Cancer:

Abnormal uncontrolled purposels division of cells may lead to formation /development of

mass ofundifferentiated cells i.e. tumor. When tumor is malignant, it is described as cancer
and has ability to invade other tissues.

Cancer harms the body when cancerous cells divide uncontrollably to form new lumps or
masses of tissue called neoplasm (except in the case of leukemia). Tumors can grow and
interfere with the normal functioning of various organs. They also release secretions which
alter body function(s).

It is one of the main killer diseases nowadays. Physicians and researchers who specialize
in the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer are called oncologists.Tumors
may develop anywhere in the body. However, all tumors are not cancerous. There are two
types of tumors: benign or nonmalignant and cancerous or malignant.

1. Benign or Nonmalignant Tumor

It grows slowly, may attain quite a large size, but it remains restricted to the site of its
origin (localized) and does not spread to other part of the body. This does not
necessarily mean that the benign tumors are not troublesome. Some benign tumors
are harmful and fatal e.g. brain tumor (A brain tumor may cause death because the
brain is squeezed against the hard skull). Moreover, the benign tumors may
sometimes become malignant. e.g. Adenoma and Fibroid.

.2. Malignant tumor or cancer:

The growth Rate of this tumor is rapid and Mortality rate is comparatively more than Benign
tumor. Rapid growth of tumors causes Overcrowding and disruption of normal cells.The
cancerous cells compete with the normal cells of nutrients and finally kill them.

These cells are spread from one organ to other via blood or lymph and from new tumors
called secondary tumors.The migratary process is called metastasis.

Types of Cancer:

There are five main types of cancers cording to the type of tissue affected. Cancers me
named according to the tissue from which may arise.
i.Carcinoma: Cancer that arise from epithelial tissue covering or lining the body organs is
known as carcinoma. It include breast cancer, lung cancer, cancer of stomach, skin
cancer, etc.

ii. Sarcoma: Cancer that arises from connective tissue is called sarcoma, It include bone
tumors (osteosarcoma), muscle tumors (myosarcoma), cancer of cartilage
(chondrosarcoma) and cancer of adipose tissue (liposarcoma).

iii. Lymphoma: Cancer that arises from lymphatic tissue, is called lymphoma. It occurs in
the lymphatic nodes, spleen and tissues of immune system.

iv. Leukemia: It is a type of blood cancer in which there is excessive formation of white
blood cells (WBCs) or leucocytes in the bone marrow. People suffering from leukemia have
very high leucocyte count. The blood contains millions of abnormal immature WBCs or
leucocytes that are incapable of fighting infections. There are various types of leukemia
such as monocytic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia etc.

v.adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinoma arises in thyroid,pituitary adrenal and other glandular

tissues.

b.causes of Cancer:

Although, it is still not very clear as to how the cancer is caused, several factors are now
known to be cancer-causing i.e. carcinogenic. These factors are as follows.

i. Chemicals: Several chemicals are known to induce cancer. These include

nicotine, caffeine, products of combustion of coal and oil. Several polycyclic
hydrocarbons, some sex hormone and steroids, if given or secreted in large
amounts, may cause cancer. Breast cancer seems to have hormonal
relationship. It is more commonly observed in women who avoid breast feeding.

ii.Radiation: The x-rays, gamma-rays cosmic rays, ultra-violet rays etc,are carcinogenie.
Incidence of skin cancer is higher in the people working in very sunny areas due to UV
radiation in the sunlight.
 iii.Viruses: Viruses causing cancer have genes called viral oncogenes (v-one
genes).these viruses is also called oncogenic viruses e.g EBV(Epestein-bar
virus),HPV(Human papiloma virus)etc.

iv. Oncogenes: Several genes called cellular oncogenes (c-one genes) or proto-oncogenes
have been identified in normal cells which when activated under certain condition could
lead to oncogenic transformation of cells.

V.. Addiction: Different types addictions likes smoking, chewing of tobacco lead to cancer
of mouth, lips and lungs. Alcohol consumption may result in cancer of oesophagus,
stomach, intestine and liver. Drugs also cause cancer eg. Marijuana, anaerobic steroids
etc.

Treatment of Cancer:

Cancer treatment consists of of a number of therapies which are follow combination

i.chemotherapy: Chemotherapy comprises administration of certain anticonces an The

anticancer drugs check cell d by inhibiting DNA synthesis or are toxic to cancerous cell
than to send tells. Chemotherapy may lead to hair or anoemia but both get corrected after
the treatment is stopped.

ii.Radiotherapy: It is used in addition chemotherapy. In radiotherapy, the basic principle is

to bombard the cancerous time or cells with the rays from radioactine materials. For
treatment, the cancer tissue or cells are exposed to radiations from radioactive materials
such as Cobalt iridium and iodine. The rays x-rays gamma rays and charge particles are
wed to destroy the cancerous tissue or cells but cause minimum damage to the
surrounding normal tissue or cells.

iii.Surgery: In surgery, the entire cancerus tissue or cells are removed surgically. It has
limited utility. In certain cases such as breast tumor or uterine tumor, the surgery is most
effective, but other treatments are also given to kill any cancerous cell that may have been
escaped in surgery.

iv.Immunotherapy: Tumor cell have been shown to avoid detection and destruction by
immune system. Therefore, the patients are given substances called biological response
modifiers such as a-interferon which activates their immune system and helps in
destroying the tumor.
V .Supportive therapy: Supportive therapy is used to treat symptoms of cancer and side
effects of cancer treatments. Objective of this therapy is to improve the quality of life of
cancer patient. This therapy varies depending upon condition of individual patient.

-Cancer Starts when a gene or several genes mutate and create cancerous cells.

-These cells create cancer clusters or tumors

-Cancerous cells may break away from tumors using lymphatic system or blood areas of
Your body stream to travel to other body.

# Types of cancer:

The most common types of cancer are;

1. Breast cancer
2. Lung cancer
3. Prostate cancer
4. Colorectal cancer
5. Blood Cancer
6. Cervical cancer ,etc

1. Breast cancer;

Breast cancer happens when cells in the breast grow and divide in an uncontrolled way,
creating a mass of a tissue called a tumor.

-It is most likely to affect women over the age of 50 but it can occur at any age.

-Experts Still don’t know exactly what causes. It to begin.

#Causes;

There are several risk factors that maybe Increase the Chances of developing breast cancer
which includes.

- Age;

Being cancer 55 or older increase the risk For breast cancer

- Sex;

women are much more likely to develop breast cancer than men

- Family history:
If your parents, siblings children or other close relatives have breast cancer, you’re at risk of
developing the disease.

- Smoking:

Tobacco use has been linked to many different types of cancer, including breast cancer.

- Alcohol use:

0Research indicates that drinking alcohol con increase your risk for certain types of mom

- Obesity:

Having obesity can increase your risk of breast cancer. Radiation exposure:

- Radiation exposure;

If the Person had prior radiation therapy. Especially to your head, neck or chest you’re more
likely to develop breast cancer.

- Hormone replacement therapy:

People who use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have a higher risk of being diagnosed
breast cancer

#symptoms;

Symptom may include:

• A change in the size, shape or contour of your breast.

• A mass or lump, which may feel as small as a Pea

• A lump or thickening in or near your breast or in your underarm that persists through
menstrual cyde

• A marble like hardened area under your skin

#Diagnosis;

The healthcare provide will also recommend tests. To check for breast abnormilities.

These tests may include:

- Mammogram;

These Special x-ray images can detect changes or abnormal growths of your breast.
A mammogram is commonly used in breast cancer Prevention.

- Ultrasonography;

This tests uses sound waves to take Pictures of the tissues inside of your breast -11’s used
to help diagnosed breast lumps or abnormalities

- Position emission tomography (PET) Scanning

.A Pet Scanning uses special dyes to highlight Suspicious areas.

.During this tests, your healthcare provider injects physical dye into your veins and takes
images with the scanner.

- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

This test uses magnets and radio waves to produce clear, detailed images of the structures
inside of your breast.

# Treatment;

Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy,

Immunotherapy or radiation therapy

ii)Lung cancer;

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs.

- The lungs are two spongy organs in the chest take in oxygen when we inhale and
release carbondioxide when we exhale
- Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
- People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung Cancer though lung cancer can
also occur in people who have never smoked.

#Causes;
- RADON:
This odorless, radioactive gas can seep into building including your house.
- WORKPLACE CHEMICALS:
Arsenic, asbestos, and nickel are among the most dangerous.
- AIR POLLUTION:
Outdoor air Pollution has a small effect on increasing. the risk of lung cancer fine
particulates and Sulfate aerosols which may be released in traffic exhaust fumes
are associated with slightly increased risk
- GENETICS
 Certain DNA changes make you more susceptible to developing the lung cancer
- RADIATION THEREPY :
The treatment of an earlier cancer can Sometimes trigger a new one.
#Symptoms:
Symptom may include;
.A new cough that doesn’t go away .Coughing up blood, even a small amount
.Shortness of breath
.Chest pain
.Hoarseness
.Losing Weight without trying
.Headache

# Diagnosis:

.CT Scan (computed Tomography)

.Bronchoscopy

.Lymph node biopsy

.Pulmonary function Test

.Cytology

#Treatment:

.Radiation therapy, Phototherapy

.Airway stunting

iii) Prostate Cancer;

Prostate occur is a cancer that occurs in the Prostate

- The prostate is a small walnut - shaped gland in males that produces the seminal
fluid that Nourishes and transport sperms.
- prostate cancer is one of the most common type of cancer.
- Many prostate cancers grow slowly and care confined to the prostate gland where
they may not cause serious horn.
#Causes:
Risk factors are things that can increase your risk of developing cancer some risk
factors for prostate cancer include.

.A family history of prostate cancer

 .Conditions such as prostatitis inflammation of the prostate and benign prostatic
hyperplasia (BPH) o non cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.
.A diet high in red meats and high fat dairy and low in fevits and vegetables.
.Obesity
#symptoms ;
Prostate cancer may cause no signs or symptoms in it's early stages.
prostate cancer that’s more advanced may cause signs and Symptoms such as

.Trouble urination

.Blood in urine

. Decreased force in the stream of urine

. Blood in the semen

. Bone Pain

# Diagnosis ;

.Digital rectal examination .Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)

.MRI fusion biopsy

.PCA 3 (prostate cancer gene 3)

.PSA testing

.Prostate -specific antigen brood rest

# Treatment;
Monitoring, radiation, surgery, hormone therapy chemotherapy

iv) colorectal cancer;

colorectal cancer, also known as bower cancer. Colon cancer or rectal cancer is any
cancer that affects the colon and rectum. Common signs include blood in the stool,
diarrhea. Or constipation

# Causes:

Factors that may increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer include.

• Age: the risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with age with most cases
occurring in individuals over 50 years old.
• Family history: a family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions such as
lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) can increase the risk.

• Personal history: individuals who have had colorectal cancer before or certain types of
polyps are at a higher risk:

.Lifestyle factors: Unhealthy lifestyle choices such as a diet high in processed meats and
low in Fruits and Vegetables, Sedentary behaviour obesity smoking and excessive alcohol
consumption, can increase the risk

#Symptoms;

Colorectal cancer may not cause symptoms in the early stages I does they may include.

.changes in bowel risk

.Diarrhea, constipation

. feeling that the bowel does not empty fully.

.Blood in feces that makes it look dark brown or black.

.Bright red blood from the rectum

.Abdominal pain and bloating

.fatigue or tirdness

.Anemia

# Diagnosis :

Diagnostic methods for colorectal cancer include

.computed tomography scans .magnetic resonance imaging

.Colonoscopy test.

.Biopsy test

.Ultrasound

# Treatment; Surgery to remove cancer, chemotherapy, radiation- therapy

V)Blood Cancer;

Most blood cancers are also known as hematologic cancers starts in the bone marrow
which is where blood is produced.
Blood cancers occurs when abnormal blood cells starts growing out of control,
interrupting the function of normal blood cells Which flight off infection and Produce new
blood cells.

There are three main types of blood and bone marrow cancers are leukemia, lymphoma &
myeloma

# Causes;

Genetic factors: certain genetic mutations or inherited conditions can increase the risk of
developing blood Cancer.

• Environmental factor : Exposure to certain environmental factors such as ionizing

radiation. benzene, certain chemicals may increase the risk of developing blood cancer.

• Age: The risk of developing blood cancer incenses with age with most cases diagnosed in
older adult

.Smokeing: Smoking tobacco has been associated with an increased risk of developing
certain types of blood cancer

#Symptoms;

Some common bone marrow and blood cancer Symptoms include

.Fever

.Persistent fatigue, weakness, Loss of appetite nausea.

.Night Sweats, Headache, Frequent infections.

# Diagnosis;

computed tomography ,X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ,Ultrasound, fiber-optic

endoscopy

# Treatment: Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy. Immunotherapy Targeted therapy, surgery

etc.

Vi)Cervical Cancer;

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects. The cells of the cervix which is the lower
part of the uterus that connects to the Vagina

It Is most commonly Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) a sexually infection

transmitted
Other risk factors for cervical cancer include smoking, a weakened immune system,
multiple sexual partners, and family history of cervical cancer.

#Causes;

1.Weakened immune system: Individuals with a weakened immune system, such as those
with HIV/AIDS or those taking immunosuppressive medications, are at higher risk of
developing cervical cancer.

2. Smoking: Smoking tobacco can increase the risk of cervical cancer and can also make
treatment less effective.

3. Multiple sexual partners: Having multiple sexual partners or having sex at a young age
can increase the risk of HPV infection and subsequent development of cervical cancer.

4. Long-term use of oral contraceptives : Women who have used oral contraceptives for an
extended period of time may have a slightly higher risk of developing cervical cancer.

5. history: A family history of cervical cancer or a history of other cancers, such as ovarian
or breast cancer, may increase the risk of developing cervical cancer.

6.Lack regular Pap smears: Not getting regular Pap smears to screen for abnormal cervical
cells can delay the detection of precancerous changes or early-stage cervical cancer.

#Symptoms;

1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after sex, or after
menopause.

2. Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor.

3. Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.

4. Pain or discomfort during urination.

5. Changes in bowel habits or urinary function.

# Diagnosis;

papsmear,Hpvtest,colposcopy,Biopsy,Imaging tests

#Treatment;

Surgery, Radiation therapy, chemotherapy Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy