The document discusses different data models including relational, hierarchical, and network models. It describes the basic building blocks of a data model like entities, attributes, and relationships. It also explains different types of relationships and provides examples. The advantages and disadvantages of each data model are highlighted.
The document discusses different data models including relational, hierarchical, and network models. It describes the basic building blocks of a data model like entities, attributes, and relationships. It also explains different types of relationships and provides examples. The advantages and disadvantages of each data model are highlighted.
The document discusses different data models including relational, hierarchical, and network models. It describes the basic building blocks of a data model like entities, attributes, and relationships. It also explains different types of relationships and provides examples. The advantages and disadvantages of each data model are highlighted.
The document discusses different data models including relational, hierarchical, and network models. It describes the basic building blocks of a data model like entities, attributes, and relationships. It also explains different types of relationships and provides examples. The advantages and disadvantages of each data model are highlighted.
Parul Institute Of Computer Application. CHAPTER-2 Data Models Data Models A database model may be a form of data model that determines the logical structure or variety of a database and essentially determines during which manner data is keep, organized, and manipulated.
The most standard example of a info model is:- relational model, which uses a table- based format. Data models outline however data is connected to every alternative and how they're processed and stored inside the system.
Data Model: a group of ideas to explain the structure or variety of a database,
and certain constraints that the database should obey. Data Model Basic Building Blocks
Entity:- Anything regarding that information are collected/stored. An entity is associate degree object that exists and is distinguishable from different objects. Example: specific person, company, event, plant An entity set could be a set of entities of the same type that share the same properties. Example: set of all persons, companies, trees, holidays Data Model Basic Building Blocks
An entity is represented by a collection of attributes; i.e., descriptive properties
possessed by all members of an entity set.
Example:-
teacher = (ID, name, street, city, earnings ).
course= (course_id, title, credits).
A set of the attributes type a primary key of the entity set;
i.e., uniquely identifying each member of the set.
Data Model Basic Building Blocks
Attribute Characteristic of an entity Relationship Describes an association among entities One-to-one (1:1) relationship (1 student enroll for one course) One-to-many (1:M) relationship (1 company many departments) Many-to-one (M:1) relationship (Many seller 1 product) Many-to-many (M:N or M:M) relationship (many books many authors) Constraint A restriction placed on the data Importance of Data Models
◼ Data models
◼ Representation generally graphical of complex real-world data structures.
◼ Facilitate interaction among the designer, the applications programmer and
the end user
◼ End-users have different views and needs for data
◼ Data model organizes data for various users
Categories of data models • Conceptual (high-level, semantic) data models:- Provide concepts that are close to the way many users perceive(distinguish) data. (Also called entity- based or its also called object-based data models.)
• Physical (low-level, internal) data models:- Provide concepts that describe
details of how data is stored in the computer.
• Implementation (representational/External) data models:- Provide concepts
that fall between the above two, balancing user views with some computer storage details. Database Relationship
A relationship is represented by diamond shape in Entity Relational diagram, it
shows the relationship among entities. There are four types of relationships: 1. One to One 2. One to Many 3. Many to One 4. Many to Many One to One Relationship • When a one instance of an entity is associated with a one instance of another entity then it is called one to one relationship. For eg:- , a person has only one passport and a passport is given to one person.
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One to Many Relationship
When a one instance of an entity is associated with more than one instances of another entity then it is called one to many relationship. For eg:- a customer can place many orders but a order cannot be placed by many customers.
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Many to One Relationship • When more than single instances of an entity is associated with a single instance of another entity then it is called many to one relationship. For eg:– many students can study in a single college but a student cannot study in many colleges at the same time.
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Many to Many Relationship • When more than single instances of an entity is associated with more than single instances of another entity then it is called many to many relationship. For eg:-, a can be assigned to many projects and a project can be assigned to many students.
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Hierarchical Model • In this model every entity has only single parent but will have many children . At the top of hierarchy there's only 1 entity that is named Root.
• A hierarchical database model is a data model in that the data are organized into a tree-like structure. ... The hierarchical database model mandates that each child record has only 1 parent, whereas every parent record can have one or a lot of child records.
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Hierarchical Model
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Advantages of Hierarchical Model •Have many different structures and forms. •Structures data in an upside-down tree. (Simplifies data overview) •Manages large amounts of data. •Express the relationships between information. •Many children per parent. •Distribute data in terms of relationships. •Improve data sharing. Network Model •The network model, entities are organised in a graph, in which few entities can be accessed through several path. •A network model is a database model that is designed as a flexible approach to representing object and their relationships. A unique features of the network model is its schema, which is viewed as a graph where relationship types are arcs and object types are nodes.
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Advantages Of Network Model •The Simple Concept: Similar to the hierarchical model, this model is simple and the implementation is effortless. •The Ability to Manage More Relationship Types: The network model has the ability to manage one-to-one (1:1) as well as many-to-many (N: N) relationships. •Easy Access to Data: Accessing the data is simpler when compared to the hierarchical model. •Data Integrity: In a network model, there's always a connection between the parent and the child segments because it depends on the parent-child relationship. •The Data Independence: Data independence is better in network models as opposed to the hierarchical models. Disadvantages Of Network Model •Data relationships must be predefined. •Much more complex than the hierarchical date model. •Users are still require to know the physical representation of the database •Information can be related in various and complicated ways. •Lack structural independence. Relational Model The relational data model was introduced in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd. He worked for IBM. All data is represented as simple tabular data structures which the user can access through a high-level non-procedural language. In 1974 IBM proposed a new high-level non-procedural language – SEQUEL (renamed into SQL in 1990). Advantages Of Relational Model • Structured independence is promoted. • Users do not have to know the physical representation of the database. • Use of SQL language to access data. • Easier database design. • Tabular view improves simplicity. • Support large amounts of data. • Data independence. • Multi-level relationships between data sets • No need to predefined data relationships. Disadvantages Of Relational Model
•Data anomalies. •People need training if they want to use the system effectively and efficiently. www.paruluniversity.ac.in
