an empty
orbital of Si. One of the examples of back bonding is
OH
– trsilylamine, N(SiH3)3.
H H B
H O O The chemical reactivity of elements decreases down the
e_
B B HO–B O B–OH group. The inert effect becomes increasingly effective on
H O O
H H B– descending the group.
OH The stability of +4 oxidation state decreases while that
2– of the +2 oxidation state increases on descending the
B2H6 [B4O5(OH)4] ion in borax
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group.
Boric acid (H3BO3) is obtained by treating borax with
minerals acids. 4Sn + 10HNO3 4Sn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
3Pb + 8HNO3 3Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Na2[B4O5(OH)4].8H2O + 2H+ 4H3BO3 +
5H2O + 2Na+ C is not affected by alkalis, Si reacts forming silicates
@

while Sn and Pb form stannate [Sn(OH)6]2–, and plumbate

Boric acid is a white crystalline substance, soft and soapy [Pb(OH)6]–2, respectively.
to touch. It is moderately soluble in cold water. On heating
it decomposes as follows: All the elements of Group 14 from tetrahalides with
the exception of PbI4 which is not known. The stability
H3BO3 −375

H O
K
→ HBO2 of halides decreases down the group. CCl4 is stable
2
        Metaboric acid while other halides are hydrolysed. The hydrolysed. The
hydrolysis of SiCl4 produces SiO2 while SiF4 produces
4HBO2 −435

H O
K
→ H2B4O7 SiO2 as well as (SiF6)–2.
2
         
Tetraboric acid
The acidic nature of the dioxdes of carbon family decreases
H2B4O7 red
 heat
→ 2B2O3 down the group; CO2 and SiO2 are acidic, GeO2 is weakly
−H O 2
Boric oxide acidic and SnO2 and PbO2 are amphoteric.
Boric acid is a very weak monobasic acid. It does liberate Silicones are organosilicon polymers with general
hydrogen but accepts a hydroxyl ion, i.e., it behaves as a formula (R2SiO)n, where R may be methyl, ethyl or phenyl
Lewis acid. group.
 7.3

Because of the directed lone pair of electrons on carbon,

the molecule forms carbonyls with a number of metal
in which the coordinate bond is formed through carbon
atom and not through oxygen atom. With nickel, it forms
tetracarbonyl which decomposes at higher temperature.
325 345 K
The burning of carbon in a limited supply of air or in a 
Ni + 4CO  
 [Ni(CO)4]
450 K
deficiency of oxygen produces carbon monoxide. A few
The poisonous nature of carbon monoxide is due to its
reactions producing carbon monoxide are as follows:
ability to form a bond with iron atom in the haemoglobin
Fe2O3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO of blood. In the form of producer gas (CO + N2), water

COOH gas (CO + H2) or semiwater gas (mixture of producer and
Ω

concentrated H 2 SO 4
 → CO + CO2 + H2O water gases), is used as fuel.
COOH

concentrated H SO
HCOOH  → CO + H2O

k
2 4

Carbon dioxide can be prepared by any of the following

CO2 + Zn heat
 → CO + ZnO reactions.

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K4Fe(CN)6 + 6H2SO4 2K2SO4 + FeSO4 +
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
concentrated 3(NH4)2SO4 + 6CO
2NaHCO3 heat
 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
Carbon monoxide is an extremely poisonous gas. A
concentration of one in 800 volume of air will lead to
Cr MgCO3 heat
 → MgO + CO2
death in 30 minutes. It combines with haemoglobin of Solid carbon dioxide is known as dry ice and is used as a
the blood to give more stable carboxyhaemoglobin and refrigerant.
thus render it useless as an oxygen carrier. In air, it burns Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide.
with a blue flame to give carbon dioxide. The gas readily
e_
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
dissolves in ammonical or acidic solution of cuprous
chloride giving the additional product CuCl. CO. 2H2O. With reactive metals, it is reduced to CO.
Some the reactions shown by carbon monoxide are given 2Na + 2CO2 Na2CO3 + CO
below.
2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C
CO + NaOH pressure  → HCOONa
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heat
sodium formate Carbon dioxide is absorbed by green plants in the presence
CO + Cl2 hv → COCl2 of sunlight and is ultimately transformed into starch and
cellulose in the chloroplast. This process is known as
+ Cu powder
CO + 2H2 ZnO

425 – 675 K
→ CH3OH photosynthesis.
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− 1175 K Carbon dioxide is a linear molecule with carbon-oxygen

Fe2O3 + 3CO 875
 → 2Fe + 3CO2
ond equal to 115 pm, which is intermediate between those
I2O5 + 5CO I2 + 5CO2 calculated for carbon-oxygen double and triple bond. It is
The structure of carbon monoxide may be represented as thus cosidered to the resonance hybrid of the following
– + structures.
C O or C O + – – +

Carbon atom is considered to be sp hybridized. One sp O C O O C O O C O

orbital used to form a single bond with oxygen atom while Carbon in CO2 is sp hybridized. The two sp orbitals form
the other sp orbital which points away from the C–O bond two bonds wiith two oxygen atoms. The two p orbital not
contains a lone pair of electrons. The sideways overlap included in hybridization give rise two p bonds.
of singly filled 2p orbitals on carbon and oxygen atoms
produces a p bond. The second p bond is formed by the
overlap of doubly filled 2p orbitals on carbon and oxygen The are prepared by direct combination of metals with
atoms produces a p bond. The second p bond is formed by carbon at elevated temperature or indirectly, the heating of
the overlap of doubly filled 2p orbital on oxygen with the metallic oxide with carbon. The carbides may be classified
vacant 2p orbital on carbon. But once the bond is formed, into three groups, namely, ionic, covalent and interstitial.
it is not possible two distinguish the two p bonds. Ionic carbides are formed by metals of Group 1, 2 and 3.
 7.4

These compounds, in general, occur as transparent crystals are shared with other tetrahedra resulting in a three-
and in the solid state they are nonconductors of electric dimensional lattice. The formula of such silicates is SiO2.
current. They give hydrocarbons when treated with water Silicones
or acids. On the basis of anions, these have been classified
Silicones are polymeric organosilicon compounds
as methanides (C4–), acetylides (C22–) and allylides. (C34–).
containing individual or cross-linked Si–O chains or
The examples are:
rings in which some of the oxygens of SiO4 tetrahedron
Be2C + 4H2O 2Be(OH)2 + CH4 are replaced by –OH, –CH3, –C2H5 groups. For example,
Al4C3 + 12H2O Al(OH)3 + 3CH4 dialkyldichlorosilane (R2SiCl2), which is produced by the
CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 reaction
Al2C6 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3C2H2 2RCl + Si(Cu) R2SiCl2
Mg2C3 + 4H2O 2Mg(OH)2 + CH3C∫CH reacts with water producing dialkyldihydrosilane. This, in
turn, may be dehydrated to give a linear polymer.
R2SiCl2 + 2H2O R2Si(OH)2 + 2HCl

k
Silicon belongs to Group 14 and is classified as metalloid. nR2Si(OH)2 − → (R2SiO)n
H O
It exists in two allotropic forms; the amorphous silicon 2

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Silicone
and the crystalline or admantine silicon. Silicon does not
occur freely in nature. It occurs as silica (SiO2) or as Silicones have good thermal and oxidative stability.
silicates like feldspar, kaolinite, mica, etc. in rocks and These are excellent water repellants and chemically inert
clays. Cr substances. Silicon rubber is not attacked by ozone. Liquid
silicones are used as excellent lubricants. These are mixed
Silicon is produced by the reduction of sand with coke in
with paints and enamels to increase the resistance to the
an electric arc furnace.
effects of high temperatures, sunlight and chemicals.
SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO
Silicon is a hard solid having melting point 1793 K and
e_
boiling point 3550 K. It reacts with fluorine at room
temperature to form SiF4. With other elements, it reacts at
elevated temperatures. Group 15 contains nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic
Silicates and silica contains SiO44– tetrahedra differing in (As), antimony (Sb) and bismuth (Bi). Their outer
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the way the tetrahedra are linked together as described in electronic configuration is (ns)2 (np)3, where n varies from
the following. 2 to 6. The metallic character of these elements increases
Orthosilicates on descending the group; N and P are nonmetals, As and
Sb are metalloids and Bi is a metal. The melting and
These contain individual discrete SiO44– tetrahedra. boiling points follows the order
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Examples are phenacite (Be2SiO4) and zircon (ZrSiO4).

melting point N < P < As > Sb > Bi
Pyrosilicates
boiling point N < P < As < Sb > Bi
These contain discrete Si2O76– ions and are formed
when one oxygen atom of two SiO4 tetrahedra is shared. Phosphorus has two common allotropic forms; white and
Example is thorteveitite (Sc2Si2O7). red. White phosphorus is more reactive than red form due
to highly strained structure (P–P–P angle is 60°).
Chain and Cyclic Silicates
Black phosphorus is a highly polymerised form and is
In these silicates two oxygen atoms per tetrahedron are most stable.
shared.
Nitrogen form triple bond in dinitrogen because bond
Sheet Silicates enthalpy e(N∫N) is greater than three times bond enthalpy
These are formed by the sharing of three oxygen atoms by e(N–N). In phosphorus, the reverse is true, hence, it
each tetrahedron giving an infinite two-dimensional sheet involves single bonds.
of the empirical formula (Si2O5)n–2n The melting points of hydrides follow the order
Three-Dimensional Silicates NH3 > PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3.
In these silicates, all the four oxygen atom of a tetrahedron All the five elements of Group 15 form trihalides. Of these
 7.5

nitrogen halides are least stable. All the trihalides with the Eyde method in which N2 and O2 are sparked together in
exception of NF3 hydrolyse in aqueous solution. an electric furnace. The nitric oxide formed is converted to
NCl3 + 3H2O NH3 + 3HOCl nitrogen dioxide when exposed to air. The dissolution of
NO2 in water gives nitric acid.
PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl
+O
AsCl3 + 3H2O H3AsO3 + 3HCl N2 + O2 spark
 → NO 
2
→ NO2 water
→ HNO3.

SbCl3 + H2O SbO+ + 2H+ + 3Cl– Phosphorus Trioxide

+ + – Burning of phosphorus in a limited supply of air gives
BiCl3 + H2O BiO + 2H + 3Cl
Nitrogen forms many oxides; N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2 and phosphorus trioxide. It is a colourless crystalline solid
N2O5. The most common oxides of phosphorus are P4O6 with odour of garlic. It exists as dimer both in naphthalene
and P4O10. Phosphorous trioxide is an acidic oxide and is and in the vapour phase.
anhydride of orthophosphorus acid (H3PO3). Phosphorus It dissolves in cold water giving phosphorous acid (H3PO3)
pentoxide in anhydride of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). whereas in hot water it gives phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and
Nitrogen forms two acids; nitrous acid (HNO2) and phosphine (PH3).

k
nitric acid (HNO3). Phosphorus forms two series of P4O6 + 6H2O 4H3PO3
oxoacids. These are phosphorous and phosphoric series.     Cold

ac
In phosphorous series, the acids include pyrophosphorous P4O6 + 6H2O 3H3PO4 + PH3
acid (H4P2O5), orthophosphorous acid (H3PO3), hot
metaphosphorous acid (HPO2) and hypophosphorous In its structure, four P atoms lie at the corners of a
acid (H3PO2). The acids H4P2O5 and H3PO3 are reducing tetrahedron and six oxygen atoms along the edges. The
agents as they involve P–H bond.
Cr P–O bond distance is 165.6 pm which is shorter than the
In phosphoric series, the acids include orthophosphoric expected single bond distance (184 pm). This suggests
acid (H3PO4), pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) and that there exists a considerable double bond characcter in
polymetaphosphoric acid, (HPO3)n. the P–O bonds because of the formation of a pp–dp bond
e_
Oxides of Nitrogen: with oxygen donor.
O P
Name Structure Magnetic Nature Physical
property appearance O O
P O
1. Nitrous oxide, Diamag- Neutral Colourless
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N N O
N 2O netic gas P P
O
2. Nitric oxide, N = O or N = O Para- Neutral Colourless P
NO magnetic gas    Structuure of P4O6
3. Dinitrogen O O Diamag- Acidic Blue solid Phosphorus Pentoxide
N—N
@

trioxide, N2O3 netic Burning of phosphorus in an excess of dried air or oxygen

O

4. Nitrogen O Para- Acidic Reddish

gives phosphorus pentoxide. It is a white solid which
dioxide, NO2
N
magnetic brown gas sublimes on heating. It is odourless when pure. It dissolves
O
in cold water giving metaphosphoric acid.
5. Dinitrogen O O Diamag- Acidic Colourless P4O10 + 2H2O 4HPO3
N—N
tetraoxide, netic solid           cold
O O
N2O4 With hot water, orthophophoric acid is formd.
6. Dinitrogen O O O Diamag- Acidic Colourless P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4
N N
pentaoxide, netic solid
O O     hot
N2O5 O
O P
Oxoacid of Nitrogen
O O
Two oxacids of nitrogen are nitrous acid and nitric acid.
O P O
Nitrous acid is unstable except in dilute solution. Pure
nitric acid is a colourless liquid but on exposure to light it P P
O O
turns slightly brown because of slight decomposition into P
O
NO2 and O2. Nitric acid can be prepared by Brikeland-     Structure of P4O10
 7.6

It is a strong dehydrating agent. For example, H2SO4 and Cyclictrimetaphosphoric acid, (HPO3)3 or H3P3O9
HNO3 are converted into corresponding anhydride.
O OH
2H2SO4 + P4O10 2SO3 + 4HPO3 P
4HNO3 + P4O10 2N2O5 + 4HPO3 O O

In the structure of P4O10, each P atom forms three bonds HO
to oxygen atoms and also an additional coordinate bond P P O
with an oxygen atom. Terminal coordinate P–O bond is O
O OH
143 pm which is much shorter than the expected bond
length of 162 pm. The shows the presence of considerable
pp-dp back bonding because of the leteral overlap of full
p orbitals on oxygen with empty d orbitals on phosphorus.
Oxoacids of Phosphorus :-

Hypophosphorus acid, H3PO2 Group 16 contains oxygen (O), sulphur (S), selenium

k
O (Se), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po). Their electronic
P
configuration is (ns)2 (np)4, where n varies from 2 to 6.

ac
H OH
H The metallic character of these elements increases on
descending the group; O and S are nonmetallic, Se and Te
Phosphosrus acid, H3PO3
are weaker nonmetallic and Po is metallic.
O
P
H OH
Cr Electron affinity of sulphur is larger than that of oxygen,
this due to the more repulsion experienced by the incoming
OH electron from the smaller, more compact electronic cloud
Pyrophosphorus acid, H4P2O5 of oxygen atom.
e_
O O Oxygen is diatomic with the unpaired electrons. Sulphur
exists in two allotropic forms – rhombic and monoclinic
P P
sulphur. Rhombic sulphur is stable at room temperature
H O H
OH HO while monoclinic sulphur is stable above 369 K. Selenium
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Hypophosphoric acid, H4P2O6 exists in six allotropic forms. Tellurium has only one
crystalline form and polonium has two allotropic forms
O O (cubic and rhombohedral).
P P
HO OH Ozone is another allotropic form of oxygen. It is very
@

OH HO reactive. It is formed in the upper layer of atmosphere

(about 20 km from the earth) by the action of ultraviolet
Phosphoric acid, H3PO4
radiation on oxygen. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent.
O In organic chemistry, ozone is used to locate the carbon
P double and triple bonds. The ozone molecule is angular
HO OH
with bond angle about 117° and bond length 127.8 pm.
OH
Pyrophosphoric acid, H4P2O7 The melting and boiling point of hydrogen compounds

of elements of Group 16 follow the order H2O > H2S <
O O
H2Se < H2Te. The exceptional high values of H2O is due
P P to hydrogen bondings.
HO O OH
OH HO H2O2 is a strong oxidizing agent. With stronger oxidizing
Metaphosphoric acid, HPO3 or (HPO3)n agents such as KMnO4, KIO3, and O2, hydrogen peroxide
O O O acts as a reducing agent.

P P P Oxoacids of sulphur may be classified into four series.

~O O O O~
OH OH OH
 7.7

Sulphurous Acid Series Peroxodisulphuric acid (H2S2O8)

Sulphurous acid (H2SO3) O O
HO

HO S O O S OH
S O
HO O O
Di-or pyrosulphurous acid (H2S2O5)
O O

HO S S OH
O Group 17 contains fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine
Dithionous acid (H2S2O4) (Br), iodine (I) and astatine (At). Their outer electronic
O O configuration is (ns)2(np)5, where n varies from 2 to 6. The
trends in this group are as follows.
HO S S OH
Covalent and ionic radii – increases down the group.

k
Sulphuric Acid Series
Electronegativity and ionization energy – decreases down

Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) the group.

ac
O
Electron affiinity – Cl > F > Br > I

HO S OH Melting and boiling points – increases down the group.
O Bond enthalpy (X–X)– Cl2 > Br > F2 > I2
Thiosulphuric acid (H2S2O3)
S
Cr
Oxidizing ability – decreases down the group.
Halogens are very reactive and do not occur in free

HO S OH state. Fluorine is most electronegative atom, there exists
hydrogen bondings in gaseous HF.
e_
O
Di-or pyrosulphuric acid (H2S2O7) HF is a weak acid and HCl, HBr and HI behave as strong
O O acids. In the glacial acetic acid medium, the acid strength
follows the order HI > HBr > HCl > HF.

HO S O S OH
Halogens with the exception of F form a number of
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O O oxoacids– hypohalous acids (HOX), halous acids (HXO2),

halic acid (HXO3) and perhalic acid (HXO4). The acid
Thionic Acid Series
strength follows the order HXO4 > HXO3 > HXO2 > HXO.

Dithionic acid (H2S2O6) Fluorine forms only hypofluorous acid (HOF).
@

O O Halogens also form interhalogen compounds AX, AX3,

HO S S OH AX5 and AX7. The compounds AX and AX3 are formed
where the electronegativity is not very large. The
O O compounds AX5 and AX7 are formed by large Br and I
Polythionic acid (H2Sn+2O6) atoms surrounded by small atom F. The molecule AX3 is
O O T-shaped with two lone pair of electrons at the equilateral
positions. The orientations of five pair of electrons around

HO S (S)n S OH the atom A is trigonal bipyramidal. Interhalogens are more
O O reactive than elemental halogens except fluorine.
The six pairs of electrons around atom A in AX5 acquire
Peroxoacid Series
octahedral orientation. The seven pairs of electrons around

Peroxomonosulphuric acid (H2SO5) atom A in AX7 acquire pentagonal bipyramidal orientation.
O
Halogens are nonmetallic and have high electron affinity.

H O O S OH The nonmetallic character decreases down the group and
iodine shows some metallic character. With metals, they
O form ionic compounds by accepting one electron and with
 7.8

nonmetals covalent compounds are formed by sharing an are formed. Halogens react with metals and nonmetals to
electron. form halides, the reactivity decreases down the group.
All halogens exhibit-1 oxidation state. Except fluorine, rest All the halogens react with hydrogen to form hydrogen
of the halogens also exhibit +1, +3, +5 and +7 oxidation halides (HX). The reaction between flourine and hydrogen
states. Fluorine is the most electronegative and thus there is violent while that between iodine and hydrogen is
exists hydrogen bonding in HF with the result that it has very slow at room temperature. The acidic character of
exceptionally high melting and boiling points as compared hydrogen halides increases in the order, HF < HCl < HB2
to those of HCl, HBr and HI. < HI.
Because of high reactivity, halogens do not exist in the Oxoacids of Chlorine
free state. The chief ore of flurine are fluorspar (CaF2), Four oxoacids of chlorine are known. These are:
cryolite (Na3AlF6) and fluoroapatite (Ca2(PO4)F). Other
halogens mainly occur in seawater as salt. Some sea weeds Hypochlorous acid, HOCl
and sponges contain iodine as iodides. Chile slatpeter O

Cl H
(NaNO3) contains 0.02 – 1% iodide in the form of sodium

k
iodate. Chlorous acid, HClO2
Fluorine was obtained by electrolysis of KF dissolved Cl

ac
in anhydrous HF. The products H2 and F2 are collected HO O
separately so as to avoid explosion caused by combination Chloric acid, HClO3
of these two gases.
Cl
Chlorine, in the laboratory, can be prepared by the O OH
following methods:
Cr O
Perchloric acid HClO4
1. Action of concentrated hydrochloric acid on
manganese dioxide. O
2. Oxidation of HCl by strong oxidizing agents such
e_
Cl
as KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7. O OH
Bromine can be obtained by the oxidation of bromide O
with chlorine gas or manganese dioxide in the presence of
concentrated sulphuric acid. Iodine can also be obtained
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by the oxidation of iodide.

Halogens are oxidizing agents, oxidizing power decreases The Group 18 contains helium (He), neon (Ne), argon
down the group. Flourine is the most oxidizing in nature (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenone (Xe) and radon (Rn). Their
and can oxidize water to oxygen and ozone. With dilute outer electronic configurations is (ns)2(np)6 with the
@

alkalis, fluorine forms oxygen difluoride (OF2) and with exception of the electronic configuration of He which is
hot concentrated alkaliis flouride and oxyen are formed. 1s2, all elements exist as monatomic gas.
The other halogens reacts with cold and dilute alkali Xenon forms a number of fluorides –XeF2, XeF4 and
solution to give hypohalites XeF6. The other compounds are XeO3, XeOF4, XeO2F2,
(XO–) and with hot and concentrated alkali, halates (XO3–) XeO4 and [XeO6]4–

Solved Examples

1. Which species does not exist - (a) Metaboric acid (b) Pyroboric acid
3– 3–
(a) [BF6] (b) [AlF6] (c) Boron and water (d) Boric anhydride
3–
(c) [GaF6] (d) [InF6]3–
Sol.(a) [BF6]3– does not exist because boron does not Sol.(d) H3BO3 100°
 C
→ HBO2 160°
 C
→ H2B4O7 + H2O
have vacant d-subshells.
2B2O3 + H2O
2. Orthoboric acid when heated to red hot gives
 7.9

3. Alumnium vessels should not be washed with Gas (A) burns with blue flame and is oxidised to
materials containing washing soda because - gas (B). Gas (B) turns lime water milky.
(a) Washing soda is expensive. 3 ,∆
Gas(A) + Cl2 (D) NH
 → (E)
(b) Washing soda is easily decomposed.
3 ,∆
(c) Washing soda reacts with aluminium to form (B) NH
 → (E)
soluble aluminate. Identify (A) to (E) and explain the reactions.
(d) Washing soda reacts with aluminium to form
CO OH
insoluble aluminium oxide.
Sol. ∆
→ CO + CO2 + H2O
Sol.(c) Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2O + CO2 COO H
         (A) (B) (C)
O
2NaOH + 2Al + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2. ||
NH 3 , ∆
CO + Cl2 COCl2  → NH2–C–NH2
soluble
(A)     (D) (E) Urea
4. When Al is added to KOH solution -

k
(a) No action takes place (A) is CO (B) is CO2
(b) Oxygen gas is evolved (C) is H2O (D) is COCl2

ac
(c) Water is produced (E) is NH2CONH2
(d) Hydrogen gas is evolved 9. In P4O6 the number of oxygen atoms bonded to
each P atom is –
Sol.(d) 2Al + 2KOH + 2H2O 2KAlO2 + 3H2
(a) 1.5 (b) 2
Cr
5. Carbon forms carbon monoxide when burnt in - (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) Absence of air or oxygen
Sol.(c) Each P in P4O6 is bonded to 3 oxygen atoms.
(b) Excess of air or oxygen
O P
(c) Limited supply of air or oxygen
e_
O O
(d) Moist air P O
1 P P
Sol.(c)   C + O2 (limited ) ∆ → CO O O
2
6. CCl4 does not act as Lewis acid, while SiCl4 and 10. Which trihalides is not hydrolysed by water -
Je

SnCl4 acts as Lewis acid as well as their aqueous (a) NF3 (b) NCl3
solution is acidic. Explain why? (c) PCl3 (d) AsCl3
Sol. SiCl4 and SnCl4 are hydrolysed to form acidic Sol.(a) In the first stage of hydrolysis, an extra bond is
solution as well as they can act as Lewis acid formed by water molecule. While chlorine and
because they can increase their co-ordination
@

the group 15 elements (except nitrogen) can

number greater than four due to availability of expand their octet by using vacant d-orbitals of
d-orbitals. the valence shell, F and N cannot. As a result, NF3
SnCl4 + 4H2O Sn(OH)4 + 4HCl is extremely stable.
SiCl4 + 4H2O Si(OH)4 + 4HCl NF3 + H2O (l) No hydrolysis
SiCl4 + 2Cl– (SiCl6)–2 NCl3 + 3H2O (l) NH3 + 3HOCl
PCl3 + 3H2O (l) H3PO3 + 3HCl
7. PbCl4 exists while PbBr4 and PbI4 do not exist.
Explain why? 2AsCl3 + 3H2O 6HCl + As2O3

Sol. Pb4+ is an oxidising agent and readily changes 11. Derivatives of nitrogen (III) act as –
into Pb2+ (due to inert pair effect) while Br– and (a) Oxidizing agent only
I– ions are reducing agents. Thus, redox reaction (b) Reducing agent only
occurs indicating that PbBr4 and PbI4 are unstable (c) Both Oxidizing and Reducing agent
compounds. (d) Nitrating agent
8. H2C2O4 ∆ → gas(A) + gas(B) + liquid(C) Sol.(c) Deriatives of nitrogen (III) have both oxidizing
oxalic acid and reducing properties.
7.10

2 molecules are held by weak inter molecular

2Na+3NO2 + 2KI + 2H2SO4 I2 + 2 N O +
vander waal’s force of attraction.
   (Oxidant) 2K2SO4 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O
17. O3 is a powerful oxidising agent. Write equations
3
2KMnO4 + 5Na N O + 3H2SO4 to represent oxidation of –
2
       (Reductant) (a) I¯ to I2 in acidic solutions.
5 (b) Sulphur to sulphuric acid in the presence of
2MnSO4 + 5Na N O + K2SO4 + 3H2O
3 moisture
12. In the compound of type POX3, P atom show (c) [Fe(CN)6]4– to [Fe(CN)6]3– in basic solution.
multiple bonding of the type –
(a) O3 + 2I¯ + 2H+ O2 + I2 + H2O
(a) pp – dp (b) dp – dp (b) 3O3 + S + H2O H2SO4 + 3O2
(c) pp – pp (d) No multiple bonding (c) O3 + 2[Fe(CN)6] + H2O
4–

Sol.(a) POX3 has sp3 hybridised P having vacant 2[Fe(CN)6]3– + 2OH¯ + O2

d-orbitals. p-orbital of O atom and d-orbitals of P 18. Explain why sugar turns black on addition of

k
undergoes pp-dp bonding. concentric H2SO4.
13. With the help of NH3, O2, Pt and H2O, write Sol. Concentric H2SO4 removes water molecules from

ac
equations for preparation of N2O from these sugar leaving behind black carbon because of its
substances. strong dehydrating nature.
Sol. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) Pt.
→ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) Cr C12H22O11 
2 4 H SO
→ 12C + 11 H2O.
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) 19. The reaction of chlorine with CO in the presence
3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq.) + NO(g) of sunlight gives –
HNO3(g) + NH3(aq.) NH4NO3(aq.) (a) COCl2 (b) CO2Cl2
NH4NO3(aq.) 
→ NH4NO3(s)∆ (c) HOCl (d) H2Cl2O2
e_
NH4NO3(s) ∆
→ N2O(g) + 2H2O (g) CO + Cl2 COCl2
14. Which of the following is a laboratory method of 20. Excess of Cl2 reacts with ammonia, products
preparation of oxygen? formed are :
(a) heating of KClO3 (a) NH3 and N2 (b) NCl3 and HCl
Je

(b) from liquid air (c) NCl3 and N2 (d) NH4Cl and N2
(c) by electrolysis of water NH3 + Cl2 NCl3 + 3HCl
(d) by Brin’s process      (excess)
Sol.(a) The other three methods are employed for large 21. Bromine is added to cold dilute aqueous solution
@

production of O2 for industrial applications. of NaOH. The mixture is boiled. Which of the
Note: In Brin’s process BaO is heated to get BaO2
following statements is true?
at 500ºC which is decomposed at 800ºC to give (a) During the reaction bromine is present in
oxygen. four different oxidation states.
15. The catalyst used during decomposition of H2O2 (b) The greatest difference between the various
is – oxidation states of bromine is 5.
(a) Ni (b) Fe (c) on acidification of the final mixture, bromine
(c) MnO2 (d) Pt is formed.
Sol.(c) 2H2O2 MnO 2 Catalyst
 → 2H2O + O2 (d) Disproportionation of bromine occurs during
∆ the reaction.
16. H2O is liquid while H2S is gas under given
conditions. Explain why? 6NaOH + 3Br2 5NaBr + NaBrO3 +
Sol. H2O molecules have intermolecular H – bonding 3H2O (disproportionation)
due to greater electronegativity of oxygen hence 22. Which reaction cannot be used for the preparation
H2O is liquid. H2S lacks H – bonding. H2S of the halogen acid?
 7.11

(a) 2KBr + H2SO4 (conc.) K2SO4 + 2HBr I2 + I 3– I3–, I – behaves as a Lewis base.
(b) NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.) NaHSO4 + HCl 25. The statement, which prompted Neil Barlett to
(c) NaHSO4 + NaCl Na2SO4 + HCl prepare the first noble gas compound was –
(d) CaF2 + H2SO4 (conc.) CaSO4 + 2HF (a) Xe-F bond has high bond energy
(b) F2 has exceptionally low bond energy
Sol.(a) HBr is strong reducing agent and will be oxidised
by H2SO4 an oxidant (c) PtF6 is a strong oxidant
(d) O2 molecule and Xe atom have very similar
23. Which of the following reactions will give
ionization energies.
bleaching powder?
(a) CaCl2 + H2O (b) CaO + HCl Both Xe and O2 have comparable ionization
energies.
(c) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 (d) ClO2 + Ca(OH)2
Xe Xe+ + e¯ ;
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O
lonization energy = 1,170 kJ/mol
Slaked lime Bleaching powder

k
O2 O2+ + e¯ ;
24. I3¯ is formed when I2 combines with I¯. Which of
Ionization energy = 1,175 kJ/mol

ac
them is a Lewis base?

Exercise
Cr 5. Which of the following is covalent carbide?
(a) CaC2 (b) Al4C3
1. Amorphous boron is extracted from borax by (c) SiC (d) Be2C
e_
following steps: 6. Product formed by catalytic oxidation of NH3 by
Borax (
x)
→ H3BO3 ∆
→ B2O3 (
Y)
→ air is:
Boron (a) N2 (b) NO
Then X and Y are: (c) N2O (d) N2O3
Je

(a) H2SO4, Al (b) HCl, C 7. Which one of the following properties is not
(c) HCl, Fe (d) H2SO4, Na shown by NO?
(a) It combines with oxygen to from nitrogen
2. In which of the following compounds B atoms are
dioxide.
in sp2 and sp3 hybridisation states?
@

(b) It’s bond order is 2.5.

(a) Borax (b) Diborane (c) It is diamagnetic in gaseous state.
(c) Borazole (d) All (d) It is a neutral oxide.
3. Which of the following statement is not correct 8. P4 + Cl2 " A
about CO ?
P4 + Excess Cl2 " B.
(a) Producer gas is the mixture of CO + N2
Hydrolysis products of A and B are respectively:
(b) CO formes a volatile compound with Nickel.
(a) H3PO2, H3PO3 (b) H3PO4, H3PO3
(c) CO is absorbed by ammonical solution of
Cu2Cl2 (c) H3PO3, H3PO4 (d) H3PO2, H3PO4
(d) CO and Cl2 form phosphine gas in presence 9. Holme’s signal can be given by using:
of sunlight. (a) CaC2 + CaCN2 (b) CaC2 + Ca3P2
Conc.
4. H2C2O4 H
SO
→ A + B. A is neutral and B is (c) CaC2 + CaCO3 (d) Ca3P2 + CaCN2
2 4

acidic. Gases A and B are absorbed by conc.: 10. Nitrogen cannot be obtained by heating:
(a) CuCl2, KOH (b) Cu2Cl2, KOH (a) Ba(N3)2 (b) Pb(NO3)2
(c) KOH, Cu2Cl2 (d) CuCl2, H2SO4 (c) (NH4)2Cr2O7 (d) NH4NO2(s)
7.12

11. Which of the following statements is wrong? (c) It can form compounds with other elements
(a) Single N–N bond is stronger than the single of its group.
P–P bond. (d) The pH of aqueous solution of its oxides is
(b) PH3 can act as a ligand in the formation less than 7.
of coordination compound with transition 20. Which of the following speices is not a
elements. pseudohalide?
(c) NO2 is paramagnetic in nature. (a) CNO– (b) RCOO–
(d) Covalency of nitrogen in N2O5 is four.
(c) CN– (d) N3–
12. The nitrogen oxide(s) that do(es) not contain(s)
21. Which interhalogen compound exists in dimeric
N–N bond(s) are:
form?
(a) N2O (b) N2O3
(a) BrF5 (b) IF7
(c) N2O4 (d) N2O5
(c) ICl (d) ICl3
13. Impure phosphine is combustible due to presence

k
22. Which of following halogen oxides is ionic?
of:
(a) I4O9 (b) I2O5

ac
(a) P2H4 (b) N2
(c) BrO2 (d) ClO3
(c) PH5 (d) P2O5
23. Which of the following is not oxidised by MnO2?
14. Extra pure N2 can be obtained by heating: (a) F– (b) Cl–
(a) NH3 with CuO (b) NH4NO3 (c) Br– (d) I–
(c) (NH4)2 Cr2O7 (d) Ba(N3)2
Cr 24. Which pair of Halogen will not give
15. Ammonia can be dried by: disproportionation reaction with water?
(a) Conc. H2SO4 (b) P4O10 (a) F2, I2 (b) Cl2, Br2
e_
(c) CaO (d) Anhydrous CaCl2 (c) Br2, I2 (d) Cl2, F2
16. Which metal sticks on glass in contact with 25. F2 being the strongest oxidising agent among
ozone? halogen is due to:
(a) Ag (b) Au (a) Highest hydration energy
Je

(b) Low bond dissociation energy

(c) Pt (d) Hg
(c) High electron affinity
17. What is true about H2SnO6(polythionic acid)?
(d) All of these
(a) Total S-S bond = n
26. The state of hybridisation of Xe and Sb in the
(b) Number of S with ‘O’ state = n – 1
@

product, when XeF4 react with SbF5 respectively:

(c) Number of S with +5 state = n – 2
(a) sp2d2, sp3d (b) sp3d, sp3d2
(d) Number of dp-pp bond = 4
(c) sp3, sp3d2 (d) sp3d3, sp3d
18. In which of the following reactions, is there
a change in the oxdiation number of nitrogen 27. Which fluoride is isostructural with ICl2– ?
atoms? (a) XeF4 (b) XeF6
(a) 2NO2 N2O4 (c) XeF2 (d) XeF82–
(b) 2NO2 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3
28. Which of the following compound does not exist?
(c) NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH–
(a) KrF2 (b) XeO2F2
(d) N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3
(c) XeO3 (d) NeF2
19. Atom ‘X’ belong to group VII A and is not present
in the second period. Choose incorrect statement 29. The hybrid states of C in diamond and graphite
regarding ‘X’: are respectively:
(a) The most acidic oxyacid of X is HXO3. (a) sp3, sp3 (b) sp2, sp2
(b) Its highest oxidation state is +7. (c) sp2, sp3 (d) sp3, sp2
 7.13

30. The compound H2N—Hg—O—Hg—I is formed 3. B2H6 +2 2BH3L (L is a lewis base)

by the action of: (Lewis bases)
(a) NH3 and HgO in the presence of iodine L would be:
(b) NI3, HgO and H2O (a) NH3 (b) CH3NH2
(c) NH3 + K2HgI4 (c) (CH3)2NH (d) (CH3)3N
(d) KI + NH3 + Hg 4. Which of the following is an incorrect statement
31. The part of the skin which comes in contact with about boric acid:
nitric acid turns yellow because: (a) Polymerises due to H-bonding
(a) proteins are converted into xanthoproteins. (b) Gives green flame with ethyl alcohol
(b) water is removed by the acid. (c) Act as strong acid with trans-1, 2-diol
(c) skin gets burnt. (d) Weak, monobasic, lewis acid
(d) nitrocellulose is formed. 5. CO2 is gas, while SiO2 is a solid but both are:
32. Which halide of boron is a weakest Lewis acid? (a) Covalent containing p-bond

k
(b) Molecules having pp–dp bonding
(a) BCl3 (b) BI3
(c) Acidic
(c) BF3 (d) BBr3

ac
(d) Discrete molecules
33. Which of the following compounds of nitrogen is
6. If one mole P4 completely reacts with NaOH
coloured?
solution then the incorrect statement among the
(a) NO2 (b) NH3 Cr following is:
(c) N2O (d) N2O4 (a) Products are NaH2PO2 and PH3
34. The number of lone pairs, and the number of (b) Total number of P–H bonds in products are 5
S—S bonds in S8 molecules are respectively: (c) It is a disproportination reaction
(a) 8, 8 (b) 16, 8 (d) None of the above
e_
(c) 8, 16 (d) 8, 4 7. At 0°C, NO2 is :
35. Bond energy is highest for which of the following: (a) Paramagnetic, Coloured gas
(b) Diamagnetic, Coloured gas
(a) F2 (b) Cl2
(c) Diamagnetic, Colourless solid
(c) Br2 (d) I2
Je

(d) Paramagnetic, Coloured solid

8. Ca3P2 + H2O A + B(gas)
B + HI
" C ∆→ B + KI + H2O
1. Which of the following is an incorrect statement B, C, D are:
@

for Boric acid: (a) P2H4, PH4I, KNO3 (b) PH3, PH4I, KOH
(a) It gives B(OCH3)3 when reacts with CH3– (c) H3PO2, I2, KOH (d) PH3, P2H4, KClO3
OH.
9. NH3 is not obtained by:
(b) Hydrogen bonding in H3BO3 gives it a
(a) Heating of NH4NO3 or NH4NO2
layered structure
(b) Heating of NH4Cl or (NH4)2CO3
(c) It is bronsted acid
(c) Heating of NH4NO3 with NaOH
(d) It can be prepared by reaction of borax with
mineral acid. (d) Reaction of AlN or Mg3N2 or CaCN2 with
H2O
2. Na2B4O7.10H2O ∆ → X + NaBO2 + H2O
∆ 10. Which of the following statements is wrong?
X + Cr2O3  → Y (green coloured).
(a) The stability of hydrides increase from NH3
The X and Y are: to BiH3 in group 15 of the periodic table.
(a) Na3BO3 and Cr(BO2)3 (b) Nitrogen cannot form NCl5.
(b) Na2B4O7 and Cr(BO2)3 (c) Single N–N bond is weaker than the single
(c) B2O3 and Cr(BO2)3 P–P bond.
(d) B2O3 and CrBO3 (d) N2O4 has two resonance structure.
7.14

11. (NH4)2Cr2O7 on heating liberates a gas. The same (a) I–Cl bond is stronger than Br–Br–bond
gas will be obtained by: (b) Ionisation energy of I < ionisation energy of
(a) Heating NH4NO2 Br
(b) Heating NH4NO3 (c) I-Cl is polar whereas Br2 is non polar
(c) Treating H2O2 with NaNO2 (d) Size of I > size of Br
(d) Treating Mg3N2 with H2O 19. When chlorine is passed slow over dry slaked like
12. When Cl2 reacts with NH3 of low concentration Ca(OH)2 at room temperature, the main product
and of high concentration, then oxidised is:
products obtained from NH3 are ____ and _____ (a) CaCl2 only (b) CaOCl2
respectively: (c) Ca(ClO2)2 (d) Ca(OCl)2 only
(a) N2, NH2Cl (b) NCl3, N2 20. Which of the following is not correct?
(c) N2H4, N2 (d) N2, NH4Cl (a) Among halogens, radius ratio between iodine
13. The incorrect statement(s) about O3 is (are): and fluorine is maximum

k
(a) O–O bond lengths are equal. (b) All halogens have weak X–X bond than X–X'
bond in interhalogens

ac
(b) Thermal decomposition of O3 is endothermic.
(c) Among interhalogen compounds maximum
(c) O3 is diamagnetic in nature. number of atoms are present in iodine
(d) O3 has a bent structure. fluroide.
14. Compounds A and B are treated with dilute Cr (d) Interhalogen compounds are more reactive
HCl separately. The gases liberated are Y and Z than halogen compounds.
respectively. Y turns acidified dichromate paper 21. Which of the following order is not correct ?
green while Z turns lead acetate paper black. So,
(a) F– < Cl– < Br– < I– reducing nature
A and B compounds are respectively:
(b) F– > Cl– > Br– > I– hydration energy
e_
(a) Na2SO3, Na2S
(c) Cl2 > F2 > Br2 > I2 bond dissociation energy
(b) NaCl, Na2CO3
(d) F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 reactivity
(c) Na2S, Na2SO3
(d) Na2SO4, K2SO3 22. What should be the correct statement with respect
to XeF5–?
Je

15. When H2SO4 reacts with Cl2 gas then X is (a) Central atom Xe has sp3d2 hybridisation
produced. X is a good chlorinating agent and
(b) It is square planar
given H2SO4 after hydrolysis. Then [X] is:
(c) There are two non bonding electron pairs, one
(a) SOCl2 (b) SO2Cl2 above the plane and the other below the plane
@

(c) SCl2 (d) S2Cl2 (d) It is an odd electron species

16. Gaseous products formed when Zn react with dil. 23. XeF4 act as fluoride acceptor with:
H2SO4 and conc. H2SO4 respectively:
(a) PF5 (b) SbF5
(a) H2S, SO2 (b) H2 and SO2
(c) KF (d) All of these
(c) SO2 and H2 (d) SO3, H2S
24. What is not true for ozone?
17. Which of the following process is not feasible
spontaneously? (a) The two O—O bond lengths are not equal.
(b) O—O bond order is between 1 and 2.
(a) F2 + H2O " HF + O2
(c) O—O—O angle is approximately 117°.
(b) Cl2 + H2O " HCl + HOCl
(d) It is light blue gas with pungent odour.
(c) Br2 + H2O " HBr + HOBr
25. The formation of which of the substance is known
(d) I2 + H2O " HI + HOI
as tailing of mercury?
18. Molecular size of I-Cl and Br2 is nearly same but
(a) Hg2O (b) HgO
boiling point of I-Cl is about 40°C higher than
Br2. This might be due to: (c) Hg2O3 (d) Hg(NO3)2
 7.15

26. Heating of which of the following nitrate produces (a) Xe > Kr > Ar > Ne > He
a gaseous substance which is used as anaesthetic (b) He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe
in dental surgery? (c) Xe > Ar > Kr > Ne > He
(a) NH4NO2 (b) Pb(NO3)2 (d) Xe > He > Kr > Ar > Ne
(c) NH4NO3 (d) NaNO3
34. XeF6 on complete hydrolysis gives:
27. Which allotropic form of phosphorus is good
conductor of electricity? (a) XeO4 (b) XeOF2
(a) Yellow phosphorus (c) XeOF4 (d) XeO3
(b) Red phosphorus 35. XeF6 on reaction with CsF gives:
(c) Black phosphorus (a) [XeF5]+ [CsF2]–
(d) None of these (b) XeF8
28. The inertness of nitrogen is due to: (c) [XeF4]2+ [CsF3]2–
(a) Its intermediate electronegativity. (d) Cs+[XeF7]–

k
(b) High bond dissociation energy of nitrogen-
nitrogen bond.

ac
(c) Stable configuration of N atom.
(d) Small atomic size. ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT
TYPE
29. Which is not true for phosphorus?
1. Select the correct statement(s)
(a) Phosphorus exists in different allotropic
forms.
Cr (a) Graphite is diamagnetic and diamond is
paramagnetic in nature.
(b) Black phosphorus has layer type structure.
(b) Graphite acts as a metallic conductor along
(c) White phosphorus is less reactive than red
the layers of carbon atoms.
e_
phosphrous.
(c) Graphite is less denser than diamond.
(d) White phosphorus exists in tetrahedral
molecular solid. (d) C60 is called as Buckminster fullerene.
30. What is not true about N2O5? 2. Borax bead test is given by:
Je

(a) It is anhydride of HNO3. (a) An aluminium salt (b) A cobalt salt

(b) In solid stable it exists as NO2+ NO3–. (c) A copper (II) salt (d) A nickel salt
(c) It is structurally similar to P2O5. 3. Which of the following species exists:
(d) It can be prepared by heating HNO3 over (a) [BF6]3– (b) [AlF6]3–
@

P2O5.
(c) [GaF6]3– (d) [lnF6]3–
31. Sulphur does not exist as S2 molecule because:
4. A complex cross-linked polymer (silicone) is
(a) it is less electronegative.
formed by:
(b) it is not able to constitute pp-pp bond.
(a) Hydrolysis of (CH3)3SiCl
(c) it has ability to exhibit catenation.
(b) Hydrolysis of a mixture of (CH3)3SiCl and
(d) of tendency to show variable oxidation states. (CH3)2SiCl2
32. Among the oxo-acids of chlorine, the correct (c) Hydrolysis of CH3SiCl3
order of increasing acid strength is: (d) Hydrolysis of SiCl4
(a) HClO4 < HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 5. White phosphorus be removed from red
(b) HClO3 < HClO2 < HClO4 < HClO phosphorus by:
(c) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO (a) Sublimation under reduced pressure
(d) HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2 < HClO (b) Dissolving in water
33. The ease of liquification of noble gases decreases (c) Dissolving in CS2
in the order (d) Heating with an alkali solution
7.16

6. A gas is obtained on heating ammonium nitrate. 13. Which of the following inter-halogen compounds
Which of the following statements are incorrect is/are possible?
about this gas? (a) ClF3 (b) IF5
(a) Causes laughter
(c) FCl3 (d) BrF5
(b) Brings tears to the eyes
(c) Is acidic in nature PASSAGE-BASED QUESTIONS
(d) Is basic in nature Passage # 1 (Q. 14 and 15)
7. Which of the following represents correct Species having X—O—H linkage (X = non metal with
dissociation of nitrate salts on heating? positive oxidation state) are called oxy acids and parent
1 acid of a non-metal may exist in two form (a) –ic form of
(a) 2LiNO3 Li2O + 2NO2 + O parent oxy acid (b) -us form of parent oxy acid.
2 2
1 14. Which of the following parent oxy acid does not
(b) Pb(NO3)2 PbO + 2NO2 + O2
2 have its pyro-oxy acid?
(c) NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

k
(a) H2SO3 (b) HNO3
(d) NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O
(c) H3PO3 (d) H4SiO4

ac
8. Which of the following is/are correct regarding
15. X—O—X bond (where X = central atom) is not
nitrogen family?
present in species.
(a) Nitrogen is restricted to a maximum
covalency of 4 as only four orbitals are Cr (a) Cl2O7 (b) H2N2O2
available for bonding. (c) N2O5 (d) H2S2O7
(b) The single N–N bond is weaker than the
Passage # 2 (Q. 16 and 17)
single P–P bond.
The property of hydrides of p-block elements mostly
(c) The catenation tendency is weaker in nitrogen
depends on:
e_
as compared to phosphorous.
(d) Nitrogen forms pp-pp bond as well as pp-dp (i) electronegativity difference between central
bonds. atom and hydrogen,

9. P2O5 can dehydrate: (ii) size of central atom, and

Je

(a) H2SO4 (b) HNO3 (iii) number of valence electrons in central atom.

(c) HClO4 (d) HPO3 Some undergo hydrolysis in which central atom is
less electronegative, react with OH– to give hydrogen.
10. Which statements are correct about halogen? While acidic property of hydride in a period depends on
(a) They are all diatomic and form univalent ions. electronegativity of central atoms, i.e. more electronegative
@

(b) Halogen have the smallest atomic radii in the atom, more acidic is the hydride. In a group, acidic
there respective periods. property is proportional to size of the central atom. Some
(c) They are all diatomic and form diatomic ions. electron deficient hydrides behave as Lewis acid while
(d) They are all reducing agents. only one hydride of an element in p-block behaves as
Lewis base with lone pair of electrons. Hydrides in which
11. In the reaction 2Br– + X2 Br2 + 2X–, X2 is/ central atom’s electronegativity is close to hydrogen has
are: no reaction with water.
(a) Cl2 (b) F2
16. Which one is the weakest acid among the
(c) I2 (d) N2 following?
12 Among the following which reactions are possible (a) HF (b) HCl
(a) F2 + H2O HF + O2 (c) HBr (d) HI
(b) Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO 17. Which one is strongest base?
(c) Br2 + H2O HBr + HBrO (a) OH– (b) HS–
(d) I2 + H2O Hl + HIO (c) HSe– (d) HTe–
 7.17

Passage # 3 (Q. 18 and 19) 23. What is the number of oxygen atoms which are
An orange solid (A) on heating gives a green residue (B), shared between tetrahedrons in Si3O96– ?
a colourless gas (C) and water vapours. The dry gas (C) 24. How many of the following properties increase
on passing over heated Mg gave a white solid (D), (D) on down the group for nitrogen family?
reaction with water gave a gas (E) which formed black (a) Atomic size
precipitate with mercurous nitrate solution.
(b) Acidic character of oxides
18. Select the incorrect statement. (c) Boiling point of hydrides
(a) The central atom of the anion of solid (A) has
(d) Reducing power of hydrides
d3s hybridisation.
(e) Extent of pp-pp overlap
(b) The orange solid (A) is diamagnetic in nature.
(c) The anion of orange solid (A) is oxidising in (f) Metallic character
nature. 25. Number of gaseous oxides among the following
(d) All metal oxygen bond lengths are equal in at room temperature is:

k
anion of solid (A). (a) N2O (b) NO
(c) N2O3 (d) NO2
19. Which of the following is false for the gas (E)?
(e) N2O5 (f) P4O6

ac

(a) It gives a deep blue colouration with CuSO4 (g) P4O10 (h) SO2
solution. (i) SO3

(b) It is oxidised to a colourless gas (neutral
26. The number of mixed anhydride among the
oxide) at 1200 K in presence of a catalyst Pt/
Rh in air.
(c) It gives the same gas (C) with potassium
Cr following are:
Cl2O; ClO2; Cl2O6; Cl2O7; N2O5; NO2; N2O

permanganate solution. 27. How many ion in following behave like

pseudohalide?
(d) It gives black precipitate with HgCl2.
e_
CN–, SCN–, I3–, O–2, N3–, CNO–, S2O3–2, C2O4–2
INTEGER VALUE TYPE QUESTIONS
MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE QUESTIONS
20. Consider a prototypical fullerence C60.
28.
Let, a = Number of 5-membered rings;
Column I Column II
Je

 b = Number of 6-membered rings;

 c = Number of p-bonds in C60. (A) Hypo phosphoric (P) All hydrogen
acid are ionizable in
Find the value of (3a – 2b + c)
water
21. Central atom may exhibit sp3 hybridisation in
(B) Pyro phosphorus (Q) Lewis acid
@

how many of the following species:

acid
(a) CO2 (b) Graphite (C) Boric acid (R) Monobasic in
(c) Diamond (d) CO water
(e) H3BO3(aq) (f) Zeolites (Si-central) (D) Hypo phosphrous (S) sp3 hybridized
(g) Silicones (Si) (h) Chlorosilane (Si) acid central atom

(i) Borax (Boron) (j) Al2Cl6 29.

(k) B2H6
(l) SiO2(solid) Column I Column II
(m) H2CO3 (n) COCl2 Silicates Number of oxygen atoms
(o) CH4 (p) CCl4 shared per tetrahedron

22. Which of the following compounds are amphoteric (A) Ortho silicate (P) 4
in nature? (B) Pyro silicate (Q) 1
PbO, PbO2, SnO, SnO2, Al2O3, ZnO, BeO, Ga2O3, (C) Cyclic silicate (R) 0
B2O3. (D) 3-D silicate (S) 2
7.18

30. Match the reactions island in column-I with 6. Amongst H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2Te, the one with
characteristic(s) type of reactions listed in the highest boiling point is:
column-II. (a) H2O because of hydrogen bonding
Column-I Column-II (b) H2O because of higher molecular weight
(A) Moist (P) Hydrolysis (c) H2S because of hydrogen bonding
PCl5 
→Air
(d) H2Se becuase of lower molecular weight
(B) P4 + NaOH(conc.) + H2O (Q) At least one of
[IIT-2000]
Warm
 → the products has
tetrahedral geometry 7. The number of P—O—P bonds in cyclic
(C) H3PO3 
→ 200° C (R) Disproportionation metaphosphoric acid is:
(a) zero (b) two
(D) P4O6 + H2O 200°
 C
→ (S) At least one of the
products has pp-dp (c) three (d) four
bonding [IIT-2000]
8. The number of S—S bonds in sulphur trioxide

k
trimer, (S3O9) is:
(a) three (b) two

ac
(c) one (d) zero
[IIT-2001]
9. The set with correct order of acidic strength is:
1. KF combines with HF to form KHF2. The Cr (a) HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
compound contains the species:
(b) HClO4 < HClO3 < HClO2 < HClO
(a) K+, F– and H+ (b) K+, F– and HF
(c) HClO < HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2
(c) K+ and [HF2]– (d) [KHF]+ and F–
(d) HClO4 < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO
[IIT-1996] [IIT-2001]
e_
2. The following acids have been arranged in the ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
order of decreasing acidic strength. Identify the (Q. 10 and 11)
correct order.
Read the following questions and answer as per
ClOH (I), BrOH (II), IOH (III) the direction given below:
Je

(a) I > II > III (b) II > I > III (a) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct
(c) III > II >I (d) I > III > II Statement II is the correct explanation of
[IIT-1996] Statement I.
(b) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct
3. Which one of the following species is not a Statement II is not the correct explanation of
@

pseudo halide? Statement I.

(a) CNO– (b) RCOO– (c) Statement I is correct; Statement II is incor-
(c) OCN– (d) NNN– rect.
[IIT-1997] (d) Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is
correct.
4. In compounds of type ECl3, where E = B, P, As or
Bi, the angles Cl — E — Cl for different E are in 10. Statement I: Pb4+ compounds are stronger
the order: oxidzing agents than Sn2+ compounds.
(a) B > P = As = Bi (b) B > P > As > Bi Statement II: The higher oxidation states for the
group 14 elements are more stable for the heavier
(c) B < P = As = Bi (d) B < P < As < Bi
members of the group due to ‘inert pair effect’.
[IIT-1999]
[IIT-2008]
5. Ammonia can be dried by:
11. Statement I: Between SiCl4 and CCl4, only SiCl4
(a) conc. H2SO4 (b) P4O10 reacts with water.
(c) CaO (d) anhydrous CaCl2 Statement II: SiCl4 is ionic and CCl4 is covalent

[IIT-2000] [IIT-2001]
 7.19

12. H3BO3 is: 20. A pale blue liquid obtained by equimolar mixture
(a) monobasic acid and weak Lewis acid of two gases at –30°C is
(b) monobasic and weak Bronsted acid (a) N2O (b) N2O3
(c) monobasic and strong Lewis acid (c) N2O4 (d) N2O5
(d) tribasic and weak Lewis acid [IIT - 2005]
[IIT-2003]
21. Which of the following allotropes of phosphorus
13. Me2SiCl2 on hydrolysis will produce: is thermodynamically most stable?
(a) (Me)2Si(OH)2 (a) Red (b) White
(b) (Me)2 Si = O (c) Black (d) Yellow
(c) [—O—(Me)2Si — O—]n [IIT-2005]
(d) Me2SiCl(OH) 22. B(OH)3 + NaOH NaBO2 + Na[B(OH)4] + H2O
[IIT-2003] How can this reaction be made to proceed in the
14. For H3PO3 and H3PO4, the correct choice is: forward direction?

k
(a) H3PO3 is dibasic and reducing (a) Addition of cis 1, 2-diol
(b) Addition of borax

ac
(b) H3PO3 is dibasic and non reducing
(c) H3PO4 is triabsic and reducing (c) Addition of trans 1, 2-diol
(d) H3PO3 is tribasic and non reducing (d) Addition of Na2HPO4
[IIT-2003]
Cr [IIT-2006]
15. When I– is oxidised by KMnO4 in alkaline
medium, I– converts into:
(a) IO–3 (b) I2 Read the following questions and answer as per
the direction given below:
(c) IO–4 (d) IO–
e_
(a) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct.
[IIT-2004]
Statement II is the correct explanation of
16. Which of the following has —O—O— linkage? Statement I.
(a) H2S2O6 (b) H2S2O8 (b) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct.
Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Je

(c) H2S2O3 (d) H2S4O6

Statement I.
(c) Statement I is correct; Statement II is
17. Name the structure of silicates in which three incorrect.
oxygen atoms of [SiO4]4– are shared:
(d) Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is
(a) pyrosilicate
@

correct.
(b) sheet silicate 23. Statement I : Boron always forms covalent bond.
(c) linear chain silicate
Statement II : The small size of B3+ favours

(d) three-dimensional silicate formation of covalent bond.
[IIT-2005] [IIT-2007]

18. Which of the following is not oxidised by O3? 24. Statement I : In water, orthoboric acid behaves
as a weak monobasic acid.
(a) KI (b) FeSO4
In water, orthoboric acid acts as a
(c) KMnO4 (d) K2MnO4 proton donor.
[IIT - 2005] [IIT-2007]
19. Which gas is evolved when PbO2 is treated with 25. The percentage of p-character in the orbitals
concentrated HNO3? forming P—P bonds in P4 is:
(a) NO2 (b) O2 (a) 25 (b) 33
(c) N2 (d) N2O (c) 50 (d) 75
[IIT - 2005] [IIT - 2007]
7.20

(c) moist O2
(d) O2 in the presence of aqueous NaOH
There are some deposits of nitrates and phosphates in [IIT - 2009]
earth’s crust. Nitrates are more soluble in water. Nitrates 30. Extra pure N2 can be obtained by heating:
are difficult to reduce under the laboratory conditions but (a) NH3 with CuO (b) NH4NO3
microbes to it easily. Ammonia forms large number of
complexes with transition metal ions. Hybridisation easily (c) (NH4)2Cr2O7 (d) Ba(N3)2
explains the case of sigma donation capability of NH3 and [IIT - 2011]
PH3. Phosphine is a flammable gas and is prepared from 31. The reaction of white phosphorus with aqueous
white phosphorus. NaOH gives phosphine along with another
[IIT-2008] phosphrous containing compound. The reaction
type, the oxidation states of phosphorus in
26. Among the following, the correct statement is:
phosphine and the other product respectively are:
(a) Phosphates have no biological significance in (a) redox reaction, –3 and –5

k
humans.
(b) redox reaction, +3 and +5
(b) Between nitrates and phosphates, phosphates (c) disproportionation reaction, –3 and + 1

ac
are less abundant in earth’s crust. (d) disproportionation reaction, –3 and + 3
(c) Between nitrates and phosphates, nitrates are
less abundant in earth’s crust. 32. Which ordering of compounds is according to
(d) Oxidation of nitrates is possible in soil.
Cr
27. Among the following, the correct statement is:
the decreasing order of the oxidation state of
nitrogen?
(a) Between NH3 and PH3, NH3 is a better (a) HNO3, NO, NH4Cl, N2
electron donor because the lone pair of (b) HNO3, NO, N2, NH4Cl
electrons occupies spherical ‘s’-orbital and is
e_
(c) HNO3, NH4Cl, NO, N2
less directional.
(b) Between NH3 and PH3, PH3 is a better (d) NO, HNO3, NH4Cl, N2
electron donor because the lone pair of
electrons occupies sp3 orbital and is more 33. The shape of XeO2F2 molecule is:
Je

directional. (a) trigonal bipyramidal

(c) Between NH3 and PH3, NH3 is a better (b) square planar
electron donor because the lone pair of (c) tetrahedral
electrons occupies sp3 orbital and is more
(d) see-saw
directional.
@

[IIT-2012]
(d) Between NH3 and PH3, PH3 is a better
electron donor because the lone pair of
electrons occupies spherical s-orbital and is The reactions of Cl2 gas with cold-dilute and hot-
less directional. concentrated NaOH in water give sodium salts of two
28. White phosphorous on reaction with NaOH gives (different) oxoacids of chlorine, P and Q, respectively. The
PH3 as one of the products. This is a: Cl2 gas reacts with SO2 gas in the presence of charcoal,
(a) dimerisation reaction to give a product R.R reacts with white phosphorus to
give a compound S. On hydrolysis, S gives an oxoacid of
(b) disproportination reaction
phosphorus T.
(c) condensation reaction
34. P and Q respectively, are the sodium salts of:
(d) precipitation reaction
(a) hypochlorous and chloric acids
29. The reaction of P4 with X leads selectively to (b) hypochlorous and chlorous acids
P4O6. The X, is: (c) chloric and perchloric acids
(a) dry O2 (d) chloric and hypochlorous acids
(b) a mixture of O2 and N2 [JEE Advanced - 2013]
 7.21

35. R, S and T, respectively, are: 39. Which of the following properties in not shown
(a) SO2Cl2, PCl5 and H3PO4 by NO?
(b) SO2Cl2, PCl3 and H3PO3 (a) It is paramagnetic in liquid state.
(c) SOCl2, PCl3 and H3PO2 (b) It is neutral oxide.
(d) SOCl2, PCl5 and H3PO4 (c) It combines with oxygen to form nitrogen
dioxide.
36. The product formed in the reaction of SOCl2 with
(d) Its bond order is 2.5.
white phosphorus is:
[JEE Main - 2014]
(a) PCl3 (b) SO2Cl2
40. Among the following oxacids, the correct
(c) SCl2 (d) POCl2
decreasing order of acidic strength is
[JEE Advanced - 2014] (a) HOCl > HClO2 > HClO3 > HClO4
37. Concentrated nitric acid upon long standing, turns (b) HClO4 > HOCl > HClO2 > HClO3
yellow-brown due to the formation of:

k
(c) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HOCl
(a) NO (b) NO2
(d) HClO2 > HClO4 > HClO3 > HOCl

ac
(c) N2O (d) N2O4
[JEE-Main - 2014]
[JEE Advanced - 2014]
41. Which among the following is the most reactive?
38. Which of the following is the wrong statement?
(a) ONCl and ONO– are not isoelectronic
Cr (a) Cl2 (b) Br2

(b) O3 molecule is bent (c) I2 (d) ICl

(c) Ozone is violet-black in solid state [JEE-Main - 2015]

(d) Ozone is diamagnetic gas 42. Which one has highest boiling point?
e_
(a) He (b) Ne
[JEE Main - 2013]
(c) Kr (d) Xe
[JEE-Main - 2015]
Je

Answer Key
@

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (d)
7.22

1. (b, c, d) 2. (b, c, d) 3. (b, c, d) 4. (c) 5. (a, c, d) 6. (b, c, d) 7. (a, b, c, d) 8. (a, b, c)

9. (a, b, c) 10. (a, b) 11. (a, b) 12. (a, b, c) 13. (a, b, d) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (26) 21. (11) 22. (8) 23. (3) 24. (3)
25. (5) 26. (3) 27. (4)
28. A P, S; B S; C Q, R; D R,S
 29. A R; B Q; C S; D P
30. A P, Q, S; B P, Q, R, S; C Q, R, S; D P, Q, R, S

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)

k
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d)

ac
31. (c) 32. (b) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (*) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (d)
    (*)  No answer  
Cr
Hints and Solutions

P4 + excess Cl2 PCl5 (B)

e_
PCl5 + H2O H3PO4 + HCl
1. (a) Borax H
SO 9. (b) Holme’s signal can be given by using (CaC2 +
→ H3BO3 ∆
→ B2O3 Al
2
→
4

Ca3P2)
B
( Boron )
10. (b) Pb(NO3)2 ∆
→ PbO + NO2 + O2 ­
Je

2. (a) In borax, anion [B4O5(OH)4]–2 is present.

OH 11. (a) Single N–N bond is weaker than the single P–P
O O bond.
B O O O
  12. (d) N N
HO – B – O – B – OH O
O
@

B
O O 13. (a) Phosphine (PH3) is combustible due to presence
OH of P2H4.
In this, hybridisation of B is sp2 and sp3. 14. (d) Extra pure N2 can be obtained by heating metal
3. (d) CO + Cl2 h
ν
→ COCl2 azides Ba(N3)2.
( phosgene )
15. (c) Ammoia can be dried by anhydrous CaO.
4. (b) H 2 C2 O 4  conc. H 2 SO4
→ CO + CO 2 16. (d) 2Hg + O3 Hg2O + O2
( Oxalic acid ) (A) ( B)
17. (d) Polythionic acid, H2SnO6
CO is absorbed by ammonical cuprous chloride O O
while CO2 is absorbed by KOH.
HO—S—(s)n–2 — S — OH
5. (c) SiC is a covalent network solid.
6. (b) NH3 + O2 pt→ NO + H2O (ostwald process) O O

7. (c) NO is paramagnetic in gaseous state. Total S–S bond = n – 1

Number of S with zero oxidation state = n – 2
8. (c) P4 + Cl2 PCl3(A)
Number of S with + 5 oxidation state = 2
PCl3 + H2O H3PO3 + HCl
Number of dp – pp bond = 4
 7.23
+4 +3 +5
18. (b) 2 NO 2 + H 2 O → HNO 2 + H NO3 3. (d) With large sized Lewis base like (CH3)3N,
19. (a) Element ‘X’ may be Cl, Br or I. symmetrical deavage of B2H6 takes place.
The most acidic oxyacid of X is HXO4. 4. (c) H3BO3 + NaOH  
 Na[B(OH)4] + NaBO2 +
H2O
20. (b) RCOO– is not a pseudohalide because it does not
have N-atom. This reaction can be shifted in forward direction
by adding cis-1, 2-diol not by trans-1,2-diol.
21. (d) ICl3 can form dimer I2Cl6.
22. (a) I4O9 is an ionic oxide. 5. (c) Both CO2 and SiO2 are acidic.
I4O9 is I(IO3)3 6. (b) P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O 3NaH2PO2 + PH3
23. (a) F– ion does not behave as reducing agent. In products
total 9 P–H bonds are present.
24. (a) F2 acts as oxidizing agent with water. 7. (c) At 0°C, NO2 diamerises into N2O4(s) which is
colourless.
5F2 + 5H2O 10HF + O2 + O3
8. (b) Ca3P2 + H2O Ca (OH) 2 PH 3

k
I2 does
not react with water. (A) ( B)

25. (a) F2 is the strongest oxidizing agent due to PH3 + HI PH 4 I KOH

 → PH 3 + KI + H 2 O

ac
(C) (D) ( B)
exceptionally high hydration energy of F–.
9 . (a) NH4NO3 ∆
→ N2O + 2H2O
26. (b) XeF4 + SbF5 [ XeF3 ]+ [SbF6 ]− NH4NO2 ∆
→ N2 + 2H2O
sp3 d sp3 d 2 Cr 10. (a) Order of stability of hydrides:-
27. (c) Both ICl2– and XeF2 are linear. NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
28. (d) No real compounds of He, Ne and Ar are known.
11. (a) (NH4)2Cr2O7 ∆
→ N2­- + Cr2O3 + H2O
29. (d) Hybridisation of C in diamond and graphite is sp3
and sp2 respectively. NH4NO2 ∆
→ N2­- + 2H2O
e_
30. (c) K2HgI4 + KOH + NH3 H2N–Hg–O–Hg–I 12. (b) NH3 + Cl2(excess) NCl3 + HCl
31. (a) The part of the skin which comes in contact with NH3(excess) + Cl2 N2 + NH4Cl
HNO3 turns yellow because proteins of skin are 13. (b) Thermal decomposition of O3 is exothermic.
converted into xanthoproteins.
Je

14. (a) Na 2 SO3 + HCl(dil ) → NaCl + SO2 ↑ + H 2 O

32. (c) Order of lewis acidic strength:- (A) (Y)

BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3 Na 2 S + HCl(dil ) → NaCl + H 2 S
( B) (Z)
33. (a) NO2 is a reddish-brown gas. 15. (b) H2SO4 + Cl2 SO2Cl2
@

34. (b) S S S
S S (X)
S
S S
Total number of lone pairs = 16 SO2Cl2 + H2O H2SO4 + HCl
Total number of S–S bonds = 8 16. (b) Zn + H2SO4(dil) ZnSO4 + H2
35. (b) Order of bond energy is : Zn + H2SO4(conc.)
ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2O
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 17. (d) I2 + H2O HI + HOI

18. (c) I–Cl is polar and Br2 is non-polar.

19. (b) Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O
1. (c) Boric acid is not a bronsted acid because it is not bleaching powder
a H+ donor. It is an OH– acceptor.
∆ 20. (b) Interhalogen compounds are more reactive than
→ B2 O3 + NaBO2 + H2O
2. (c) Na2B4O7 . 10H2O 
(X) halogen compounds because X–X' bond of
interhalogen is polar while X–X bond of halogen
→ Cr (BO 2 )3
B2O3 + Cr2O3  ∆
(Y) is non-polar.
7.24

21. (c) Correct order of bond dissociation energy:- CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
| | | |
HO—Si—OH HO—Si—OH ~ Si—O—Si—O ~
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2 | |
| |
OH OH O O
22. (c) Shape of XeF5– is pentagonal planar. Hybridisation | |
of Xe is sp3d3. ~ Si—O—Si—O ~
OH OH | |
| | CH3 CH3
23. (c) XeF4 acts as fluoride acceptor with KF. HO—Si—OH HO—Si—OH
| |
24. (a) Due to resonance both O—O bond lengths are CH3 CH3
Cross linked silicones
equal.
In white phosphorus P4 molecules are attached
25. (a) 2Hg + O3 Hg2O + O2 with weak vander waal’s force of attraction while
26. (c) NH4NO3 ∆
→ N2O­+ 2H2O red phosphorus is polymeric. White phosphorus is
N2O acts as anaesthesia. insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
like CS2. White phosphorus disproportionates in
27. (c) Black phosphorus has layery structure. It behaves alkali solution.
as conductor of electricity.

k
NH4NO3 ∆
→ N2O + 2H2O
28. (b) N2 is almost chemically inert. It is due to very
high bond dissociation energy of N/N. N2O is also called as laughing gas. N2O is a

ac
neutral oxide. It does not bring tears to the eyes.
29. (c) Order of reactivity :
White P > Red P > Black P
All decompositions are correct.
30. (c) N2O5 has different structure from P2O5. Cr
P2O5(P4O10) has cage like structure.
Nitrogen is restricted to a maximum covalency
31. (b) Third period elements can not form stable 3pp – of 4 because in its valence shell only 4 orbitals
3pp bond. are available for bonding. N–N bond is weaker
e_
32. (c) Correct order of acidic strength is:- than P—P bond hence, catenation tendency of P
HClO < HClO2 < HClO2 < HClO4 is stronger than N.
33. (a) The ease of liquification µ intermolecular bonding N can not form p -d bonding.
order of case of liquification : 9. (a, b, c)
Je

Xe > Kr > Ar > Ne > He

P2O5 (P4O10) is an acidic dehydrating agent. It
34. (d) XeF6 + 3H2O XeO3 + 6HF dehydrate acidic substances.
35. (d) XeF6 + CsF Cs+[XeF7]– 10. (a, b)
Lewis acid    Lewis base
They (halogens), all are diatomic, form univalent
@

ions and are oxidizing agents.

LEVEL III 11. (a, b) F2 and Cl2 can oxidize Br¯ into Br2
12. (a, b, c)
1. (b, c, d)

I2 + H2O HI + HIO

Both graphite and diamond are diamagnetic in
nature. 13. (a, b, d)
F can not form 3 bonds. It can form only one
bond.
Co+3, Cu+2 and Ni+2 give borax bead test.
14. (b) To form pyro-oxy acid atleast two OH groups
must present in parent oxyacid.
[BF6]–3 does not exist because due to unavailability 15. (b) Structure of H2N2O2
of d-orbital B can not form more than 4 bonds.
OH
CH3 CH3 N
| | ||
Cl—Si—Cl + 3H2O HO—Si—OH + 3HCl
| | N
Cl OH
HO
 7.25

16. (a) Order of acidic strength: Gaseous oxides are:

HF < HCl < HBr < HI N2O , NO , NO2 , SO2 , SO3
17. (a) Mixed anhydride are:

Order of acidic strength: ClO2 , Cl2O6 , NO2
4 3 5
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te 2 Cl O2
H2 O H Cl O2 H Cl O3
Order of basic strength : 6 5 7
Cl2 O6
H2 O H ClO3 H Cl O 4
OH¯ > HS¯ > HSe¯ > HTe¯
4 3 5
2 N O2
H2 O H N O2 H N O3
(NH4)2Cr2O7 ∆
→ N2 + Cr2O3 + H2O Pseudohalides are:
(A) (C) (B) CN¯ , SCN¯ , N3¯ , CNO¯
Mg + N2 Mg3N2 A P, S ; B S;C Q, R ; D R, S

k
A R;B Q;C S;D P
(D)
A P, Q, S ; B P, Q, R, S ; C Q, R, S ;
Mg3N2 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + NH3

ac
  D P, Q, R, S
(E)
Anion of (A) is Cr2O7 –2. In structure of dichromate

(Cr2O7–2) all metal-oxygen bond lengths are not Cr

equal.

KHF2 K+ + HF2¯
Gas (E) is NH3 Order of acidic strength:
e_
CuSO4 + NH3 [Cu(NH3)4] SO4 ClOH > BrOH > IOH
deep blue RCOO¯ is not a pseudo halide because it does not
NH3 + O2 → NO + H2OPt / Rh contain any N-atom.
NH3 + KMnO4 N2 Order of bond angle:
Je

BCl3 > PCl3 > AsCl3 > BiCl3

NH3 form
black precipitate with Hg2Cl2.
NH3 can be dried by anhydrous CaO.
In C60, Number of 5-membered rings (a) = 12
Order of biling point:
Number of 6-memberd rings (b) = 20 H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S
Number of -bonds in C60(c) = 30
@

Cyclic metaphosphoric acid, (HPO3)3

Value of (3a – 2b + c) = 36 – 40 + 30 = 26 O OH

Species having sp3 hybridization: P
O O
Diamond, H3BO3(eq) , Zeolites (Si-central).
O
Silicones (Si), chlorosilane (Si), Borax (boron), HO P P
Al2Cl6 , B2H6 , SiO2 , CH4 , CCl4 O OH
O
Ampoteric oxixdes are: It has three P—O—P bonds.
PbO , PbO2 , SnO , SnO2 , Al2O3 , ZnO , BeO , 8. (d)
O O
Ga2O3
S
Si3O96– is a cyclic trimer. In this , 3 oxygen atoms O O
are shared between tetrahedrons. O O
S S
Atomic size, reducing power of hydrides and O
O O
metallic character increase down the group for

It has zero S—S bonds
nitrogen family.
7.26

9. (a) Order of correct acidic strength: In P4, hybridisation of P is sp3.

HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4 Due to greater solubility in water, nitrates are less
10. (c) The lower oxidation states for the group 14 abundant in earth’s crust.
elements are more stable for the heavier members Lone pair in N of NH3 is present in sp3-hybrid
of the group due to inert pair effect. orbital which is more directional.
Both SiCl4 and CCl4 are covalent. White phosphorus (P4) undergo disproportionation
H3BO3 is weak monobasic and Lewis acid. in alkaline medium.
Me2SiCl2 H 2O
→ linear silicones P4 + (mixture of O2 and N2) P4O6
H3PO3 is dibasic and reducing agent because it Due to addition of N2 , rate of reaction decreases.
can oxidize to +5 oxidation state. Extra pure N2 can be obtained by heating metallic
KMnO4 + KOH + KI K2MnO4 + KIO3 azides, Ba(N3)2.
o −3 +1
    + H2O P4 + NaOH + H2O PH3 + NaH 2 P O2

k
H2S2O6 H2S2O8
(disproportionation)
+5 +2 o −3
S O

ac
O O HNO3 NO N2 N H 4 Cl
|| || || ||
HO—S—S—OH HO—S—O—O—S—OH
|| || || ||
O O O O

H2S2O3
O
H2S4O6
O
Cr See - saw shape
S || || P is NaOCl (Salt of HOCl, hypochlorous acid)
|| HO—S—S—S—S—OH
HO—S—OH || || Q is NaClO3 (Salt of HClO3, Chloric acid)
e_
|| O O
O R is SO2Cl2
In sheet silicates, three oxygen atoms are shared S is PCl5
of [SiO4]4–. T is H3PO4
In KMnO4 , Mn is present in its highest oxidation
Je

P4 + SOCl2 PCl3
state +7.
Due to release of NO2 gas, upper layer of HNO3
PbO2 + HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O + O2 turns yellow.
N2O3 is mixture of NO and NO2. No answer because all statements are correct.
Order of stability:
@

NO is diamagnetic in liquid state.

Black > Red > White phosphorus Order of acidic strength:
Cis-1, 2-diol consumes Na[B(OH)4] hence, this HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
reaction proceed in forward direction.
Interhalogen compound (ICl) is more reactive
Due to small size of B+3, Boron always forms than pure halogen.
covalent bond.
Order of boiling point:
In water, orthoboric acid donates only one H+.
He < Ne < Kr < Xe
H3BO3 + H2O [B(OH)4]– + H+
or
B(OH)3