PLASTIC

WASTE
MANAGEMENT
ISSUES, SOLUTIONS
& CASE STUDIES

MINISTRY OF HOUSING & URBAN AFFAIRS

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
www.mohua.gov.in March 2019
 Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)

PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

Issues, Solutions and Case Studies

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

www.mohua.gov.in
March 2019

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DISCLAIMER

At most care and effort has been taken while collecting and confirming the accuracy on the details
about the case studies and other information mentioned in the Advisory. However, it is suggested
that, any one desiring to replicate the processes/treatment methods, to make diligent enquiry and
thorough study on the suitability of the technologies based on the requirement, usage and intent.
Ministry assumes no liability on the completeness, accuracy or adequacy of any technology or the
information provided, or any loss or damage which might arise out of adopting these processes/
methods for on-site and decentralised waste processing technologies.

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Contents

1. Plastic Waste: A Global Concern 1

1.1 Harmful Effects of Plastics 2

2. Plastic Waste Generation in India 5

3. Plastic Waste Management 6

3.1 Types of Plastics 6
3.2 Plastic Waste Management (PWM Rules), 2016 7
3.3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery 8
3.3.1 Reduce 9
3.3.2 Reuse 18
3.3.3 Recycle 18
3.3.4 Recovery 42

4. Way Forward 46
4.1 Ten step Roadmap for Governments 46
4.2 Adoption of ‘Circular Economy’ 47
4.3 Extended Producer’s Responsibilities (EPR) 48

References 52

Annexure 53
I. Ban on ‘one time use’ and ‘throwaway’ Plastics in Tamil Nadu 53
II. Ban on use of plastic carry bags in Himachal Pradesh 56
III. Ban on manufacturing and use of ‘Thermocol Cutlery’ in Himachal Pradesh 59
IV. Ban on sale and use of disposable items made from Styrofoam in Sikkim 61
V. Government order for the Use of Plastics in Road construction. 62
Vi. Use of Plastic in Tamil Nadu while constructing Roads 65

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 1
1. Plastic Waste: A Global Concern
Plastic products have become an integral part of our or groundwater resources. While some kinds of plastic
daily life as a result of which the polymer is produced do not decompose at all, others could take up to 450
at a massive scale worldwide. On an average, years to break down. The figure captures per capita
produc- tion of plastic globally crosses 150 Million plastic consumption in FY 2014-15.
tonnes per year. Its broad range of application is in
packaging films, wrapping materials, shopping and Plastics are not inherently bad, and they have many
garbage bags, fluid containers, clothing, toys, redeeming ecological features. Many of the techniques
household and industrial products, and building we utilize in our designs involve targeted use of plastic
materials. products. Their durability and low maintenance reduce
material replacement, their light weight reduces
It is estimated that approximately 70% of plastic shipping energy, their formulation into glue products
packaging products are converted into plastic waste allows for the creation of engineered lumber and sheet
in a short span. Approximately 9.4 million TPA plastic products from recycled wood, and their formulation
waste is generated in the country, which amounts to into superior insulation and sealant products improves
26,000 TPD2 . Of this, about 60% is recycled, most the energy performance of our structures.
of it by the informal sector. While the recycling rate in
India is considerably higher than the global average of Once plastic is discarded after its utility is over, it is
20%3 , there is still over 9,400 tonnes of plastic waste known as plastic waste. It is a fact that plastic waste
which is either landfilled or ends up polluting streams

1 Source: Overview of Plastic Waste Management by CPCB (http://cpcb.nic.in/displaypdf.php?id=cGxhc3RpY3dhc3RlL21hbmFnZW1lbnRfcGxhc3

RpY3dhc3RlLnBkZg==)
2 Source: UNIDO Report- Recycling of Plastics in Indian perspective by Dr. Smita Mohanty
3 Source: https://ourworldindata.org/faq-on-plastics

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never degrades, and remain on landscape for desirable traits: its durability and resistance to
several years. Mostly, plastic waste is recyclable but decomposition, is also the source of one of its
recycled products are more harmful to the greatest liabilities when it comes to the disposal of
environment as plastics.
this contains additives and colors. The recycling of Natural organisms have a very difficult time breaking
a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 times down the synthetic chemical bonds in plastic,
only, because after every recycling, the plastic creating the tremendous problem of the material’s
material deteriorates due to thermal pressure persistence. A very small amount of total plastic
and its life span is reduced. Hence recycling is production (less than 10%) is effectively recycled;
not a safe and permanent solution for plastic the remaining plastic is sent to landfills, where it is
waste disposal. It has been observed that destined to remain entombed in limbo for hundreds of
disposal of plastic waste is a serious concern due to thousands of years, or to incinerators, where its toxic
improper collection and segregation system. compounds are spewed throughout the atmosphere
to be accumulated in biotic forms throughout the
Only 60% of the plastic produced is recycled, surrounding ecosystems
balance 9400 Tonnes of plastic is left
unattended in environment causing land, air • Groundwater and soil pollution
and water pollution. Plastic is a material made to last forever, and due
to the same chemical composition, plastic cannot
70% of Plastics packaging products are biodegrade; it breaks down into smaller and smaller
converted into plastic waste in a short span pieces5. When buried in a landfill, plastic lies untreated
for years. In the process, toxic chemicals from
1.1 Harmful Effects of Plastics plastics drain out and seep into groundwater, flowing
Plastic is versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture downstream into lakes and rivers. The seeping of
resistant, strong, and relatively inexpensive . Those 4
plastic also causes soil pollution and have now
are the attractive qualities that lead us, around started resulting in presence of micro plastics in soil.
the world, to such a voracious appetite and over-
consumption of plastic goods. However, durable • Pollution in Oceans
and very slow to degrade, plastic materials that are The increased presence of plastic on the ocean
used in the production of so many products, surface has resulted in more serious problems. Since
ultimately, become waste. Our tremendous most of the plastic debris that reaches the ocean
attraction to plastic, coupled with an undeniable remains floating for years as it does not decompose
behavioral propensity of increasingly over- quickly, it leads to the dropping of oxygen level in
consuming, discarding, littering and thus polluting, the water, severely affecting the survival of marine
has become a combination of lethal nature. species. Materials like plastic are non-degradable
which means they will not be absorbed and recycled.
The disposal of plastics is one of the least When oceanic creatures and even birds consume
recognized and most highly problematic areas of plastic inadvertently, they choke on it which causes
plastic’s ecological impact. Ironically, one of plastic’s a steady decline in their population. The harmful
most

4 Source: https://www.motherearthliving.com/health-and-wellness/harmful-effects-of-plastic-ze0z1205zsch

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5 Source: https://plasticpollutioncoalition.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/222813127-Why-is-plastic-harmful-

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effects of plastic on aquatic life are devastating, and 3. 83% of our drinking water contains plastic. Studies
accelerating. In addition to suffocation, ingestion, show that consuming plastic could lead to
and other macro-particulate causes of death in larger cancer, effects on hormone levels, and heart
birds, fish, and mammals, the plastic is ingested by damage. Plastics have been found in the blood of
smaller and smaller creatures (as it breaks down into even new born babies
smaller and smaller particles) and bio accumulates 4. Over 600 marine species are affected by plastics.
in greater and greater concentrations up the food Nearly 45000 marine animals have ingested
chain—with humans at the top. plastics and 80% were injured or killed. Plastics
can pierce animals from inside or cause starvation,
Even plankton, the tiniest creatures in our oceans, are entanglement, loss of body parts and suffocation.
eating micro plastics and absorbing their hazardous 5. As plastics travel with ocean currents, an island of
chemicals. The tiny, broken down pieces of plastic trash called the “Great pacific Garbage Patch”
are displacing the algae needed to sustain larger sea has been created. There are now many islands of
life who feed on them. Some important facts about trash in our seas.
Plastic:
1. Plastics are made from oil with a highly polluting • Dangerous for human life
production process. Plastics just do not dissolve; Burning of plastic results into formation of a
they break down into micro-particles that circulate class of flame retardants called as Halogens.
in the environment. A single water bottle can take
Collectively, these harmful chemicals are known
up to 1000 years to break down.
to cause the following severe health problems:
2. Asia is the world leader in plastic pollution. The cancer, endometriosis, neurological damage,
Philippines alone dumped over 1 billion endocrine disruption, birth defects and child
pounds of plastics into our oceans. That is
developmental disorders, reproductive damage,
over 118,000
immune damage, asthma, and multiple organ
trucks worth. In 30 Years there is likely to be more damage.
plastic in our oceans than fish.

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Figure: Whale killed by plastic waste Figure: Plastics recovered inside the whale

Figure: Great pacific Garbage Patch

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2. Plastic Waste Generation in India

According to the reports for year 2017-18, While these stats are 38% higher than the global
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has average of 20%, there is no comprehensive methods
estimated that India generates approximately 9.4 in place for plastic waste management. Additionally,
Million tonnes per annum plastic waste, (which there is a constant increase in plastics waste
amounts to 26,000 tonnes of waste per day), generation. One of the major reasons for this is that
and out of this approximately 5.6 Million tonnes 50% of plastic is discarded as waste after single use.
per annum plastic waste is recycled (i.e. 15,600 This also adds to increase in the carbon footprint
tonnes of waste per since single use of plastic products increase the
day) and 3.8 Million tonnes per annum plastic waste is demand for virgin plastic products.
left uncollected or littered (9,400 tonnes of waste per
day)6.

Out of the 60% of recycled plastic7:

• 70% is recycled at registered facilities
• 20% is recycled by
Unorganized Sector
• 10% of the plastic is recycled at home.

Figure: Plastic waste recycled in India

Figure: Rise of Plastic Consumption in India

6 Source: UNIDO Report- Recycling of Plastics in Indian perspective by Dr. Smita Mohanty
7 Source: http://cpcb.nic.in/Plastic_waste.php/

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3. Plastic Waste Management
3.1Types of Plastics
The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI) 3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
introduced its resin identification coding system in 4. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
1988 at the urging of recyclers around the country. 5. Polypropylene (PP)
The seven types of plastic include: 6. Polystyrene or Styrofoam (PS)
1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET) 7. Miscellaneous plastics (includes: polycarbonate,
2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) polylactide, acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene, styrene,
fiberglass, and nylon)

Figure: Types of Plastic

Figure: Examples of different types of Plastic

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Plastics are generally categorized into two types8: Salient features of Plastic Waste
• Thermoplastics: Thermoplastics or Thermo-softening Management (PWM Rules), 2016
plastics are the plastics which soften on heating • These rules shall apply to every Waste Generator,
and can be molded into desired shape such as Local Body, Gram Panchayat, Manufacturer,
PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC, PS etc. Importer, Producer and Brand Owner.
• Thermosets: Thermoset or thermosetting plastics • Carry bags made of virgin or recycled plastic,
strengthen on heating, but cannot be remolded or shall not be less than fifty microns in thickness.
recycled such as Sheet Molding Compounds The provision of thickness shall not be applicable
(SMC), Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP), Bakelite etc. to carry bags made up of Compostable plastic,
are the examples of the same. complying IS/ISO: 17088.
• Waste Generators including institutional
Nowadays, an alternate to petro-based plastic carry- generators, event organizers shall not litter the
bags/films has been introduced i.e. compostable plastic waste, shall segregate waste and handover
plastics (100% bio-based)carry-bags/films conforming to authorized agency and shall pay user fee as
IS/ISO: 17088.The Plastic Waste Management (PWM) prescribed by ULB and spot fine in case of
Rules 2016 also encourage the use of compostable violation.
carry-bags and products by exempting minimum • Local Bodies shall encourage use of plastic
thickness criteria of 50μm.Further, as per provision waste for road construction or energy recovery or
4 (h) of PWM Rules, 2016, the manufacturers or waste to oil or co-processing in cement kilns etc.
sellers of compostable plastic carry bags shall It shall be responsible for development and
obtain a certificate from the Central Pollution Control setting up of infrastructure for segregation,
Board (CPCB) before marketing or selling their collection, storage, transportation, processing and
products. disposal of the plastic waste either on its own or
The manufacturers/sellers of compostable carry- by engaging agencies or producers
bags/products are required to apply to CPCB asper • Gram Panchayat either on its own or by
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) available on engaging an agency shall set up, operationalize
CPCB’s Website9. and co- ordinate for waste management in the
rural
3.2 Plastic Waste Management (PWM Rules), area under their control and for performing the
2016 10 associated functions, namely, ensuring segregation,
The Government of India notified Plastic Waste collection, storage, transportation, plastic waste and
Management (PWM) Rules, 2016 on 18thMarch, channelization of recyclable plastic waste fraction
2016, superseding Plastic Waste (Management & to recyclers having valid registration; ensuring
Handling) Rules, 2011. These rules were further that no damage is caused to the environment
amended and named as ‘Plastic Waste Management during this process; creating awareness among
(Amendment) Rules, 2018 all stakeholders about their responsibilities; and
ensuring that open burning of plastic waste does
not take place

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8 Source: Toolkit on Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
9 Source: http://cpcb.nic.in/Plastic_waste.php
10 Source: Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016

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• Producer, Importers and Brand Owners need to • District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner
work out modalities for waste collection system for shall provide the assistance to SPCBs/PCCs,
collecting back the plastic waste within a period of Secretary-in- Charge, Urban Development
six months in consultation with local authority/State Department and Gram Panchayat under his
Urban Development Department and implement jurisdiction, whenever required for enforcement of
with two years thereafter. provisions of PWM Rules, 2016.
• State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)/
Pollution Control Committee (PCC) shall be the
3.3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery
authority for enforcement of the provisions of
Plastic bags are popular with consumers and
PWM Rules, 2016, relating to registration,
retailers as they are a functional, lightweight, strong,
manufacture of plastic products and multi-layered
cheap, and hygienic way to transport food and other
packaging, processing and disposal of plastic
products11. Most of these go to landfill and
wastes.
garbage heaps after they are used, and some are
• Concerned Secretary-in-charge of Urban
recycled. Once littered, plastic bags can find their
Development of the State or a Union Territory and
way on to our streets, parks and into our
concerned Gram Panchayat in the rural area of
waterways. Although plastic bags make up only a
the State or a Union Territory shall be the authority small percentage of
for enforcement of the provisions of PWM Rules,
all litter, the impact of these bags is nevertheless
Rules relating to waste management by waste
significant. Plastic bags create visual pollution
generator, use of plastic carry bags, plastic sheets
problems and can have harmful effects on aquatic
or like, covers made of plastic sheets and multi-
and terrestrial animals. Plastic bags are particularly
layered packaging.
noticeable components of the litter stream due to their

Figure: Management of Plastic Waste

11 Source: https://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/plastic-wastes-%E2%80%93-reduce-reuse-and-recycle-of-plastics-are-essential- to-

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make-environment-greener-and-safer/

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size and can take a long time to fully break down. 2. Minimize Buying Water
Many carry bags end up as unsightly litter in trees, Each year, close to 20 billion plastic bottles are thrown
streets, parks and gardens which, besides being in the trash. Making a habit of using reusable bottle
ugly, can kill birds, small mammals and other in the bag, use of water from office, home and work
creatures. areas where the quality of the water can be trusted
Bags that make it to the ocean may be eaten by
sea turtles and marine mammals, who mistake them 3. Minimize use of Plastics Cutlery
for jellyfish, with disastrous consequences. In Making a habit of using metal utensils instead of
developed countries billion bags are thrown away plastic cutlery would help saving a lot of plastics that is
every year, most of which are used only once before thrown in thrash every year.
disposal.
The biggest problem with plastic bags is that they 4. Purchase item Secondhand
do not readily break down in the environment. It has The newer items comes with lot of packaging
been found that, the average plastic carrier bag is materials instead try to use secondhand materials until
used for five minutes, but takes 500 years to it is very necessary
decompose.
5. Support a bag Tax or Ban
3.3.1 Reduce Support legislations and by laws which put taxes on
Plastic, of course, is uniquely problematic because ban of single use plastics
it’s non-biodegradable and therefore sticks around for
a lot longer than the other forms of waste. Few small
steps in day to day life would help to keep plastics
a
possible out of the waste stream. Some of these
steps may include:

1. Discourage the use of disposal plastics

Ninety percent of the plastic items in our daily lives
are used once and then abandoned: grocery bags,
plastic wrap, disposable cutlery, straws, coffee-cup
lids. Take note of how often we rely on these products
and replace them with reusable versions. It only takes
a few times of bringing our own bags to the store,
silverware to the office, or travel mug to office tea
areas before it becomes habit.

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Snapshot of Public-Private initiatives to REDUCE single use plastic bags and Styrofoam products
The table12 below is organized by continent and country, summarizing examples of retailers, Municipalities
and other public-private cooperation instituted to reduce the use of plastic bags and Styrofoam without
the implementation of a policy measure. The column “Features” overviews the initiative and the measures
implemented as well as the impact, as per the information available.

Area Country Year Action Taken Type Features

Asia Indonesia 2017 Government Memorandum Type: Because of a four-year campaign organized by citizens
commitment of understanding to get plastic bags banned in Bali, the governor signed a
memorandum of understanding to phase out plastic bags
by January 2018 (Prisco, 2017).

Europe Germany 2016 Public private Ban or levy Type: Voluntary ban or levy on plastic bags (retailers can
agreement decide whether to phase out plastic bags or to apply a fee
of €0.05 to €0.50 (about $0.06 to $0.60). The agreement
was made by the Ministry, the German Retail Federation
and participating companies to curb the use of plastic
bags. Many more companies participate without having
signed the agreement.). (German government, 2016,
Surfrider, 2017)
Switzerland 2016 Public private Levy Type: Switzerland’s largest supermarket chains introduced a
agreement plastic bag levy based on a voluntary agreement, which was
approved by the
parliament as an alternative to a total ban (Swiss
supermarkets, 2016).
Impact: Demand for plastic bags dropped by 80- 85%
(Price tag, 2017).

Luxemburg 2004 Public private Levy Type: 85 brands (including all big distributors) participate
agreement in the “Eco-sac” (“Öko-Tut”) initiative, a cooperate project
between the Ministry of the Environment, the Luxembourgian
Trade Confederation and the non-profit association Valorlux
to reduce the consumption of lightweight plastic bags by
replacing them with the so-called “Öko-Tut” (a reusable bag).
Impact: Plastic bag consumption dropped by 85% in nine
years and the “Öko-Tut” has replaced most free plastic
bags at supermarkets across
the country (Luxembourger leads way, 2013; Bänsch-
Baltruschat et al., 2017).
has replaced most free plastic bags at supermarkets
across the country (Luxembourger leads way, 2013; Bänsch-
Baltruschat et al., 2017).

North Canada 2016 Private Levy Type: A big supermarket chain announced that it will start
America Initiative charging consumers CAD 0.05 (around $0.04) per single-
use plastic bag and CAD 0.25 per reusable bag (The
Canadian Press, 2016).

Oceania Australia 2017 Private Ban or Levy Type: Some major supermarkets announced that they will
Initiative phase out lightweight plastic bags or
provide bags but charge AUD 0.15 ($0.12) per
bag (Pearlman, 2018).

12 Source: UN Environment: Single Use Plastics- A Roadmap for Sustainability

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Reducing and refusing plastic: Ban on usage
Altogether 18 States and Union Territories have taken initiative and imposed some kind of ban on plastic
manufacture, stock, sale, or use of plastic carry bags, namely Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.

Successful Case Studies on Plastics Ban within India:

CASE STUDY: OPERATION BLUE MOUNTAIN IN NILGIRIS, TAMIL NADU

CASE STUDY:
Operation BlueSIKKIM:
MountainFIRST STATE
campaign was TO BAN
led by PLASTICS
Supriya BOTTLES
Sahu, the & DISPOSABLE
district collector in 2001 toFOAM
ban the
PRODUCTS
use of plastic in the district. The campaign was crucial to unclog the river sources and springs in the
Sikkim, which is often applauded for being one of the cleanest states in India has now taken one more step
popular hill station of Nilgiris. The experiment has been documented by erstwhile Planning
to reduce its carbon footprint. In two recent notifications issued by the state’s home department, the Sikkim
Commission and UNDP as
government has decided to manage its waste in a more efficient and eco-friendly manner by banning the
the best practice on governance from Indian States. In order to make people understand, the campaign used
use of plastic water bottles in all Government meetings and programmes. Further, it has banned the use of
pictures offoam
disposable choking animals.
products Theythe
across also explained
entire state. how plastic clogs drains and also seeps into the lake and
other water bodies.
A huge quantity of municipal waste is created in the form of disposable products which are environmentally
hazardous, and claim a lot of space in landfills. It was found that a lot of disposable foam containers were
being used not just in bazaar areas at food stalls, but also in rural pockets. Owing to this, there is now a state-
wide ban on the use and sale of cups, plates, spoons, containers, and other foam items.

It is also stated that rampant use of packaged drinking water in departmental meetings and programmes has
led to the piling up of disposable plastic bottles that add an unnecessary burden on dump yards. Therefore, in
order to reduce creation of garbage in the form of used drinking
water plastic bottles it is notified that the packaged drinking
water bottles may not be used during any government meetings
or functions. The alternative proposed is to switch to filtered
water, water from large reusable dispensers or reusable water
bottles at such government functions and meetings.

The government has been initiating various measures to manage

the waste and maintain a clean environment. Sikkim was also
the first state in the country to ban the use of plastic bags in
1998.

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CASE STUDY: MAHARASHTRA- BAN ON PLASTICS

Maharashtra will be the 18th state in India to ban single-use

disposable plastic. Maharashtra has banned disposable
products manufactured from plastic and thermocol
(polystyrene). Maharashtra plastic ban carries penalties
starting at Rs. 5,000 and goes up to Rs 25,000 and 3
months of imprisonment. The government has played a major
role by bringing in the law, mechanism of imposing it, the fines
and the paraphernalia that goes with the implementation.
Now, flower vendors are sending flowers to people’s home in
cloth bags. Vegetables are being sold in cloth bags. Women
in
self-help groups are looking at making jute or cotton bags as
a major source of income. Medicines are coming in small
paper pouches. Tea and coffee stalls, college canteens and
restaurants are doing away with plastics. Also, the corporates like Starbucks, Coca Cola and
Bisleri have risen to the occasion and taken up responsibility of collecting waste plastics from
Mumbai and
recycle it or up-recycle it to different use. People participation can be seen as NGOs, schools,
celebrities, industrialists have begun campaigns to beat plastic pollution.

CASE STUDY: HIMACHAL PRADESH- SUSTAINABLE PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Government of Himachal Pradesh enacted the Himachal Pradesh Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control)
Act, 1995, to deal with the menace of plastic and other non-biodegradable waste. This Act embodied a move
towards scientific disposal of non-biodegradable waste and also imposed a ban on coloured plastic carry
bags produced from recycled plastic. The Government of Himachal Pradesh introduced the Sustainable
Plastic Waste Management Plan in 2009. The Plan focusses on controlling the use of plastic and developing a
systematic disposal mechanism. In order to achieve the objectives of its Clean Himachal and Healthy Himachal
drive, the Government also prohibited the use of plastic cups and plates in 2011; conducted Information,
Education and
Communication (IEC) activities to generate awareness about the harmful impact of plastic waste, and encouraged
citizens to stop using plastic products

Objectives:
The initiative aims to establish environment-friendly plastic waste disposal solutions. In the process it seeks to
ban the use of plastic bags and plastic products, and reduce plastic littering across the state. Further, in order
to ensure sustainability and continued community participation, the initiative seeks to spread environmental
awareness among the local population.

Stakeholders:
The Sustainable Plastic Waste Management Plan has been implemented by the Department of Environment,
Science and Technology (DEST), Government of Himachal Pradesh.
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Implementation Strategy:
The Sustainable Plastic Waste Management Plan has been implemented in three stages. Stage I aimed at
creating an enabling framework, Stage II focused on creating awareness through campaigns, and Stage III on
consolidation and sustainability.

Stage 1: Creating an enabling Framework:

The DEST began by establishing an environmentally sound solution for plastic littering and disposal. Its aim was
to adopt replicable and sustainable solutions for the state. After much deliberation, the DEST took the decision of
processing household waste in cement kilns and using plastic waste in road construction. As the Public Works
Department (PWD) plays a major role in the construction of roads, the first step was to convince it to adopt the
solution.

The DEST and PWD jointly conducted a pilot project in Shimla to test the technology. While DEST identified a
supplier of plastic waste shredders, PWD procured and used the output in the construction of a road in
Shimla The pilot demonstrated that the technology was cost effective and replicable, and provided a solution to
utilize plastic waste in an innovative and prudent manner. Thereafter, the DEST developed a comprehensive plan
for the identification of roads, modalities for collection and storage of plastic waste at collection centers, and
shredding for use in tarring. The PWD was trained on a technology that involved shredding and mixing of various
kinds
of plastic food packets, aluminium foil etc., with bitumen for tarring roads. Typically, each kilometer of road
consumes a tonne of plastic, used directly without cleaning. This cost effective technology allows savings of
approximately Rs. 35,000–40,000 per kilometer through reduced bitumen use.

Stage 2: Creating an enabling Framework:

In this stage of the project, the government launched the Polythene Hatao – Paryavaran Bachao campaign. The
first phase of the campaign focused on voluntary participation in schemes and actions aimed at cleaning the state
and encouraged citizens to understand the problem of plastic waste and the need to keep the state clean.
This campaign created awareness and encouraged the participation of Mahila Mandals, Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs), NGOs, associations of Panchayati Raj Institutions etc. Plastic waste was collected from hill slopes, forest
areas, rivers, drains etc., and IEC activities, such as video clippings and documentary films, were used to sensitize
the public. In this phase, 142 tonnes of polythene was collected from 10 districts for use in road construction.

Stage 3: Ensuring Consolidation and Sustainability:

Stage III of the campaign addressed the need for developing a sustainable mechanism for collection and disposal
of plastic waste, and focused on allocation of responsibilities and tasks to various departments. Role allocation
and monitoring, constitution of teams to curb offences related to littering and use of plastic bags, involvement of
eco-clubs to educate the general public and imposition of challans (monetary fines/penalties) were the highlights
of this stage.

An environment audit scheme was started in Stage III to monitor the environmental performance of the project as
well as to facilitate training and capacity building among school students, teachers and citizens.

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Impact:
1. Cleaner environment and reuse of waste plastic for roads:
The ban on plastics and the systematic waste recycling model have not only ensured cleaner surroundings
and contributed to environmental conservation but also supported infrastructure development through road
construction. The institutional mechanism for collection, transportation and utilization of plastic waste has
become functional and has been adopted across the state.

2. Public Awareness and Participation:

The plan has made a significant impact in building awareness and securing people’s cooperation. It is
encouraging people to collect plastic waste to minimize its negative environmental impact, and assume
responsibility for the maintenance of their local environment.

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Successful Case Studies13 on Plastics Ban across the continents

CASE STUDY: CHINA: NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL POLICIES

Regulations at national and local level
Context:
Prior to 2008 about 3 billion plastic bags were used in China every day, creating more than 3 million tonnes of
garbage each year. Due such large volume of plastic waste, plastic litter in China is now being called as “white
pollution”.

The National ban and levy

To curb the production and consumption of plastic bags, in 2008 the Government of China introduced a ban
on bags thinner than 25 microns and a levy on thicker ones, promoting the use of durable cloth bags and
shopping baskets. Exemptions were allowed for bags used in the handling of fresh food such as raw
meat and noodles for hygiene reasons.

Impact:
One year after the introduction of the legislation, the distribution of plastic bags in supermarkets fell on
average by 70%, avoiding the use of 40 billion bags. Within seven years, the number of plastic bags used by
supermarkets and shopping malls shrank by two-thirds, with 1.4 million tonnes of bags avoided. However,
plastic bags do remain common, especially in rural areas and farmers’ markets, due to weak enforcement.
China has recently (January 2018) introduced a ban on the import of plastic scraps

CASE STUDY: COSTA RICA: TOTAL SINGLE-USE PLASTIC BAN

First to pledge phasing out all single-use plastic bags
Context:
Costa Rica has emerged as an environmental leader in many ways. It was successful in doubling its forest
cover from 26% in 1984 to more than 52% in 2017 and plans to be carbon neutral by 2021. Costa Rica
now aims to become the first country in the world to ban all single-use plastics by 2021.

The ban
On 5 June 2017, World Environment Day, the government announced a National Strategy to phase out all
forms of single-use plastics by 2021 and replace them with alternatives that biodegrade within six months. The
ban aims at eliminating not only plastic bags and bottles, but also other items such as plastic cutlery, straws,
Styrofoam containers and coffee stirrers. The Strategy promotes the substitution of single-use plastic through
five actions:
i. Municipal incentives,
ii. Policies and institutional guidelines for suppliers,
iii. Replacement of single-use plastic products,
iv. Research and development, and
v. Investment in strategic initiatives.
In implementing this project, the government is supported by the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), local governments, civil society and private sector groups.

13 Source: UN Environment: Single Use Plastics- A Roadmap for Sustainability

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CASE STUDY: KENYA: PUNITIVE TOTAL BAN
Severe plastic bag ban
Context:
Prior to 2017, about 100 million plastic bags were used in Kenya every year in supermarkets alone, impacting
the environment, human health and wildlife especially in areas where waste management systems are
inadequate. In Western Kenya, veterinarians claimed that in their lifetime cows ingest a considerable amount of
plastic bags, among other plastics

The ban
In February 2017, the Government of Kenya announced a ban on the production, sale, importation and
use of plastic carry bags, which came into full effect after six months (in August 2017). Under the new law,
representing the third attempt in the past decade, offenders can face fines of up to $38,000 or four-year jail
terms, making Kenya’s plastic bag ban the most severe in the world. Before the law entered into force, UN
Environment supported the organization of a stakeholder dialogue where national and local-level officials could
engage with private sector representatives to exchange views on how best to implement the regulation

Large supermarket chains are selling reusable cloth bags, as the government encourages retailers to offer
consumers alternatives to plastic bags. Kenyans are slowly adjusting to life without plastic bags but there is
not yet a clear account of the impact of the ban. The government is now starting an analysis to measure the
overall act of the ban. On one hand local ‘green’ businesses see this as an opportunity for new innovative
solutions to succeed and prosper, on the other hand, during this transition period - where there is lack of
affordable eco-friendly alternatives – hygiene and food loss concerns are being raised by small-scale vendors
(selling for instance pre-cooked foods, fruits and vegetables in markets).

CASE STUDY: RWANDA: TOTAL BAN

Total plastic bag ban: Cleaner cities and rural
areas Context:
In 2004, the Rwandan Ministry of Environment, concerned by the improper disposal of plastic bags, as they
were often burned or clogged drainage systems, commissioned a baseline study which revealed that plastic
bag litter was threatening agricultural production, contaminating water sources and creating visual pollution.

Introduction of the ban

In 2008 the Rwandan government banned the manufacturing, use, sale and importation of all plastic bags.
Paper bags replaced plastic ones, and citizens also started using reusable bags made of cotton. Along
with the new ban, tax incentives were provided to companies willing to invest in plastic recycling equipment
or in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly bags.

Critics claim that stakeholders were insufficiently consulted during the policy design and that the poorest
fractions of the population were not considered. Despite the good intentions, after the entry into force of the
ban, investments in recycling technologies were lacking, as were good and cheap alternatives. As a result,
people started smuggling plastic bags from neighboring countries and a lucrative black market emerged.

What worked well

With time, enforcement of the law became stricter, and if caught, offenders would face high fines and even jail.
In the long run, citizens became used to the new regulation and, Kigali, the capital of Rwanda, was nominated
by UN Habitat in 2008 as the cleanest city in Africa.

16 Swachh Bharat Mission -

CASE STUDY: ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
In January 2016, Antigua and Barbuda prohibited the importing, manufacturing and trading of plastic shopping
bags. In July of the same year, the distribution of such bags at points of sale was banned, leaving enough time
for retailers to finish their stocks. Since plastic bags sold in large retailers accounted for 90% of the plastic
litter in the environment, the ban was first implemented in major supermarkets, and later extended to smaller
shops.

What worked well

Key elements of policy’s success include four rounds of stakeholder consultations to ensure engagement and
acceptance of the policy. Stakeholders engaged include major retailers, the National Solid Waste Management
Authority, the Ministry of Trade and the Department of Environment. After approval by the Cabinet, it was
decided that the ban would be incorporated in the existing legislation, as this was more expedient than
instituting a new law. An awareness-raising campaign titled “I’m making a difference one bag at a time”
included frequent television short clips by the Minister of Health and the Environment providing information
on the progress of the ban and feedback from stakeholders. A jingle was produced to promote the use of
durable bags for a cleaner and healthier environment. Moreover, shoppers were provided with reusable bags
outside supermarkets, and seamstresses and tailors were taught how to manufacture such bags so as to
meet increasing demand. Major supermarkets were also required to offer paper bags from recycled material,
in addition to reusable ones. To encourage the manufacturing and use of alternatives to plastic bags, the
legislation includes a list of materials that will remain tax free, such as sugar cane, bamboo, paper, and potato
starch.

Impact
In the first year, the ban contributed to a 15.1% decrease in the amount of plastic discarded in landfills in
Antigua and Barbuda, and paved the way for additional policies targeting the reduction of plastics. For
instance, the importation of plastic food service containers and cups was prohibited in July 2017. As of
January 2018, single-use plastic utensils were banned, as well as food trays and egg cartons. At a later stage,
Styrofoam coolers are also expected to be outlawed.

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3.3.2 Reuse
• Most waste plastics films specially thin plastics
Reuse is a step up from recycling. It diverts plastic and
films have limited market value, therefore effort
takes pressure off the recycling services. In fact, reuse
is not spent in collecting them
is the middle-man between reduce and recycle, and
• Identification of reuse and recycling opportunities
some would be surprised at how many opportunities
• Markets for Plastics; Lack of Infrastructure
for reuse there really are.
• Low value of recovered Plastics
• Subsidies for recycling program
One can reuse plastic-produce bags for
sandwiches, plastic grocery bags for small trash
A number of factors can complicate the practice
bags, and re-use plastic silverware. Most people
of plastics recycling, such as the collection of
skip this step and go directly to recycling, but
the
reusing plastics can reduce the demand for new
plastics waste, separation of different types of plastics,
plastics to be created.
cleaning of the waste and possible pollution of the
For instance, since refillable plastic containers can be
plastics. A further complicating factor is the low-
reused for many times, container reuse can lead to
value nature of most of the products that can be
a substantial reduction in the demand for disposable
manufactured from recycled plastics. Reusing plastic
plastic and reduced use of materials and energy, with
is preferable to recycling as it uses less energy and
the consequent reduced environmental impacts.
fewer resources, however recycling plastic takes less
energy than making plastic from raw materials.
3.3.3 Recycle
It has been observed, to reduce bad effects of waste
Recycling and re-utilization of waste plastics have
plastics, it is better to recycle and re-utilize waste
several advantages. It leads to a reduction of the use
plastics in environment-friendly manners. In addition
of virgin materials and of the use of energy, thus also a
to reducing the amount of plastics waste requiring
reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.
disposal, recycling and reuse of plastic can have
Benefits of Recycling:
several other advantages, such as:
• Reduces Environmental Pollution
• Conservation of non-renewable fossil fuels – Plastic
• Energy savings : 40 - 100 MJ/kg (depends on
production uses 8% of the world’s oil production,
the polymer)
4% as feedstock and 4% during manufacture
• Economic Benefits
• Reduced consumption of energy
• Reduces demand for virgin polymer
• Reduced amounts of solid waste going to landfill
• Preferred to Land Filling
• Reduced emissions of carbon-dioxide (CO2),
• Generates Employment
nitrogen-oxides (NOx) and Sulphur-dioxide (SO2).
• Reduces depletion of Fossil fuel reserves

Segregation of waste at source is also a very

Difficulties in Recycling:
important step in managing plastic waste generated.
• Hard to separate from non-plastics (no ‘magnet’
There are several cities which are excelling in this. In
equivalent)
addition to segregation of waste at source, some cities
• Differing composition of plastic resins means they
have set up segregation centers in the entire city to
are largely incompatible
facilitate secondary segregation of plastic waste into
• Degradation of polymer chains on recycling
25- 27 categories and assist in recycling of plastic.
• Recycled polymer is of lower quality than virgin
A number of recycling techniques of the plastics
polymer
have been collected which can be adopted by the

18 Swachh Bharat Mission -

municipality in dealing the issue of plastic waste. It 2. Air Tabling: A density concentration technique
includes technology like in which particles of mixed sizes, shapes, and
1. Mechanical Recycling densities are separated from each other due to
2. Feedstock Recycling the differential settling in an upward airflow
3. Plastic to Road Construction with
4. Plastic to Toilet / Pavement Blocks controllable velocity and under the influence of a
5. Recycling of Multi-layered plastic vibrating action.

3.3.3.1 Mechanical Recycling 3. Ballistic Separator: It is designed to separate solid

Techniques for Sorting and Separation of waste at the inlet, depending on size, density &
Plastic Waste: shape
1. Air Classifier (also known as a Zig Zag Separator):
A technique used for Separating of light films or 4. Dry and Wet Gravity Separation (or Sink Float
contaminating paper/foil, or for separating fine Tank): In this technique, different types of
dust from reclaimed material such as plastic flake plastics are separated based on their density. The
or other granular materials. It is usually used after heavier plastic fractions sink to the bottom of
Granulation or Dry Cleaning Operations and is the tank whilst the lighter fractions float to the
very effective. surface. It is used in the recycling of plastic
bottles and their
caps. Mostly the lids and caps of these bottles are

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

 Figure: Mechanical Recycling

20 Swachh Bharat Mission -

 made from colored HDPE plastic and the sorting to positively identify different resins. It is
bottles from PET plastic. Within the Sink-Float usually used for whole bottles & jugs and requires a
Tank the HDPE floats, whilst PET sinks. minimum particle size of 50mm

5. Froth Flotation: It is an intensive rinsing process Extrusion & Palletisation

with the addition of either fluid or steam and Plastics extrusion is a high-volume manufacturing
it has the ability to extract large volumes of fluid process in which raw plastic is melted and formed
making it an effective choice for recycling. Friction into a continuous profile. Extrusion produces items
Separation dissolves and separates impurities such as pipe/tubing, rods, fencing window frames,
sticking to the product, utilizing a high level plastic films and sheeting, thermoplastic coatings and
of rotation and friction. Often used to clean wire insulation. This process starts by feeding plastic
mixed plastics and for highly contaminated films. material (pellets, granules, flakes or powders) from a
This technique is an ideal choice for soiled hopper into the barrel of the extruder. The material is
plastics to be treated in the recycling process. gradually melted by the mechanical energy generated
by turning screws and by heaters arranged along the
6. Electrostatic Separation (or Triboelectric barrel. The molten polymer is then forced into a die,
Separation): In this techniques, electrostatically which shapes the polymer into a shape that hardens
charged particles are passed through a tribo- during cooling.
cyclone, and negatively charged particles gravitate
towards the positively charged plate and vice-
versa, thereby classifying 3 or more resins at
once.

Apart from the techniques mentioned above, there are

sensor based separation technologies also available
for plastic waste:

1. Plastic Color Sorting:

In this technique, ultra-violet light is used in
combination with excellent digital camera technology
Figure: Extrusion and Palletisation method of plastic waste recycling
to identify materials as small as 0.04mm.This range
of plastics colour sorting machines cover material
throughputs of 300-1800 kgs/hr. The machine 3.3.3.2 Feedstock Recycling
throughputs are dependent upon material type and a) Depolymerisation
quantity of contamination. The sorting accuracy is The process De-polymerization is degradation of
typically up to 99.99%. bonds to break down into monomers. This process
is utilized for the degradation of plastic to lower
2. Near Infrared (NIR) hydrocarbons. Chemical Depolymerisation has
When materials are illuminated they mostly reflect light successfully been employed to recover monomers
in the near infrared wavelength spectrum. The NIR from PET, polyamides such as nylons and
sensor can distinguish between different materials polyurethanes. It has the ability to return a recovered
based on the way they reflect light. This uses optical resin to virgin resin-like quality, and the potential to

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recover a valuable feedstock from products that converted into either of the products: Liquid RDF,
are economically challenging to recycle. The De- gases and solids. The solids can be reused as fuel
polymerization is carried out in a specially designed in cement industries while the gas is reused in the
Reactor, in absence of oxygen and in the system as a fuel. The unused hot Air from the reactor
presence is released through chimney.
of certain catalytic additives. The maximum reaction
temperature is 350°C. The entire feed material is

FEEDSTOCKS AND OUTPUT WITH THERMAL DEPOLYMERIZATION

(Note: Paper/cellulose contains at least 1% minerals, which was probably grouped under carbon solids.)

Average Thermal Depolymerisation (TDP) Feedstock Outputs

Feedstock Oils Gases Solids (mostly Water (Steam)

carbon based)

Plastic bottles 70% 16% 6% 8%

Medical waste 65% 10% 5% 20%

Tires 44% 10% 42% 4%

Sewage sludge 26% 9% 8% 57%

Paper (cellulose) 8% 48% 24% 20%

Process flow diagram for production of Liquid RDF from waste plastic

22 Swachh Bharat Mission -

b) Plastic to Fuel (Pyrolytic • Acid removal process: Acids that form in the
Conversion Technologies) breakdown are required to be removed as they
A new generation of conversion technology, can be corrosive to the plastic to fuel systems as
specifically designed to manage non-recyclable well as the engines that will consume the fuel.
plastics, has been developed, and commercial • Separation / final blending / refining: As per the
scale facilities that use pyrolysis technology to end-use.
convert plastics into oil and fuel are being
established Fuel yield estimates will be different and yields will vary
in Europe and Asia. Pyrolysis is the thermal from batch to batch depending on the quality of the
decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures feedstock being used. The more contamination and
in an inert atmosphere. non-resin materials present, the less the fuel yield will
be. Higher presence of PS, PP and LLDPE, will result
The benefits presented by plastic to fuel (PTF) in higher yield.
technologies are two-fold:
(1) Transforming non-recyclable plastics into a
Output Percentage of Overall Output
valuable commodity
Char Ranges on average from 2% -13%
(2) Creating a reliable source of alternative energy (one system claims negligible amounts of char
from an abundant, no/low cost feedstock. when the system is run on a continuous feed vs
a batch feed)

Steps in pyrolysis to convert scrap plastic to

Natural Ranges average from 8% to 10%
fuel sources:
gas
• Segregation and Pre-treatment: Plastic waste
Fuel/Oil Ranges average from 80% - 90%
(only HD, LD, PP and multilayer packaging
except PVC) is segregated and pretreated. The One gallon (3.78 liters) of oil = 138,095 BTUs (40 kWh)
One pound (0.45 Kg) of mixed plastic = 15,500 BTUs
pretreatment could be as minor as size reduction or
(when incinerated) (4.5 kWh)
as involved as cleaning and moisture removal.
• Conversion: Pyrolytic processes are used to
convert the plastic to gas. It is undertaken in close c) Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT):
reactor vessel where waste plastics is heated at Plasma Pyrolysis is a state of the art technology,
high temperatures to convert it into vapour state. which integrates the thermo-chemical properties
The catalyst is added whereby the pyrolysis requires of plasma with the pyrolysis process. The intense
less energy and results in the formation of more and versatile heat generation capabilities of Plasma
branched hydrocarbons. The gas generated in Pyrolysis technology enable it to dispose of all types
the process is reused as fuel in the process of plastic waste including polymeric, biomedical
thus making the process economically viable and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner.
and also help in minimizing air pollution. Pyrolysis is the thermal disintegration of carbonaceous
• Distillation: The gas is collected in condensation material in oxygen-starved atmosphere. In Plasma
chamber and is converted in the form of liquid fuel. Pyrolysis, firstly the plastics waste is fed into the
The oil has properties similar to LDO and can be primary chamber at 8500°C through a feeder. The
safely used as an alternative to LDO in industries waste material dissociates into carbon monoxide,
thus conserving the already depleting natural hydrogen, methane, higher hydrocarbons etc. Induced
resources. draft fan drains the pyrolysis gases as well as
plastics

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 Figure: Plastic to Fuel

The process conditions are maintained such that it

CASE STUDY: GOA- PLASTIC TO eliminates the possibility of formation of toxic dioxins
LIQUID RDF and furans molecules (in case of chlorinated waste).
M K Aromatics has planned to set-up a plant in
The conversion of organic waste into non-toxic gases
Goa which would use environmental friendly
(CO2, H2O) is more than 99%. The extreme conditions
system for processing plastic waste into
of plasma kill stable bacteria such as bacillus stereo-
hydrocarbons/ crude oil. The plant would use all
thermophilus and bacillus subtilis immediately.
types of plastics for production of oil in their
process. The expected output ratio is going to vary
3.3.3.3 Plastic to Road Construction
with the type of plastics being used. For High
The implementation of plastics in roads opens a new
quality plastics such as
option for recycling post- consumer plastics. Plastic
Milk packets etc. the yield is expected to be 80%
roads are made entirely of plastic or of composites of
however, yield for other low quality plastics output
plastic with other materials.

waste into the secondary chamber where these

The types of plastic that can be used for construction
gases are combusted in the presence of excess air.
of roads are Polystyrene (PS) (Hard packaging,
The inflammable gases are ignited with high voltage
cartons, plates, vending cups etc.); Polypropylene
spark.
(PP) (ketchup bottles, yogurt cups etc.); Polyethylene
The secondary chamber temperature is maintained
(PE) (both high and low density) (plastic bags, water
at 10500 °C. The hydrocarbon, CO and hydrogen
bottle, shampoo bottle etc.). Please note that Poly
are combusted into safe carbon dioxide and water.

24 Swachh Bharat Mission -

 of this grade confirm to that of S 65 grade of IS –
Vinyl Chloride (PVC) sheets or Flux sheets should not
73- 1992. It is presently used mainly in construction
be used.
of National Highways & State Highways.

a) Methodology
Bitumen 30/40: This is the hardest of all the grades
The waste plastic has to be collected, segregated,
and can withstand very heavy traffic loads. The
cleaned and then shredded as shown in Figure
characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S
below. The shredded waste plastic shall pass
35 grade of IS-73-1992. Bitumen 30/40 is used in
through 4.75 mm sieve and be retained on 1 mm.
specialized applications like airport runways and also
This also indicates indirectly that the size of the
in very heavy traffic volume roads in coastal cities of
shredded plastic should normally be 2-3 mm for better
the country.
spread and coating the aggregate.
The Bitumen to Plastic ratio shall be 10:1.

• Types of Bitumen
b) Plastics as a ‘binder’
The three classifications of bitumen used in the
Waste plastic is shredded into required size and
construction of roads are mentioned below:
mixed with hot stone (150 to 170 °C) with uniform
Bitumen 80/100: The characteristics of this grade
mixing.
confirm to that of S 90grade of IS-73-1992. This is the
When heated to around 150 to 170 °C, plastic melts
softest of all grades available in India. This is suitable
and spreads over the stone aggregate in its molten
for low volume roads and is still widely used in the
state, giving a thin coating at the surface and acting as
country.
a binder. The points to note here are:

Bitumen 60/70: This grade is harder than 80/100 and

• Plastics cannot be melted separately to use for
can withstand higher traffic loads. The characteristics
coating. On contact with the surface of the hot stone

Figure: Steps to shred plastic waste for recycling purpose

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 the plastic gel softens and coats over the aggregate. Waste polymers namely PE, PP and PS are
It is important to note that the size of the shredded hydrocarbons with long chains. The bitumen is a
plastic should be less than the surface area of the complex mixture of asphaltenes and maltenes which
aggregate to get uniform coating, otherwise the are also long chain hydro carbon. When bitumen
binding will not be effective. is mixed with plastic coated aggregate a portion of
bitumen diffuses through the plastic layer and binds
• The waste plastic when heated to temperature more with aggregate. The plastic layer has already bonded
than 250 °C may decompose producing gaseous strongly with aggregate. During this process three
products which results in air pollution, hence the dimensional internal cross linked network structure
temperature during heating shall be maintained results between polymer molecules and bitumen
between 150 to 170 °C. It is to be ensured that constitutes.
plastic is boiling and not burning.
Therefore the bond becomes stronger and the removal
• Interaction between Plastic Aggregate and of bonded bitumen becomes difficult. Below figure
Bitumen illustrates the plastic aggregate bitumen interaction for
When the aggregate temperature is around 150 to 170
the plastic waste coated aggregate bitumen mix.
°C the coated plastic is in a molten state and over
this, hot bitumen at 160 °C is added. The added • Types of Process
bitumen spreads over the aggregate. At this The two processes for manufacturing bituminous
temperature mixes using waste plastic are dry and wet
both the coated plastic and bitumen are in the liquid process. In the dry process, the processed waste
state, capable of easy diffusion at the interphase. plastic is added after shredding into the hot
This process is further helped by the increase in the aggregates and is recommended for isolated
contact area (increased surface area). works; while in the wet process, processed waste
plastic in the form of powder is added in the hot
bitumen.

Figure: Bitumen and Plastic Aggregate

26 Swachh Bharat Mission -

i. Mini Hot Mix Plant
the bitumen is to be heated to a maximum of 160
The stone aggregate mix (as per specification) is °C (HRS Specification) in a separate chamber and
transferred to the mix cylinder where it is heated to kept ready (The temperature should be monitored to
165 °C (as per the IRC specification) and then it is have good binding and to prevent weak bonding).
transferred to the mixing puddler.

At the mixing puddler, the hot bitumen is added over

the plastic coated aggregate and the resulted mix is
used for road construction as shown in figure. The
road laying temperature is between 110°C to 120°C.
The roller used is a one with 8-ton capacity.

ii. Central Mixing Plant (CMP)

Figure: Mini Hot Mix Plant
The Central Mixing Plant technique includes three
material types:

The temperature can be monitored using IR

Materials I– The hoppers are filled with necessary
thermometer, while transferring the hot aggregate into
ggregates as per the mix formula
the puddler, calculated quantity of shredded plastics is
sprayed over the hot aggregate within 30 seconds.
Materials II– Plastic films (thickness not more than
60microns) to be cut to a size less than 4 X 4 mm.
It should not exceed this size.
Materials III– Bitumen of type 60/70 or 80/100 to be
used

In Central Mixing, the stone is heated and at the same

time the plastics films get melted over the heated
Figure: Mixing of Plastic with Hot Aggregate
stone and gets coated. Slowly the plastics coated
aggregate moves forward where this polymer coated
The sprayed plastic films melts and gets coated
aggregate mix is mixed with bitumen. Overall the
over the aggregate thus forming an oily coating.
process consists the following steps:
Similarly,

Figure: Mixing of Bitumen with plastic coated aggregate

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1. The aggregate materials are transferred to the 3. The polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix is then
cylinder through the conveyer belt. transferred to the dipper.

2. The shredded plastic is sprayed over the aggregate Salient features/ Advantages of CMP Process
while it is moving in the conveyer belt. 1. Easy process without any new machinery or
industry involvement
• The spraying is done by manual labors standing
up on both side of the conveyer belt of the central 2. Use of lesser percentage of bitumen and thus
mixing plant. While one person adds the shredded savings on bitumen
plastics on the conveyer belt, in the meantime
another person keeps another bucket full of plastics 3. No evolution of any toxic gases like dioxin
ready so that the addition of plastics is continuous
and done quantitatively. 4. Mixing of the plastics over the aggregate is uniform
and better distribution takes place in Central Mixing
• The amount of plastic to be added is calculated Plant
as follows:
- In the CMP, at the control room the addition of 5. The coating is better when the mixing of bitumen is
bitumen is monitored. being carried out:
- The amount of bitumen sprayed per minute inside a. Inside the Cylinder
the cylinder is to be checked. For example, If the b. During loading in the dipper.
bitumen quantity per minute is 10Kg, the plastic c. During transferring the mix in the paver
need to be added is 1Kg. (i.e. a bucket can be d. During the spreading of the mix by the paver
used which can hold 1 Kg at a time).
- Hence, the shredded plastics taken in the bucket
are sprayed with a speed of 1Kg/min.

• As the plastic is added over the aggregate, the mix

(aggregate and plastics) moves into the cylinder.

28 Swachh Bharat Mission -

• Flowchart of Plastic Bitumen Road process

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• Specification for different types of Plastic Bitumen Road
The key specification for the different types of plastic bitumen road (optimum quantity of polymer 10% by weight
of bitumen) is shown in the table below.

Table: Specification for the different types of plastic Bitumen road

Type of Pavement Aggregates Bitumen Polymer IRC

SDBC 40mm thick-10m2 13.2mm-0.10m3 34.20kgs 508

11.8mm-0.16m3 3.8kgs
6.7mm -0.16m3
2.8mm -0.18m3

SDBC 25mm thick -10m2 11.2mm -0.10m3 21.6kgs 2.4kgs 508

6.7mm -0.16m3
2.8mm&below-0.11m3

Bituminous Concrete 40mm thick-10m2 26.5-9.5mm -0.40m3 38.7kgs 4.3kgs 509

9.5-2.36mm -0.22m3
18kgs-cement/hydrates lime/rock dust

Bituminous Concrete 25mm thick-10m2 19-9.5mm -0.25m3 24.3kgs 2.7kgs 509

9.5-2.36mm-0.14m3

Open grade premix carpet -10m2 (22.4-11.2mm)13.2mm-0.18m3 13.14kgs 1.46kgs 511

(13.2-5.6mm)11.2mm-0.09m3

Premix carpet with seal coat Type A-10m2 13.2mm -0.18m3 13.14kgs 1.46kgs 511
11.2mm -0.09m3
6.7mm -0.09m3

Premix carpet Type B-10m2 13.2mm -0.18m3 13.14kgs 1.46kgs 511

11.2mm -0.09m

Seal Coat Type B Clean good sand-0.06m3 6.6kgs 0.25kgs 511

Surface dressing Single coat/First coat-10m2 13.2mm -0.15m3 16.2kgs 1.8KGS ---

Bituminous Macadam 75mm thick -10m2 (45-22.4mm -0.63m3 52.2kgs 5.8kgs 504
(22.4-11.2mm) -0.16m3
(11.2-2.8mm) - 0.25m3

(26.5-11.2mm)-0.42m3 34.2kgs 3.8kgs 504

2
Bituminous Macadam 50mm thick -10m (11.2-2.8mm) -0.10m3
2.8mm -0.18m3

Dense Bituminous Macadam 75mm thick -10m2 (37.5-13.2mm) -0.35m3 62.1kgs 6.9kgs 507
13.2-2.36mm) -0.45m3
2.36mm& below -0.20m3
36kgs –rock dust

Dense Bituminous Macadam 50mm thick -10m2 (26.5-13.2mm) -0.35m3 41.4kgs 4.6kgs 507
(13.2-2.36mm) -0.21m3
2.36mm& below -
0.14m3 24kgs
cement/rock dust

30 Swachh Bharat Mission -

c) Performance Evaluation of Polymer Coated The results obtained for these roads mentioned in the
Bitumen Roads table below helped to conclude that these roads are
The Central Pollution Control Board has prepared a performing very well in spite of their age. Under the
performance evaluation report (Programme Objective similar conditions most of the bitumen roads are not
Series: PROBES/122/2008-2009) titled Performance performing well at all. These roads have not developed
Evaluation of Polymer Coated Bitumen Built Roads even small cracking and a pothole. The roads were
to evaluate the performance of certain roads distributed over the different localities of Tamil Nadu
exposed to various environmental conditions like
Consolidated test results temperature, rainfall, etc., yet roads are performing
Monitoring of test roads were carried out using well.
structural evaluation, functional evaluation and
conditional evaluation studies.

Table: Consolidated Test Results

Year laid Unevenness Skid Sand Texture Field Density Rebound Deflection
(mm number (mm)/ Benkelman
Road /km)/ / Depth(mm) Beam
Roughness Resistance

Jambulingam Street 2002 2700 41 0.63 2.55 0.85

Veerabadhra Street 2003 3785 45 0.70 2.62 0.60

Vandiyur road, 2004 3005 41 0.66 2.75 0.84

Vilachery Road, MDU 2005 3891 45 0.50 2.89 0.86

Canteen Road, TCE 2006 3100 45 0.65 2.86 0.86

Plain Bitumen Road 2002 5200 76 0.83 2.33 1.55

Tolerance Value* ------ 4000 <65 .6-.8 2.86 0.5-1

1. Unevenness / Roughness; Source IRC: SP: 16-2004

2. Skid Resistance/ Skid Number; Standardized in UK under BS:812-1967
3. Sand Texture Depth; BS 598 part 105(1990)
4. Rebound Deflection / Benkelman Beam; IRC:81-1997
5. Field Density; Highway Engineering by S. K. Khanna, C.E.G. Justo; New Chand & Bros, Roorkee
(U.A); Eighth edition ;2001

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

d) Advantages of Plastic Bitumen Road
• Making roads with plastic mixture reduces the
• Presence of plastic increases the binding capacity
cost and frequency of maintenance.
better bonding of the mixture, making the roads
• The cost incurred in construction of a Bitumen-
more resistant to external conditions such as
plastic road is significantly lesser than that of an only
extreme heat (UV radiation), etc., and makes roads
Bitumen road
stronger with increased Marshall Stability Value
• Salt deposition on the pores of stone which
• Bitumen film is often stripped off the aggregates
results in road degradation, is also prevented
because of the penetration of water, which results
• Consumption of bitumen decreases by around
in pothole formation. This is accelerated during the
10%. For 1km x 3.75m road, 1 tonne of plastic (10
movement of vehicle. When polymer is coated over
lakh carry bags) is used and 1 tonne of bitumen
aggregate, the coating reduces its affinity for water
is saved 14.
due to non-wetting nature of the polymer and this
resists the penetration of water, thereby reducing
e) Cost Comparison between Plain bitumen road
pothole formation during rains and Plastic Bitumen Road*

S No Material Needed Plain Bitumen Process Plastic Bitumen road

1 Road Construction Cost Rs. 21.00 lakhs Rs. 18.90 lakhs

2 Maintenance Cost @ Rs. / km Rs. 14,000 per km per year for No Maintenance cost for a min five
per year rural roads. years Maintenance not needed up to 10
Thus for five years Rs. 70,000 years

3 Road Renewal Cost Roads renewed after 5 years costing Rs. Nil
3.5 lakhs

4 Total Cost for min. service of five Rs. 25.2 lakhs Rs. 18.9 lakhs
years

5 Use of Waste Plastics Nil One Tonne per Km

6 Total Cost Saved Nil Rs. 6.3 lakhs

Cost Comparison implies Rs. 6.3 lakhs can be saved when constructing plastic bitumen road of 1 km length by
3.75 m width.

*The data has been compiled from Padma Shri. Dr. R Vasudevan who is also called as the ‘Plastic Man of India’.

14 Source: http://earthuntouched.com/plastic-roads-revolutionary-idea/

32 Swachh Bharat Mission -

CASE STUDY: UTILIZATION OF PLASTIC WASTE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN BENGALURU
(Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palika)
Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palika (BBMP) has worked with a Bangalore based company, KK Plastic
Waste Management Ltd. in providing innovative solution by reusing non-recyclable plastics in construction of
roads. The technology has been patented and certified by the Centre for Transportation Engineering (CTE) and
the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI). Since 2002, The Company has been successful in laying 3000
Km
of road length successfully in Bangalore city by using 12,000 Tonnes of the plastic waste collected from city’s
garbage. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed with BBMP since 2004-2005 to till date for
collecting plastic waste from city’s garbage and mixing KK Poly Blend in Bitumen while constructing roads at a
rate of Rs. 27/Kg. The manufacturing units with a potential of 20 tonnes per day are located in:
1. Yelchenahalli: Kanakpura Road
2. Anjanapur, Kanakpura Road

BBMP also helped in establishing the network with the bulk generators for collecting the plastic waste from the
source of its generation within the city. Following are the roads being laid in recent time:
2018

Location Road Length in Km Period of Laying

Outer Ring Road of Bangalore 14 2008-09

Bangalore University Road 8 2013-2014

Under PMGYS in Karnataka 80 2014-2015

Major Roads in Bangalore 20 2017-2018

First 100% recycled road of 500 meters trial run stretch has been laid by KK Plastic Waste Management
Ltd. for Karnataka State Highway Improvement Project under World Bank Funding. In the same road, 100%
of scarified aggregates and 2% bitumen bas been reused out of scarified materials.

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

3.3.3.4 Plastic to Toilet (Plastone)15/
Utility:
Pavement Blocks
• Construction of IHHL at low cost using
According to the research conducted by
Plastone and achieving hygienic sanitation
Dr. R.Vasudevan, Dr. A. Ramalinga Chandra Sekar
• Solution for easy disposal of waste plastics
and Mr B. Sundarakannan from Thiagarajar College of
Engineering, Madurai, Plastone is a material prepared
using waste plastics available in the solid waste of the Scalability:
particular area which can be segregated and used as • Plastone, the product outcome has been very
binder with the stone aggregate. This prefabricated handy and important structural material which
Plastone can be used in the construction of structure solves the problem of disposal of waste
of the Toilet Blocks (Individual Household Latrines) and plastics
is an effective substitute for bricks and cement blocks. • Plastone can consume all filmy waste plastics
This process can also be done in situ and no both mono layered and multi layered packaging
external industry is involved. This process results in covers
not only in the reduction of the cost of construction of
• Plastone blocks are made without using bitumen,
IHHL, but also in the easy disposal of solid waste
sand, cement and water, instead is made up of
available in the village. In a nut shell the research aim
waste plastics and other waste materials only.
is to provide the technology of using Plastone in the
construction of toilets at a cheaper cost and as well
as a method for the easily disposal of waste plastics. Cost Analysis:
A comparative cost analysis between the toilet
Novelty involved in the Product structures constructed using traditional method and
• A new technique using waste plastics as a binder using Plastone blocks is mentioned below. (Assuming
– new technique for construction of 4ft X 4ft X 7ft – Toilet structure)
• Structural blocks manufactured using solid waste • Using Plastone Block – Rs 7556.00
materials and waste plastics • Total number of Plastone blocks required of size
• First technology to utilize multi layered films of 2ftX 1ft for the construction of toilet structure is 49
waste plastics blocks
• Special properties of Plastone block with high • Amount of waste plastics required is 156.00 Kgs
compression strengths, malleability and ductility • Amount of Aggregate required is 294.00 Kgs

S. No Type of Material Amount Required in Kg Cost in Rs Total in Rs

1. Waste Plastics 156 156 X 8 = 1248 1248.00

2. Aggregate 294 294 X 1= 294 294.00

3. Energy 2 2 X 57 = 114 114.00

4. Labour NA 400 X 3 = 1200 1200.00

5. Fixing Frame NA 2700 2700.00

6. Sheet Laying and Sheet cost NA 2000 2000.00

Total 7556.00

15 Source: Research Study by Dr. R. Vasudevan, Dr. A. Ramalinga Chandra Sekar and Mr B. Sundarakannan from Thiagarajar College of
Engineering (TCE), Madurai on PLASTONE BLOCK – A PRECAST STRUCTURE MADE WITH WASTE PLASTICS AND STONE
AGGREGATE AND ITS USE IN TOILET CONSTRUCTION

34 Swachh Bharat Mission -

Figure: Toilet Blocks made of Plastic Waste

• Using traditional method (Cement Wall Structure):

Thus, the cost of IHHL construction with Plastone
structures around 30% of the cost of cement wall
S. No Type of Expenses Total in Rs
structure, when compared with traditional methods.
1. Earth work and Plain 3000.00
Concrete Cement (PCC)
structure Plastic to Pavement Blocks
2. Brick Work 4000.00 In addition to the Toilet blocks, the ‘Plastone block
3. Brick Work for 4.5 ft. and 7 ft. height 9000.00 technology’ can be used for construction of Pavement
blocks. The Plastone blocks are made from mixture
4. Plastering all over 3000.00
of waste plastics and stones and have been found
5. Sheet laying and sheet cost 2000.00
to be five times stronger than the cement concrete
6. Cement and Sand 6000.00 block and is able to withstand more pressure and
Total 27000.00 resist percolation of water. It has many advantages
over the conventional blocks made of cement. Each
Plastone block consumes 300 plastic carry bags and
four to six PET bottles. It weighs light and has high
transverse strength. These blocks can be used for
flooring especially outdoor, in raising compound walls
and lining of canals

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

CASE STUDY: HYDERABAD- USE OF PLASTIC PAVEMENT BLOCK
India’s first dog park is not just a haven for dog lovers, but also a glimmer of hope for environmentalists fighting
for a plastic-free world. In a first, the 4,000 sq. ft. pavement right outside the park has been constructed out
of 1,500 recycled plastic tiles. Installed by GHMC and Hyderabad-based start-up Bamboo House India,
these tiles are an eco-friendly alternative that offers a practical solution to the growing menace of plastic.

“Urban cities today are plagued with the problem of waste-management and as social entrepreneurs we
consider it as an opportunity to produce sustainable yet profitable products,” says Prashant Lingam, co-
founder Bamboo House India. These tiles are a smart investment option for the government as they do not
have to be replaced every six months thus saving a lot of money. These tiles are strong, long-lasting and
comparatively cheap too, he points out. Currently installed on a pilot basis, each tile weighs up to 300 grams
and is made out of 600 polybags. Besides being fire-proof and damage-free, these have been designed
for percolation of water and thereby ensure better ground water table recharge.

GHMC West Zone Commissioner Harichandana says the civic body had been looking for solutions to deal
with waste in general and wants very little trash to end up in its dumpyards. With these tiles we are not only
getting a cost cut, but also ensuring that our environment is not negatively affected. This project is picking up
and we are soon going to see several pavements like these across Hyderabad,” she says. The figure
shows one such recycled footpath.

Interestingly, this is not the only eco-friendly installation by Bamboo House India. Only two months ago, the
parking shelter at Miyapur Metro Station was replaced by a unique house made completely out of recycled
plastic waste. But why chose plastic over conventional steel shelters? “Because they are cheaper and cooler,”
avers Prashant. Bamboo House India produced and installed one plastic house for just Rs 1.5 lakh whereas
a regular steel shelter would have cost twice. And because they used ‘trash’ like tetra packs, bottle caps
and poly bags as raw materials, they ended up producing a heat-proof, water- proof, fire-proof and damage-
free house at a minimum cost.

Not only this, Hyderabad has made Recycle Bins out of Plastic Pet Bottles, Plastic Bags, Shampoo Bottles &
Toothpaste Packets. Each Bin consists of 30kgs of Plastic.
In total, there are 775 no of bins installed in one zone and 23,500 Kgs of Total Amount of Plastic Waste has
been used.

36 Swachh Bharat Mission -

3.3.3.5 Recycling of multilayered plastic and costly. Pyrolysis and gasification are two key
As per the CPCB and Plastic Waste Management technologies currently used for tertiary recycling of
Rules 2016, ‘multi layered packaging means any multi-layered packaging waste. If Tertiary recycling not
material used or to be used for packaging and possible, Quaternary Recycling, i.e. the process for
having at least one layer of plastic as the main recovering energy from waste plastics by incineration
ingredients in combination with one or more layers of may also be considered to recycle multi-layered
materials such as paper, paper board, polymeric plastics.
materials, metalized layers or aluminum foil, either in
the form of a laminate or co-extruded structure. 3.3.3.6 Styrofoam and Tetra Pak
a) Styrofoam (Extruded polystyrene foam)
Fruit juices and wines can be kept for extended Plastic with recycling symbol of #6, Styrofoam is the
periods of time at room temperature in containers trademarked name of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS).
made from paper, aluminum foil and polyethylene It is commonly used in food, insulating materials,
film. Laminated foil with paper on the inside is used and shipping packaging. EPS is cheap to produce,
for packaging tea and sweets. This kind of foil is lightweight, and recyclable, yet most Materials
three times as waterproof as standard foil even in Recovery Facilities still do not accept it as part of
hot climates: the paper absorbs moisture while the the recycling program and is impossible to
foil itself protects the contents against other negative degrade naturally over time, making it a big problem
elements. Most companies prefer multi layered for landfills16.
packaging because it is light, reduces shipping
volume, doesn’t take up much space on a shelf, Recycling of Styrofoam:
and is graphics friendly. Multi layered packaging Recyclers have found ways to compact the material
waste has found mention in the Plastic Waste to a more manageable size. Balers take foam
Management Rules, 2016 and its amendment in packaging and compress it, reducing the bulk
2018. somewhat.
Another method is to use limonene, a natural solvent
• No one shall manufacture multi layered packaging made from orange peels. Limonene dissolves and
unless they obtain a registration from the State concentrates EPS and can itself be reused. The
Pollution Control Board chemical causes the EPS foam to “melt” without
• Manufacture and use of multi layered plastic which heat, reducing it to 5% of its original size. Thermal
is non- recyclable or non-energy recoverable or compaction uses heat to reduce chopped EPS to a
with no alternate fuel, should be phased out in two concentrated brick that’s easier to ship.
years’ time When it is burned in municipal incinerators,
• Extended Producer Responsibility: Primary polystyrene yields nothing but carbon dioxide and
responsibility for collection of used multilayered water vapor. It’s a good fuel for waste-to-energy plants
plastic sachet or pouches or packaging is of that capture the heat and turn it to useful purposes.
Producers, Importers and Brand owners who
introduce the products containing multilayered Benefits of recycling Styrofoam:
plastic in the market • Recycled EPS product that looks like wood and
can be used for park benches and fence posts.
Tertiary Recycling is most preferred option till the The material costs less than hardwood and can be
industry finds an alternative to Multi layered packaging used instead of woods such as mahogany and
since separating the individual layers is difficult teak, which are harvested from rainforests.

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

16 Source: https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/polystyrene-recycling1.htm

38 Swachh Bharat Mission -

• Making polystyrene requires petroleum, which is a Polystyrene can produce toxic chemicals when
non-renewable resource. So, recycling polystyrene burned unless efficient incinerators are used.
reduces the amount of oil needed for the
manufacturing process. b) Tetra Pak
• Recycled EPS would lead to reduction of litter It is multinational food packaging and processing
both on land and in the sea company of Swedish origin. The company offers
• Recycling consumer polystyrene also prevents packaging, filling machines and processing for dairy,
the material from being burned in backyard fires. beverages, cheese, ice-cream and prepared food,

Snapshot of countries that have introduced regulations on Styrofoam products

The table17 below highlights a snapshot of few countries that have introduced regulations on Styrofoam products:

Area Country Year Level Policy Features

Asia Sri Lanka 2017 National Ban-entered into Type: Ban on the import, sale, and use of polyethylene bags
force <20μ and Styrofoam containers (Sri Lanka bans plastic, 2017;
Jayasekara, 2012)

Indonesia 2016 Local – Ban-entered into Type: Ban on the use of Styrofoam in the city of Bandung
Bandung force (Hong, 2016).

Philippines 2011 Local – Ban-entered into Type: Ban on the use of plastic bags on dry goods, regulations
Muntinlupa force on their use for wet goods in the city of Muntinlupa & Ban
on the use of Styrofoam and styropor (Earth justice,
2015).

Central Belize 2018 National Ban- approved Type: Ban on single-use plastic shopping bags, Styrofoam,
& South and plastic food utensils (Government of Belize Press Office,
America 2018).

Antigua 2017 National Ban-entered into Type: Ban on Styrofoam with an implementation plan of three
and force stages. Ban on food service containers since 2017, from
Barbuda 2018 onwards ban on plastic utensils (e.g. spoons, straws,
food trays, etc.) and ban on importation and use of Styrofoam
coolers (Nice, Ltd, 2017).

Guatemala 2017 Local – San Ban-entered into Type: Ban on plastic bags and Styrofoam containers in San
Pedro La force Pedro La Laguna. Cantel, Quetzaltenango and San Juan
Laguna and Sacatepéquez have introduced similar laws (Chiyal, 2017).
other cities

North Canada 2018 Local- Ban-entered into Type: Ban on plastic bags <50μ in Montreal (Quebec) (Fundira,
America Montreal effect 2016).

United 2015 Local- New Ban-entered into Type: Ban on single-use Styrofoam containers instituted
States of York City, force in New York City. The ban was challenged by a coalition
America New York of recycling firms and plastics manufacturers who claimed
the material is recyclable. The ban was lifted in 2015 and
reintroduced in 2017 (Alexander, 2017).

Oceania Marshall 2017 National Ban-entered into Type: Ban on importation, manufacture and use of single-use
Islands force plastic carrier bags. Ban on Styrofoam and plastic cups,
plates and packages (SPREP, 2018; Styrofoam and Plastic
Products Prohibition Act, 2016).

17 Source: UN Environment: Single Use Plastics- A Roadmap for Sustainability

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

including distribution tools like accumulators, cap
applicators, conveyors, crate packers, film wrappers,
line controllers and straw applicators.

It has 6 layers of packaging. Tetra Pak was founded

by Ruben Rausing and built on Erik Wallenberg’s
innovation, a tetrahedron shaped plastic-coated paper
carton, from which the company name was derived.
Tetra Pak products have been identified as solid waste
problem by many NGOs and environmental groups.
Unlike aluminum cans or glass bottles, it cannot be
recycled in municipal recycling facilities. However, different materials, or if not recycled, can end up in
since aseptic packages contain different layers of landfills18.
plastic and aluminium in addition to raw paper, they
cannot be recycled as “normal” paper waste, but Products of Tetra Pak can be handled and
need to go to special recycling units for separation recycled just like multi-layered plastics.
of the

CASE STUDY: GO GREEN INITIATIVE OF TETRA PAK

Tetra Pak India has come up with ‘Go Green’ initiative thereby encouraging recycling of cartons. It has
partnered with McCann Health India for its campaign ‘Cartons le aao, classroom banao’ (bring cartons and build
a classroom), which encourages consumers to adopt green practices by depositing used paper-based Tetra Pak
cartons for recycling at collection centres. Such cartons can be used to make desks, notepads, exam pads and
even roofing sheets for the less privileged. The initiative is in line with its efforts to raise awareness and
encourage recycling of used cartons and a part of its on-going flagship programme ‘Go green with Tetra Pak.’

Since the beginning of the Go green campaign in 2010, 1.8 million cartons have already been collected and
recycled and 250 school desks have been provided to schools for the lesser privileged through this campaign.
The campaign is a multi-city one and the first leg in Mumbai has been undertaken in collaboration with retail
chains Reliance Fresh, Reliance Smart and Sahakari Bhandar and with NGO RUR Greenlife, a Mumbai-based
environment organisation at the forefront of promoting recycling.

To take the campaign message to Mumbaikars across the city, Tetra Pak has also tied up with the
Dabbawala association as part of the campaign.

Source: https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/04/tetra-pak-india-continues-go-green-initiative-encourages-recycling-of-cartons/

18 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pak#Environment

40 Swachh Bharat Mission -

3.3.3.7 Applications of Recycled Plastics

PETE or PET PET- Polyethylene Terephthalate used for many bottles application because they are
inexpensive, lightweight, and shatter- resistant.
(RECYCLED PRODUCTS: Mineral/ Drinking Water Bottles, Cosmetic Bottles)

HDPE HDPE- High Density Polyethylene used for in bottles, carry bags, milk pouches,
recycle bins, etc.
(RECYCLED PRODUCTS: Tubes, sewer pipes, pallets, boxes, buckets, toys, bottles for
detergents, construction, cable insulation, packaging of food products etc.)

PVC PVC- Polyvinyl Chloride used for pipes and fittings, Tarpaulins, Medical Apps.,
etc. (RECYCLED PRODUCTS: Sewer Pipes, Window frames, Construction,
Flooring, Wallpaper, Bottles, Car Interiors, Medical products, Planks, etc.)

LDPE LDPE- Low Density Polyethylene used in Plastic bags, various containers,
dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, etc.
(RECYCLED PRODUCTS: Flexible packaging, bin liners, carrier bags, tubes,
agricultural mulch film, agricultural sheet, construction film, cling-film, heavy duty sacks,
etc.)

PP PP- Polypropylene used in Auto parts, Industrial Fibers, Food containers, etc.
(RECYCLED PRODUCTS: Pipes, pallets, boxes, furniture, car parts, pots of
yoghurt, buckets, butter, margarine, fibers, milk crates, etc.)

PS PS- Polystyrene is used in food service packaging, disposable cups, tray pitchers,
refrigerators, liners, etc. It may also be used as cushioning materials for fresh produce,
electronic or appliance industries, etc.
(RECYCLED PRODUCTS: Clothes Hangers, Park Benches, Flower Pots, Toys, Spoons,
Cutlery, Picture Frames, Seeding containers, etc.)

Others Others (usually, Mixed Plastic Waste, used in Thermoset Plastics, Multilayer and
laminates, Bakelite, Polycarbonate, etc.)
(RECYCLED PRODUCTS: CDs, Pallets, Floors, Roofs, Furniture, Sheeting, Benches,
Shoe soles, etc.)

Figure: Applications of Recycled Plastic

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

CASE STUDY: CONVERSION OF PET BOTTLE WASTE INTO TEXTILE PRODUCTS
A Petro- Chemical company has taken an initiative to collect the PET bottle waste from all over India and
convert it into textile products. It has tied up with 150 vendors in India to provide PET bottle bales for
processing into textile products.

The company is installing RVM (Reverse Vending Machines) at various locations such as Malls, Exhibition
Centres, School/ Colleges and Temples/ Pilgrimage Places, for collection of PET bottle waste and creating
awareness among citizens to use the PET bottles responsibly. These collected bottles are recycled and
used to make fabrics for bags, T-shirts and garments in composition with natural fibres like cotton, wool etc.

The company uses 4 R model which includes the concept of ‘Replace’ along with the existing 3R model
(Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). It has replaced natural raw materials with used PET bottles and for every 8000
PET bottles recycled, one full barrel of Oil is saved.

The wet colouring process in the product of Polyester staple fibre into dry one with no Pollution. Elimination
of wet dyeing from process also eliminates all the associated pollution. The process of using dry dyeing is an
advantage to environment.

Henceforth, every bag or T shirt made from PET bottles:

1. Reduces the usage of water by 1400 Litres
2. Redeems 8 waste PET bottle from the land-fill
3. Reduces pesticide usage by over 50%
4. Reduces carbon foot-print by 32%

This eco-friendly process of conversion of PET bottles to bags/textile products is based on zero waste
concept, uses renewable energy, prevents sewage pollution, reduces consumption of bags and creates green
environment.

Reverse Vending Machine (RVM):

Machine specification
• Dimension in Inch:72” (H) x 38” (W) x 32” (D)
• Dimension in Ft: 6 Ft ( Height) x 3.1 Ft (Width) x 2.66 Ft (Breath)
• External 17” Led Screen for coupon management and branding.
• Dual cylinder hydraulic compression.
• 220 V Single Phase Motor, 50 HZ, 1.5 kW
• Internal coupon printer.
• Collection bin with capacity to collect 15kg of crushed plastic
• Sensors to detect bottles with auto stop functionality
• Wi-Fi/3G network operations with remote software access.
• Galvanized sheets with carbon steel load bearing components

42 Swachh Bharat Mission -

PET bottle recycling system:

This case study is created based on the information shared by ‘Reliance Industries Limited’. Similar model may be adopted and replicated by
other companies.

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

3.3.4 Recovery
processing indicate substitution of primary fuel and
Another alternative is recovering the energy stored in
raw material by waste, and/or material from waste.
residual material. That means turning waste into fuel
Waste material such as plastic waste used for co-
for manufacturing processes or equipment designed
processing are referred to as alternative fuels and
to produce energy. Various mechanical, biological
raw material (AFR). Co-processing of plastic waste
and caloric systems and technologies can convert,
offers advantages for cement industry as well as
reprocess or break up wastes into new materials
for the Municipal Authorities responsible for waste
or energy.
management. On other hand, cement producers or
power plants can save fossil fuel and raw material
3.3.4.1 Plastic to Alternate Fuel consumption, contributing more eco-efficient
(Co-processing of Plastic Waste as Alternate production. In addition, one of the advantages of
Fuel and Raw Material (AFR) in cement Kilns
recovery method is to eliminate the need to invest on
and Power Plants)
other plastic waste practices and to secure land filling.
Co-processing refers to use of waste materials in
The schematic flow diagram of the process is shown
industrial processes such as cement and power
in Figure below and protocol for Co-Processing of
stations or any other large combustion plants.
Plastic Waste is given in the table below:
Co-

Figure: Co-Processing of Plastic Waste

44 Swachh Bharat Mission -

Protocol for Co-processing of plastic waste

Sl. No Item Description Action to be taken by

1 Collection of plastic waste Concerned Municipal Authority should create a Municipal Corporation,
system for collection of plastics waste through Public Nagar Nigam, Nagar
Private Partnership (PPP) mode or any other feasible Parishad & Cantonment
method. Boards
2 Segregation & Pre- Collected plastics can be reprocessed/sorted into Municipal
processing of plastics recyclable and non-recyclable fractions. The Non- Corporation, Nagar
waste recyclable plastics waste will be transported to nearest Nigam, Nagar Parishad
cement kilns and power plants for co-processing by & Cantonment Boards
concerned Municipal Authority in consultation with
concerned State Pollution Control Board (SPCB)/ Pollution
Control Committee (PCC).
3 Identification of cement Mapping of cement kilns and power plant for accepting State Pollution Control
factory co- processing of plastic waste in same State or Boards & Pollution
neighboring State. An agreement shall be signed Control
between Municipal Corporations and Cement kilns.

4 Modification for feeding Cement Industry/power plant to set-up storage facility, Concerned Cement
plastic waste (PW) in cement shredder, conveyor-belt, hopper, winch-machine and Industries/ power plant
kilns double-flap damper.

5 Setting-up of laboratory Cement industry/power plant shall set-up a lab facility to Concerned Cement
for plastics waste analyze plastics waste before sending for co-processing. Industries/ power plant
analysis The instrumentation include Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer,
Bomb- Calorimeter and C, H, N & S Analyzer.

6 Monitoring of emission by Cement Industry/power plant shall monitor the emission in Concerned Cement Industry
cement industry/ SPCBs respect of routine parameters and hazardous air pollutants , Power Plant and SPCBs/
(HAPs) PCCs

7 Forwarding progress Quarterly progress report of Co-processing of plastic SPCBs/PCCs and Cement
Report to CPCB waste shall be forwarded to CPCB. Industries/ Power Plant

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

CASE STUDY: PLASTIC TO ALTERNATE FUEL
(Co-Processing of Plastics Waste in Cement Kiln- ACC Cement Limited (Gagal Cement Works)

Company Details:
ACC Limited is India’s foremost manufacturer of cement and concrete. ACC’s operations are spread
throughout the country with 16 modern cement factories, more than 40 Ready mix concrete plants. Since
inception in 1936, the company has been a trendsetter and IMPORTANT benchmark for the cement industry
in many areas of cement and concrete technology. ACC has a unique track record of innovative research,
product development and specialized consultancy services. The company’s various manufacturing units are
backed by a central technology support services center - the only one of its kind in the Indian cement industry.
Gagal Cement Works is one of cement plants in ACC Group.

Green Soldiers from Gagal Cement works launched first project titled ‘Making Gagal Plastic Free’.
Segregation is the essence of effective waste management and hence, a workshop was organized for the
stakeholders.
All colony and local village residents were invited for a discussion on the strategy. Green Soldiers team was
trained on the ways to segregate the plastic waste. The Green Soldiers team collected about 53 Tonnes of
plastic waste, which was successfully co-processed in Gagal cement kiln.

Project Details:
The plastic waste collected from the villages, colony and plant premises were weighed at the weighbridge
each week after the collection drive. The drive started with collection of 50 kgs/week, which is presently
recording approximately 2 Tonnes of collection per week. This gave a clear indication that the stakeholders
were increasingly becoming more aware about segregation and concerned about their environment.

Result of the Project and Replication Potential:

• Co-processing of waste at cement kiln is the
best disposal option than conventional options of
landfilling and incineration. It also substitutes fossil
fuel.
• The initiative can be replicated across other
industries and companies countrywide, as well
as at a global level. The beauty of the initiative is
that, keeping the ideas intact, the projects can
easily be moulded to suit the climate, topography
and biodiversity of any area across the world. Our
natural resources are getting scarce by the minute
and alternate fuels such as bio-charcoal / plastic
are an excellent way to alleviate this paucity of non-
renewable energy sources

46 Swachh Bharat Mission -

3.3.4.2 Waste Incineration
Waste incineration, or controlled burning, is typically Material Heat Material Heat Capacity
considered as a disposal method, because it is Capacity MJ/kg
MJ/kg
usually applied as a method of reducing the volume of
miscellaneous municipal waste. However, incineration PVC 18 Heavy fuel oil 41

of plastics can also be seen as recovery method, PE 27 Coal 26

as plastics could replace the application of other oil PET 46 Natural gas 36
based fuels.
PS 41 Milled peat 10

ABS 35 Paper 17

Table: Heat capacity of plastics and some other materials

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

4. Way Forward
4.1Ten step Roadmap for Governments19 explaining the decision and any punitive measures
Given the broad range of possible actions to that will follow.
curb single-use plastics and their mixed impact, 6. Promote alternatives. Before the ban or levy
UN Environment has drawn up a 10-step comes into force, the availability of alternatives need
roadmap for governments that are looking to to be assessed, hence the government may:
adopt similar • Ensure that the preconditions for their uptake in
measures or improve on current ones. The steps the market are in place.
are based on the experiences of 60 countries • Provide economic incentives to encourage
around the globe: the uptake of eco-friendly and fit-for-purpose
alternatives that do not cause more harm.
1. Target the most problematic single-use • Support can include tax rebates, research
plastics by conducting a baseline assessment to and development funds, technology
identify the most problematic single-use plastics, as incubation, public-private partnerships, and
well as the current causes, extent and impacts of support to projects that recycle single-use
their mismanagement. items and turn waste into a resource that
2. Consider the best actions to tackle the can be used again.
problem (e.g. through regulatory, economic, • Reduce or abolish taxes on the import of materials
awareness, voluntary actions), given the country’s used to make alternatives.
socio-economic standing and considering their 7. Provide incentives to industry by introducing tax
appropriateness in addressing the specific rebates or other conditions to support its transition.
problems identified. Governments will face resistance from the plastics
3. Assess the potential social, economic and industry, including importers and distributors of
environmental impacts (positive and negative) plastic packaging. Give them time to adapt.
of the preferred short-listed instruments/actions, by 8. Use revenues collected from taxes or levies on
considering how will the poor be affected, or what single-use plastics to maximize the public good,
impact will the preferred course of action have on thereby supporting environmental projects or
different sectors and industries. boosting local recycling with the funds and creating
4. Identify and engage key stakeholder groups jobs in the plastic recycling sector with seed
– retailers, consumers, industry representatives, funding.
local government, manufacturers, civil society, 9. Enforce the measure chosen effectively, by making
environmental groups, and tourism associations – sure that there is clear allocation of roles and
to ensure broad buy-in. Evidence-based studies responsibilities.
are also necessary to defeat opposition from the 10. Monitor and adjust the chosen measure if
plastics industry. necessary and update the public on
5. Raise public awareness about the harm progress.
caused by single-used plastics, by clearly

19 Source: UN Environment: Single Use Plastics- A Roadmap for Sustainability

48 Swachh Bharat Mission -

4.2Adoption of ‘Circular Economy’ In a circular economy, the value of products and
A circular economy aims to eliminate waste,
20
materials is maintained for as long as possible.
not just from recycling processes, but throughout Waste is minimized and resources are kept within the
the lifecycles of products and packaging. A economy when a product has reached the end of its
circular life, to be used again to create further value.
economy aims to maximize value and eliminate waste
by improving the design of materials, products and
business models.

A circular economy goes beyond recycling. The goal

is not just to design for better end-of-life recovery, but
to minimize the use of raw materials and energy
through a restorative system.

Figure: Overview of ‘Circular Economy’

20 Source: 2017 strategy for a waste-free Ontario. Building the circular economy.
https://www.ontario.ca/page/strategy-waste-free-ontario-building-circular-economy

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4.3Extended Producer’s Responsibilities (EPR) Model-1:
In addition to the responsibilities of Producer’s, Plastic State/ ULB to introduce ‘Buy back Depository
Waste Management Rules, 2016 defines the Mechanism’ with a predefined buy back price
Extended Producer’s Responsibility (EPR), as printed on plastic products, so that consumers will
responsibility of a producer for the environmentally receive a specified amount while returning the used
sound management of the product until the end of its products. The manufacturers/ producers of these
life. plastic products need to set up collection centres
with reverse vending or crushing machines and
Rule 9 of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 recycling units of adequate capacity to collect such
(PWMR, 2016), sets out modalities for implementation used plastic products/packaging and recycle these.
of EPR under the ambit of the rules. The producers This model not only incentivises consumers to not
are required to set out modalities for waste collection litter plastic products/ packaging post consumption
system based on Extended Producers Responsibility but also encourages retailers/producers to recycle
and involving State Urban Development Departments, more.
either individually or collectively, through their own
distribution channel or through the local body Following are some of the ways in which this model
concerned. may be implemented:
• The ‘Deposit Return schemes’ operating in
In this regard, below mentioned models suggesting Germany, England, etc. suggest a model wherein
producers’ responsibilities may be considered to the consumer has to pay an additional deposit
improve recycling: as part of the price of the product, and deposit
is
returned to the consumer on return of the product
to the retailer.

50 Swachh Bharat Mission -

Figure: Model-1 of EPR

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Figure: Model-2 of EPR

• The consumers may also use the “reverse vending where government, private and other stakeholders
machines” which weigh and scan the plastic including producers/importer/brand owner can
product to match against a list of acceptable become members. The amount to be contributed
shapes and sizes. If it matches the list, the product by each of the producers/ importer/ brand owner
would go down a chute for either recycling or will be decided based on the amount of plastic
shredding, and the machine hands the consumer being
a voucher to be encashed at any of the store. introduced into the market by the producers/ importer/
The brand owner. Under the National Framework of EPR,
machines could be located at strategic places, funding will be provided to 3 entities, one is the ULB,
such as malls, hotels, multiplexes, shops, public second is the assembler/recycler and the third is
places, etc. to make these easily accessible by through SPCB for conducting IEC Activities.
citizens and encourage them to use the same.
• As a part of EPR, the producers can sign • A committee will be constituted at the central level
agreements with the retailers to return the plastic for overall monitoring the implementation of the
product/ packaging, as received from the EPR.
consumer for recycling purpose. The barcode on • The State Level Advisory Boards (SLABs)
these products/ packaging may be used for constituted under the Solid Waste Management
tracking. Rules 2016 at the state level will manage the
process of appraising the proposals submitted
Model-2: by the ULBs and disbursement of funds to the
A national Framework on EPR is proposed where ULBs, recyclers and for IEC activity.
the producers/importers/brand owner is required to • Representative of producers/ importer/ brand owner
contribute to the EPR corpus fund at the central level. to be part of SLABs.
This may be an escrow account managed by a
Board
52 Swachh Bharat Mission -
 Figure: Model-3 of EPR

• The proposal of ULBs will be compulsorily for Model-3:

the management of plastic waste The basic framework of the system will perform as
• Funds will be provided for a pre-defined set of items follows:
like weighing machines, bailing units, backward/ • Targets will be assigned to producers based on
forwards integration of the recycling units to the plastic put out by them in the market
recyclers/assemblers. • Producers will not be required to recycle their
• Funds can be allocated by SLABs to the SPCB own plastics, but will be required to ensure that
for the IEC activities. SPCBs can appoint selected an equivalent amount of plastic is being recycled/
agencies for conducting these activities. A reused
systematic implementation schedule can be • An instrument called ‘Plastic Credit’ is proposed
prepared by SPCB and based on the schedule to be introduced which is and will be evidence
they can conduct IEC Activities. of recycling or recovery.
• A monitoring mechanism will be established for • Plastic Credit will be issued by accredited
timely implementation of projects/ allotment of pre- processors in exchange of financial transactions to
defined items to recyclers/assemblers. producers (or PROs)
• The funds generated by the processors will

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 incentivize the collection and segregation systems • The system is designed to ensure funding may
(through ULBs) and the recycling industries be directed to remove bottlenecks in the material
to increase capacity and capability to ensure recovery chain through market corrections. Market
environmentally sound end of life management of would correct itself and guide funding to sources
plastic waste such as material collection, sorting, reprocessing or
• Producers will be at liberty to engage individually supporting end use markets. Hence, businesses will
(through buy back or deposit refund schemes) or have incentive to support long term investments to
collectively (through registered PROs) will the ULBS, support their efforts.
processors and the inform sector
• They system aims to create a marketplace for
plastic credits which can be traded

PLASTIC CREDIT
• A producer is not required to recycle their own
packaging, but to ensure that an equivalent amount
of packaging waste has been recovered and
recycled to meet their obligation.
• Producers are mandated to acquire evidence of
recycling or recovery {Plastic Credit} from properly
accredited processors (recyclers, W2E, plant
operators, cement co-processors, users utilizing
plastic in road) or exporters
• Producers and processors/ exporters may
exchange plastic credits for a financial transaction
at a price and other terms as negotiated between
them.
• The producers can exchange credits from
processors that have been specifically
accredited for this purpose by CPCB. The
accredited processors therefore receive additional
funding for every tonne of packaging waste they
reprocess and have an incentive to acquire further
tonnage, thereby driving up recovery rates

54 Swachh Bharat Mission -

References

• Overview of Plastic Waste Management by CPCB

• Toolkit on Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
• https://www.motherearthliving.com/health-and-wellness/harmful-effects-of-plastic-
ze0z1205zsch
• https://plasticpollutioncoalition.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/222813127-Why-is-
plastic-harmful-
• Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
• Plastic Waste Management (Amendment ) Rules, 2018
• https://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2008/10/06/plastic-wastes-%E2%80%93-
reduce-reuse-and-recycle-of-plastics-are-essential-to-make-environment-greener-and-
safer/
• UNIDO 2018 Report by CIPET on ‘Recycling of Plastics in Indian Perspective’ by Dr. Smita
Mohanty
• Research Study by Dr. R. Vasudevan, Dr. A. Ramalinga Chandra Sekar and Mr B. Sundarakannan
from Thiagarajar College of Engineering (TCE), Madurai on ‘Plastone Block – A Precast Structure
Made With Waste Plastics And Stone Aggregate And Its Use In Toilet Construction’
• UN Environment: Single Use Plastics- A Roadmap for Sustainability
• http://earthuntouched.com/plastic-roads-revolutionary-idea/
• 2017 strategy for a waste-free Ontario. Building the circular economy.
• https://www.ontario.ca/page/strategy-waste-free-ontario-building-circular-economy
• https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/polystyrene-recycling1.
htm
• https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/polystyrene-recycling.
htm
• https://www.wikihow.com/Recycle-Styrofoam
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pak#Environment
• https://bestmediainfo.com/2017/04/tetra-pak-india-continues-go-green-initiative-
encourages-recycling-of-cartons/

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Annexure
I.Ban on ‘one time use’ and ‘throwaway’ Plastics in Tamil Nadu

56 Swachh Bharat Mission -

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban
58 Swachh Bharat Mission -
II. Ban on use of plastic carry bags in Himachal Pradesh

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60 Swachh Bharat Mission -
Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban
III. Ban on manufacturing and use of ‘Thermocol Cutlery’ in Himachal Pradesh

62 Swachh Bharat Mission -

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban
IV. Ban on sale and use of disposable items made from Styrofoam in Sikkim

64 Swachh Bharat Mission -

V.Government order for the Use of Plastics in Road construction.
The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India has made it mandatory for road developers
to use waste plastic along with bituminous mixes for road construction to overcome the problem of disposal of
plastic waste in India’s urban centres.

The road developers will now have to use waste plastic along with hot mixes for constructing bitumen roads
within 50 km of periphery of any city that has a population of over 5 lakh.

In case of non-availability of waste plastic the developer has to seek ministry’s approval for constructing bitumen
only roads. The Government Order dated 9th November 2015, is placed below:

Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban

66 Swachh Bharat Mission -
Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban
VI.Use of Plastic in Tamil Nadu while constructing Roads

68 Swachh Bharat Mission -

The details of the roads laid using plastic in Tamil Nadu are mentioned below:
The Plastic Waste Mixed Roads laid by District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) of Tamil Nadu are as follows

No Name of District Length in km Cost in Rs. Lakhs

1 Kancheepuram 41.165 120.480

2 Coimbatore 63.250 432.750

3 Cuddalore 43.00 146.410

4 Dharmapuri 34.191 150.660

5 Dindigul 36.670 121.780

6 Kanyakumari 28.021 123.422

7 Karur 30.190 155.060

8 Madurai 54.500 268.460

9 Nagapattinam 31.071 138.857

10 Namakkal 53.780 232.477

11 Perambalur 34.850 220.460

12 Erode 60.110 295.760

13 Pudukkottai 22.930 73.920

14 Ramnad 13.500 54.845

15 Salem 31.685 120.810

16 Sivaganga 22.405 94.800

17 Thanjavur 37.604 199.340

18 The Nilgiris 6.900 34.250

19 Theni 25.000 72.000

20 Thiruvallur 15.000 50.000

21 Thiruvarur 32.705 139.120

22 Trichy 43.000 171.300

23 Tirunelveli 32.890 179.500

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 No Name of District Length in km Cost in Rs. Lakhs

24 Tiruvannamalai 39.100 172.000

25 Tuticorin 37.000 205.650

26 Vellore 52.770 211.260

27 Villupuram 54.100 282.940

28 Virudhunagar 25.200 102.800

29 Krishnagiri 28.802 158.72

Total 1031.389 158.72

More than 1031 Kms of rural roads have been laid by DRDA, Tamil Nadu, distributing a minimum of 40 Kms for
each district. This was extended to all the 29 districts of Tamil Nadu.

The plastic waste bitumen road are also laid in various states such as Kerala, Karnataka, Pondicherry,
Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh.

70 Swachh Bharat Mission -

Note

68 Swachh Bharat Mission -

Notes

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Note

70 Swachh Bharat Mission -

 Swachhata Pledge
Mahatma Gandhi dreamt of an India which was not
only free but also clean and developed.

Mahatma Gandhi secured freedom for Mother India.

Now it is our duty to serve Mother India by keeping the country neat
and clean.

I take this pledge that I will remain committed towards cleanliness and
devote time for this.

I will devote 100 hours per year that is two hours

per week to voluntary work for cleanliness. I will neither litter nor
let others litter.

I will initiate the quest for cleanliness with myself, my family, my

locality, my village and my work place.

I believe that the countries of the world that appear clean

are so because their citizens don’t indulge in littering
nor do they allow it to happen.

With this firm belief, I will propagate the message of

Swachh Bharat Mission in villages and towns.

I will encourage 100 other persons to take this pledge

which I am taking today.

I will endeavour to make them devote their 100 hours for

cleanliness.

I am confident that every step I take towards cleanliness will

help in making my country clean.